refactor(logger): remove unnecessary request details limit logic

fix(translator): ensure fallback to valid originalRequestRawJSON in response handling

.dockerignore

@@ -23,11 +23,14 @@ config.yaml
 
 # Development/editor
 bin/*
-.claude/*
 .vscode/*
+.claude/*
+.codex/*
 .gemini/*
 .serena/*
 .agent/*
+.agents/*
+.opencode/*
 .bmad/*
 _bmad/*
 _bmad-output/*

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
+**Is it a request payload issue?**
+[  ] Yes, this is a request payload issue. I am using a client/cURL to send a request payload, but I received an unexpected error.
+[  ] No, it's another issue.
+
+**If it's a request payload issue, you MUST know**
+Our team doesn't have any GODs or ORACLEs or MIND READERs. Please make sure to attach the request log or curl payload.
+
 **Describe the bug**
 A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 

.gitignore

@@ -33,10 +33,14 @@ GEMINI.md
 
 # Tooling metadata
 .vscode/*
+.codex/*
 .claude/*
 .gemini/*
 .serena/*
 .agent/*
+.agents/*
+.agents/*
+.opencode/*
 .bmad/*
 _bmad/*
 _bmad-output/*

README.md

@@ -118,9 +118,32 @@ Native macOS GUI for managing CLIProxyAPI: configure providers, model mappings,
 
 Native macOS menu bar app that unifies Claude, Gemini, OpenAI, Qwen, and Antigravity subscriptions with real-time quota tracking and smart auto-failover for AI coding tools like Claude Code, OpenCode, and Droid - no API keys needed.
 
+### [CodMate](https://github.com/loocor/CodMate)
+
+Native macOS SwiftUI app for managing CLI AI sessions (Codex, Claude Code, Gemini CLI) with unified provider management, Git review, project organization, global search, and terminal integration. Integrates CLIProxyAPI to provide OAuth authentication for Codex, Claude, Gemini, Antigravity, and Qwen Code, with built-in and third-party provider rerouting through a single proxy endpoint - no API keys needed for OAuth providers.
+
+### [ProxyPilot](https://github.com/Finesssee/ProxyPilot)
+
+Windows-native CLIProxyAPI fork with TUI, system tray, and multi-provider OAuth for AI coding tools - no API keys needed.
+
+### [Claude Proxy VSCode](https://github.com/uzhao/claude-proxy-vscode)
+
+VSCode extension for quick switching between Claude Code models, featuring integrated CLIProxyAPI as its backend with automatic background lifecycle management.
+
 > [!NOTE]  
 > If you developed a project based on CLIProxyAPI, please open a PR to add it to this list.
 
+## More choices
+
+Those projects are ports of CLIProxyAPI or inspired by it:
+
+### [9Router](https://github.com/decolua/9router)
+
+A Next.js implementation inspired by CLIProxyAPI, easy to install and use, built from scratch with format translation (OpenAI/Claude/Gemini/Ollama), combo system with auto-fallback, multi-account management with exponential backoff, a Next.js web dashboard, and support for CLI tools (Cursor, Claude Code, Cline, RooCode) - no API keys needed.
+
+> [!NOTE]  
+> If you have developed a port of CLIProxyAPI or a project inspired by it, please open a PR to add it to this list.
+
 ## License
 
 This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.

README_CN.md

@@ -117,9 +117,32 @@ CLI 封装器，用于通过 CLIProxyAPI OAuth 即时切换多个 Claude 账户
 
 原生 macOS 菜单栏应用，统一管理 Claude、Gemini、OpenAI、Qwen 和 Antigravity 订阅，提供实时配额追踪和智能自动故障转移，支持 Claude Code、OpenCode 和 Droid 等 AI 编程工具，无需 API 密钥。
 
+### [CodMate](https://github.com/loocor/CodMate)
+
+原生 macOS SwiftUI 应用，用于管理 CLI AI 会话（Claude Code、Codex、Gemini CLI），提供统一的提供商管理、Git 审查、项目组织、全局搜索和终端集成。集成 CLIProxyAPI 为 Codex、Claude、Gemini、Antigravity 和 Qwen Code 提供统一的 OAuth 认证，支持内置和第三方提供商通过单一代理端点重路由 - OAuth 提供商无需 API 密钥。
+
+### [ProxyPilot](https://github.com/Finesssee/ProxyPilot)
+
+原生 Windows CLIProxyAPI 分支，集成 TUI、系统托盘及多服务商 OAuth 认证，专为 AI 编程工具打造，无需 API 密钥。
+
+### [Claude Proxy VSCode](https://github.com/uzhao/claude-proxy-vscode)
+
+一款 VSCode 扩展，提供了在 VSCode 中快速切换 Claude Code 模型的功能，内置 CLIProxyAPI 作为其后端，支持后台自动启动和关闭。
+
 > [!NOTE]  
 > 如果你开发了基于 CLIProxyAPI 的项目，请提交一个 PR（拉取请求）将其添加到此列表中。
 
+## 更多选择
+
+以下项目是 CLIProxyAPI 的移植版或受其启发：
+
+### [9Router](https://github.com/decolua/9router)
+
+基于 Next.js 的实现，灵感来自 CLIProxyAPI，易于安装使用；自研格式转换（OpenAI/Claude/Gemini/Ollama）、组合系统与自动回退、多账户管理（指数退避）、Next.js Web 控制台，并支持 Cursor、Claude Code、Cline、RooCode 等 CLI 工具，无需 API 密钥。
+
+> [!NOTE]  
+> 如果你开发了 CLIProxyAPI 的移植或衍生项目，请提交 PR 将其添加到此列表中。
+
 ## 许可证
 
 此项目根据 MIT 许可证授权 - 有关详细信息，请参阅 [LICENSE](LICENSE) 文件。

cmd/server/main.go

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func main() {
 	usage.SetStatisticsEnabled(cfg.UsageStatisticsEnabled)
 	coreauth.SetQuotaCooldownDisabled(cfg.DisableCooling)
 
-	if err = logging.ConfigureLogOutput(cfg.LoggingToFile, cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB); err != nil {
+	if err = logging.ConfigureLogOutput(cfg); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to configure log output: %v", err)
 		return
 	}

config.example.yaml

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ auth-dir: "~/.cli-proxy-api"
 api-keys:
   - "your-api-key-1"
   - "your-api-key-2"
+  - "your-api-key-3"
 
 # Enable debug logging
 debug: false
@@ -89,6 +90,9 @@ ws-auth: false
 #     headers:
 #       X-Custom-Header: "custom-value"
 #     proxy-url: "socks5://proxy.example.com:1080"
+#     models:
+#       - name: "gemini-2.5-flash" # upstream model name
+#         alias: "gemini-flash"    # client alias mapped to the upstream model
 #     excluded-models:
 #       - "gemini-2.5-pro"     # exclude specific models from this provider (exact match)
 #       - "gemini-2.5-*"       # wildcard matching prefix (e.g. gemini-2.5-flash, gemini-2.5-pro)
@@ -104,6 +108,9 @@ ws-auth: false
 #     headers:
 #       X-Custom-Header: "custom-value"
 #     proxy-url: "socks5://proxy.example.com:1080" # optional: per-key proxy override
+#     models:
+#       - name: "gpt-5-codex"   # upstream model name
+#         alias: "codex-latest" # client alias mapped to the upstream model
 #     excluded-models:
 #       - "gpt-5.1"         # exclude specific models (exact match)
 #       - "gpt-5-*"         # wildcard matching prefix (e.g. gpt-5-medium, gpt-5-codex)
@@ -121,7 +128,7 @@ ws-auth: false
 #     proxy-url: "socks5://proxy.example.com:1080" # optional: per-key proxy override
 #     models:
 #       - name: "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022" # upstream model name
-#         alias: "claude-sonnet-latest" # client alias mapped to the upstream model
+#         alias: "claude-sonnet-latest"      # client alias mapped to the upstream model
 #     excluded-models:
 #       - "claude-opus-4-5-20251101" # exclude specific models (exact match)
 #       - "claude-3-*"               # wildcard matching prefix (e.g. claude-3-7-sonnet-20250219)
@@ -152,9 +159,9 @@ ws-auth: false
 #     headers:
 #       X-Custom-Header: "custom-value"
 #     models:                                     # optional: map aliases to upstream model names
-#       - name: "gemini-2.0-flash"                # upstream model name
+#       - name: "gemini-2.5-flash"                # upstream model name
 #         alias: "vertex-flash"                   # client-visible alias
-#       - name: "gemini-1.5-pro"
+#       - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
 #         alias: "vertex-pro"
 
 # Amp Integration
@@ -163,6 +170,18 @@ ws-auth: false
 #   upstream-url: "https://ampcode.com"
 #   # Optional: Override API key for Amp upstream (otherwise uses env or file)
 #   upstream-api-key: ""
+#   # Per-client upstream API key mapping
+#   # Maps client API keys (from top-level api-keys) to different Amp upstream API keys.
+#   # Useful when different clients need to use different Amp accounts/quotas.
+#   # If a client key isn't mapped, falls back to upstream-api-key (default behavior).
+#   upstream-api-keys:
+#     - upstream-api-key: "amp_key_for_team_a"    # Upstream key to use for these clients
+#       api-keys:                                 # Client keys that use this upstream key
+#         - "your-api-key-1"
+#         - "your-api-key-2"
+#     - upstream-api-key: "amp_key_for_team_b"
+#       api-keys:
+#         - "your-api-key-3"
 #   # Restrict Amp management routes (/api/auth, /api/user, etc.) to localhost only (default: false)
 #   restrict-management-to-localhost: false
 #   # Force model mappings to run before checking local API keys (default: false)
@@ -172,12 +191,43 @@ ws-auth: false
 #   # Useful when Amp CLI requests models you don't have access to (e.g., Claude Opus 4.5)
 #   # but you have a similar model available (e.g., Claude Sonnet 4).
 #   model-mappings:
-#     - from: "claude-opus-4.5"       # Model requested by Amp CLI
-#       to: "claude-sonnet-4"         # Route to this available model instead
-#     - from: "gpt-5"
-#       to: "gemini-2.5-pro"
-#     - from: "claude-3-opus-20240229"
-#       to: "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022"
+#     - from: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101"          # Model requested by Amp CLI
+#       to: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"     # Route to this available model instead
+#     - from: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
+#       to: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
+#     - from: "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001"
+#       to: "gemini-2.5-flash"
+
+# Global OAuth model name mappings (per channel)
+# These mappings rename model IDs for both model listing and request routing.
+# Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
+# NOTE: Mappings do not apply to gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, or ampcode.
+# oauth-model-mappings:
+#   gemini-cli:
+#     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"          # original model name under this channel
+#       alias: "g2.5p"                  # client-visible alias
+#       fork: true                      # when true, keep original and also add the alias as an extra model (default: false)
+#   vertex:
+#     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
+#       alias: "g2.5p"
+#   aistudio:
+#     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
+#       alias: "g2.5p"
+#   antigravity:
+#     - name: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
+#       alias: "g3p"
+#   claude:
+#     - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
+#       alias: "cs4.5"
+#   codex:
+#     - name: "gpt-5"
+#       alias: "g5"
+#   qwen:
+#     - name: "qwen3-coder-plus"
+#       alias: "qwen-plus"
+#   iflow:
+#     - name: "glm-4.7"
+#       alias: "glm-god"
 
 # OAuth provider excluded models
 # oauth-excluded-models:

docker-build.sh

@@ -5,9 +5,115 @@
 # This script automates the process of building and running the Docker container
 # with version information dynamically injected at build time.
 
-# Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
+# Hidden feature: Preserve usage statistics across rebuilds
+# Usage: ./docker-build.sh --with-usage
+# First run prompts for management API key, saved to temp/stats/.api_secret
+
 set -euo pipefail
 
+STATS_DIR="temp/stats"
+STATS_FILE="${STATS_DIR}/.usage_backup.json"
+SECRET_FILE="${STATS_DIR}/.api_secret"
+WITH_USAGE=false
+
+get_port() {
+  if [[ -f "config.yaml" ]]; then
+    grep -E "^port:" config.yaml | sed -E 's/^port: *["'"'"']?([0-9]+)["'"'"']?.*$/\1/'
+  else
+    echo "8317"
+  fi
+}
+
+export_stats_api_secret() {
+  if [[ -f "${SECRET_FILE}" ]]; then
+    API_SECRET=$(cat "${SECRET_FILE}")
+  else
+    if [[ ! -d "${STATS_DIR}" ]]; then
+      mkdir -p "${STATS_DIR}"
+    fi
+    echo "First time using --with-usage. Management API key required."
+    read -r -p "Enter management key: " -s API_SECRET
+    echo
+    echo "${API_SECRET}" > "${SECRET_FILE}"
+    chmod 600 "${SECRET_FILE}"
+  fi
+}
+
+check_container_running() {
+  local port
+  port=$(get_port)
+
+  if ! curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "http://localhost:${port}/" | grep -q "200"; then
+    echo "Error: cli-proxy-api service is not responding at localhost:${port}"
+    echo "Please start the container first or use without --with-usage flag."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+}
+
+export_stats() {
+  local port
+  port=$(get_port)
+
+  if [[ ! -d "${STATS_DIR}" ]]; then
+    mkdir -p "${STATS_DIR}"
+  fi
+  check_container_running
+  echo "Exporting usage statistics..."
+  EXPORT_RESPONSE=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" -H "X-Management-Key: ${API_SECRET}" \
+    "http://localhost:${port}/v0/management/usage/export")
+  HTTP_CODE=$(echo "${EXPORT_RESPONSE}" | tail -n1)
+  RESPONSE_BODY=$(echo "${EXPORT_RESPONSE}" | sed '$d')
+
+  if [[ "${HTTP_CODE}" != "200" ]]; then
+    echo "Export failed (HTTP ${HTTP_CODE}): ${RESPONSE_BODY}"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  echo "${RESPONSE_BODY}" > "${STATS_FILE}"
+  echo "Statistics exported to ${STATS_FILE}"
+}
+
+import_stats() {
+  local port
+  port=$(get_port)
+
+  echo "Importing usage statistics..."
+  IMPORT_RESPONSE=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" -X POST \
+    -H "X-Management-Key: ${API_SECRET}" \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    -d @"${STATS_FILE}" \
+    "http://localhost:${port}/v0/management/usage/import")
+  IMPORT_CODE=$(echo "${IMPORT_RESPONSE}" | tail -n1)
+  IMPORT_BODY=$(echo "${IMPORT_RESPONSE}" | sed '$d')
+
+  if [[ "${IMPORT_CODE}" == "200" ]]; then
+    echo "Statistics imported successfully"
+  else
+    echo "Import failed (HTTP ${IMPORT_CODE}): ${IMPORT_BODY}"
+  fi
+
+  rm -f "${STATS_FILE}"
+}
+
+wait_for_service() {
+  local port
+  port=$(get_port)
+
+  echo "Waiting for service to be ready..."
+  for i in {1..30}; do
+    if curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "http://localhost:${port}/" | grep -q "200"; then
+      break
+    fi
+    sleep 1
+  done
+  sleep 2
+}
+
+if [[ "${1:-}" == "--with-usage" ]]; then
+  WITH_USAGE=true
+  export_stats_api_secret
+fi
+
 # --- Step 1: Choose Environment ---
 echo "Please select an option:"
 echo "1) Run using Pre-built Image (Recommended)"
@@ -18,7 +124,14 @@ read -r -p "Enter choice [1-2]: " choice
 case "$choice" in
   1)
     echo "--- Running with Pre-built Image ---"
+    if [[ "${WITH_USAGE}" == "true" ]]; then
+      export_stats
+    fi
     docker compose up -d --remove-orphans --no-build
+    if [[ "${WITH_USAGE}" == "true" ]]; then
+      wait_for_service
+      import_stats
+    fi
     echo "Services are starting from remote image."
     echo "Run 'docker compose logs -f' to see the logs."
     ;;
@@ -38,16 +151,25 @@ case "$choice" in
 
     # Build and start the services with a local-only image tag
     export CLI_PROXY_IMAGE="cli-proxy-api:local"
-    
+
     echo "Building the Docker image..."
     docker compose build \
       --build-arg VERSION="${VERSION}" \
       --build-arg COMMIT="${COMMIT}" \
       --build-arg BUILD_DATE="${BUILD_DATE}"
 
+    if [[ "${WITH_USAGE}" == "true" ]]; then
+      export_stats
+    fi
+
     echo "Starting the services..."
     docker compose up -d --remove-orphans --pull never
 
+    if [[ "${WITH_USAGE}" == "true" ]]; then
+      wait_for_service
+      import_stats
+    fi
+
     echo "Build complete. Services are starting."
     echo "Run 'docker compose logs -f' to see the logs."
     ;;
@@ -55,4 +177,4 @@ case "$choice" in
     echo "Invalid choice. Please enter 1 or 2."
     exit 1
     ;;
-esac
+esac

internal/api/handlers/management/api_tools.go

@@ -0,0 +1,704 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/geminicli"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
+)
+
+const defaultAPICallTimeout = 60 * time.Second
+
+const (
+	geminiOAuthClientID     = "681255809395-oo8ft2oprdrnp9e3aqf6av3hmdib135j.apps.googleusercontent.com"
+	geminiOAuthClientSecret = "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"
+)
+
+var geminiOAuthScopes = []string{
+	"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
+	"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email",
+	"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile",
+}
+
+const (
+	antigravityOAuthClientID     = "1071006060591-tmhssin2h21lcre235vtolojh4g403ep.apps.googleusercontent.com"
+	antigravityOAuthClientSecret = "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"
+)
+
+var antigravityOAuthTokenURL = "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token"
+
+type apiCallRequest struct {
+	AuthIndexSnake  *string           `json:"auth_index"`
+	AuthIndexCamel  *string           `json:"authIndex"`
+	AuthIndexPascal *string           `json:"AuthIndex"`
+	Method          string            `json:"method"`
+	URL             string            `json:"url"`
+	Header          map[string]string `json:"header"`
+	Data            string            `json:"data"`
+}
+
+type apiCallResponse struct {
+	StatusCode int                 `json:"status_code"`
+	Header     map[string][]string `json:"header"`
+	Body       string              `json:"body"`
+}
+
+// APICall makes a generic HTTP request on behalf of the management API caller.
+// It is protected by the management middleware.
+//
+// Endpoint:
+//
+//	POST /v0/management/api-call
+//
+// Authentication:
+//
+//	Same as other management APIs (requires a management key and remote-management rules).
+//	You can provide the key via:
+//	- Authorization: Bearer <key>
+//	- X-Management-Key: <key>
+//
+// Request JSON:
+//   - auth_index / authIndex / AuthIndex (optional):
+//     The credential "auth_index" from GET /v0/management/auth-files (or other endpoints returning it).
+//     If omitted or not found, credential-specific proxy/token substitution is skipped.
+//   - method (required): HTTP method, e.g. GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE.
+//   - url (required): Absolute URL including scheme and host, e.g. "https://api.example.com/v1/ping".
+//   - header (optional): Request headers map.
+//     Supports magic variable "$TOKEN$" which is replaced using the selected credential:
+//     1) metadata.access_token
+//     2) attributes.api_key
+//     3) metadata.token / metadata.id_token / metadata.cookie
+//     Example: {"Authorization":"Bearer $TOKEN$"}.
+//     Note: if you need to override the HTTP Host header, set header["Host"].
+//   - data (optional): Raw request body as string (useful for POST/PUT/PATCH).
+//
+// Proxy selection (highest priority first):
+//  1. Selected credential proxy_url
+//  2. Global config proxy-url
+//  3. Direct connect (environment proxies are not used)
+//
+// Response JSON (returned with HTTP 200 when the APICall itself succeeds):
+//   - status_code: Upstream HTTP status code.
+//   - header: Upstream response headers.
+//   - body: Upstream response body as string.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	curl -sS -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:8317/v0/management/api-call" \
+//	  -H "Authorization: Bearer <MANAGEMENT_KEY>" \
+//	  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+//	  -d '{"auth_index":"<AUTH_INDEX>","method":"GET","url":"https://api.example.com/v1/ping","header":{"Authorization":"Bearer $TOKEN$"}}'
+//
+//	curl -sS -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:8317/v0/management/api-call" \
+//	  -H "Authorization: Bearer 831227" \
+//	  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+//	  -d '{"auth_index":"<AUTH_INDEX>","method":"POST","url":"https://api.example.com/v1/fetchAvailableModels","header":{"Authorization":"Bearer $TOKEN$","Content-Type":"application/json","User-Agent":"cliproxyapi"},"data":"{}"}'
+func (h *Handler) APICall(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body apiCallRequest
+	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	method := strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(body.Method))
+	if method == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "missing method"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	urlStr := strings.TrimSpace(body.URL)
+	if urlStr == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "missing url"})
+		return
+	}
+	parsedURL, errParseURL := url.Parse(urlStr)
+	if errParseURL != nil || parsedURL.Scheme == "" || parsedURL.Host == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid url"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	authIndex := firstNonEmptyString(body.AuthIndexSnake, body.AuthIndexCamel, body.AuthIndexPascal)
+	auth := h.authByIndex(authIndex)
+
+	reqHeaders := body.Header
+	if reqHeaders == nil {
+		reqHeaders = map[string]string{}
+	}
+
+	var hostOverride string
+	var token string
+	var tokenResolved bool
+	var tokenErr error
+	for key, value := range reqHeaders {
+		if !strings.Contains(value, "$TOKEN$") {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !tokenResolved {
+			token, tokenErr = h.resolveTokenForAuth(c.Request.Context(), auth)
+			tokenResolved = true
+		}
+		if auth != nil && token == "" {
+			if tokenErr != nil {
+				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "auth token refresh failed"})
+				return
+			}
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "auth token not found"})
+			return
+		}
+		if token == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		reqHeaders[key] = strings.ReplaceAll(value, "$TOKEN$", token)
+	}
+
+	var requestBody io.Reader
+	if body.Data != "" {
+		requestBody = strings.NewReader(body.Data)
+	}
+
+	req, errNewRequest := http.NewRequestWithContext(c.Request.Context(), method, urlStr, requestBody)
+	if errNewRequest != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "failed to build request"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	for key, value := range reqHeaders {
+		if strings.EqualFold(key, "host") {
+			hostOverride = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+			continue
+		}
+		req.Header.Set(key, value)
+	}
+	if hostOverride != "" {
+		req.Host = hostOverride
+	}
+
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Timeout: defaultAPICallTimeout,
+	}
+	httpClient.Transport = h.apiCallTransport(auth)
+
+	resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if errDo != nil {
+		log.WithError(errDo).Debug("management APICall request failed")
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadGateway, gin.H{"error": "request failed"})
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			log.Errorf("response body close error: %v", errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	respBody, errReadAll := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if errReadAll != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadGateway, gin.H{"error": "failed to read response"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, apiCallResponse{
+		StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+		Header:     resp.Header,
+		Body:       string(respBody),
+	})
+}
+
+func firstNonEmptyString(values ...*string) string {
+	for _, v := range values {
+		if v == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if out := strings.TrimSpace(*v); out != "" {
+			return out
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func tokenValueForAuth(auth *coreauth.Auth) string {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if v := tokenValueFromMetadata(auth.Metadata); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"]); v != "" {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+	if shared := geminicli.ResolveSharedCredential(auth.Runtime); shared != nil {
+		if v := tokenValueFromMetadata(shared.MetadataSnapshot()); v != "" {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) resolveTokenForAuth(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) (string, error) {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+	if provider == "gemini-cli" {
+		token, errToken := h.refreshGeminiOAuthAccessToken(ctx, auth)
+		return token, errToken
+	}
+	if provider == "antigravity" {
+		token, errToken := h.refreshAntigravityOAuthAccessToken(ctx, auth)
+		return token, errToken
+	}
+
+	return tokenValueForAuth(auth), nil
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) refreshGeminiOAuthAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) (string, error) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	if auth == nil {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	metadata, updater := geminiOAuthMetadata(auth)
+	if len(metadata) == 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("gemini oauth metadata missing")
+	}
+
+	base := make(map[string]any)
+	if tokenRaw, ok := metadata["token"].(map[string]any); ok && tokenRaw != nil {
+		base = cloneMap(tokenRaw)
+	}
+
+	var token oauth2.Token
+	if len(base) > 0 {
+		if raw, errMarshal := json.Marshal(base); errMarshal == nil {
+			_ = json.Unmarshal(raw, &token)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if token.AccessToken == "" {
+		token.AccessToken = stringValue(metadata, "access_token")
+	}
+	if token.RefreshToken == "" {
+		token.RefreshToken = stringValue(metadata, "refresh_token")
+	}
+	if token.TokenType == "" {
+		token.TokenType = stringValue(metadata, "token_type")
+	}
+	if token.Expiry.IsZero() {
+		if expiry := stringValue(metadata, "expiry"); expiry != "" {
+			if ts, errParseTime := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, expiry); errParseTime == nil {
+				token.Expiry = ts
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	conf := &oauth2.Config{
+		ClientID:     geminiOAuthClientID,
+		ClientSecret: geminiOAuthClientSecret,
+		Scopes:       geminiOAuthScopes,
+		Endpoint:     google.Endpoint,
+	}
+
+	ctxToken := ctx
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Timeout:   defaultAPICallTimeout,
+		Transport: h.apiCallTransport(auth),
+	}
+	ctxToken = context.WithValue(ctxToken, oauth2.HTTPClient, httpClient)
+
+	src := conf.TokenSource(ctxToken, &token)
+	currentToken, errToken := src.Token()
+	if errToken != nil {
+		return "", errToken
+	}
+
+	merged := buildOAuthTokenMap(base, currentToken)
+	fields := buildOAuthTokenFields(currentToken, merged)
+	if updater != nil {
+		updater(fields)
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(currentToken.AccessToken), nil
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) refreshAntigravityOAuthAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) (string, error) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	if auth == nil {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	metadata := auth.Metadata
+	if len(metadata) == 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity oauth metadata missing")
+	}
+
+	current := strings.TrimSpace(tokenValueFromMetadata(metadata))
+	if current != "" && !antigravityTokenNeedsRefresh(metadata) {
+		return current, nil
+	}
+
+	refreshToken := stringValue(metadata, "refresh_token")
+	if refreshToken == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity refresh token missing")
+	}
+
+	tokenURL := strings.TrimSpace(antigravityOAuthTokenURL)
+	if tokenURL == "" {
+		tokenURL = "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token"
+	}
+	form := url.Values{}
+	form.Set("client_id", antigravityOAuthClientID)
+	form.Set("client_secret", antigravityOAuthClientSecret)
+	form.Set("grant_type", "refresh_token")
+	form.Set("refresh_token", refreshToken)
+
+	req, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, tokenURL, strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+	if errReq != nil {
+		return "", errReq
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Timeout:   defaultAPICallTimeout,
+		Transport: h.apiCallTransport(auth),
+	}
+	resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if errDo != nil {
+		return "", errDo
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			log.Errorf("response body close error: %v", errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	bodyBytes, errRead := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if errRead != nil {
+		return "", errRead
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity oauth token refresh failed: status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, strings.TrimSpace(string(bodyBytes)))
+	}
+
+	var tokenResp struct {
+		AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+		RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
+		ExpiresIn    int64  `json:"expires_in"`
+		TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
+	}
+	if errUnmarshal := json.Unmarshal(bodyBytes, &tokenResp); errUnmarshal != nil {
+		return "", errUnmarshal
+	}
+
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.AccessToken) == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity oauth token refresh returned empty access_token")
+	}
+
+	if auth.Metadata == nil {
+		auth.Metadata = make(map[string]any)
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	auth.Metadata["access_token"] = strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.AccessToken)
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.RefreshToken) != "" {
+		auth.Metadata["refresh_token"] = strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.RefreshToken)
+	}
+	if tokenResp.ExpiresIn > 0 {
+		auth.Metadata["expires_in"] = tokenResp.ExpiresIn
+		auth.Metadata["timestamp"] = now.UnixMilli()
+		auth.Metadata["expired"] = now.Add(time.Duration(tokenResp.ExpiresIn) * time.Second).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+	auth.Metadata["type"] = "antigravity"
+
+	if h != nil && h.authManager != nil {
+		auth.LastRefreshedAt = now
+		auth.UpdatedAt = now
+		_, _ = h.authManager.Update(ctx, auth)
+	}
+
+	return strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.AccessToken), nil
+}
+
+func antigravityTokenNeedsRefresh(metadata map[string]any) bool {
+	// Refresh a bit early to avoid requests racing token expiry.
+	const skew = 30 * time.Second
+
+	if metadata == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	if expStr, ok := metadata["expired"].(string); ok {
+		if ts, errParse := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, strings.TrimSpace(expStr)); errParse == nil {
+			return !ts.After(time.Now().Add(skew))
+		}
+	}
+	expiresIn := int64Value(metadata["expires_in"])
+	timestampMs := int64Value(metadata["timestamp"])
+	if expiresIn > 0 && timestampMs > 0 {
+		exp := time.UnixMilli(timestampMs).Add(time.Duration(expiresIn) * time.Second)
+		return !exp.After(time.Now().Add(skew))
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func int64Value(raw any) int64 {
+	switch typed := raw.(type) {
+	case int:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case int32:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case int64:
+		return typed
+	case uint:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case uint32:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case uint64:
+		if typed > uint64(^uint64(0)>>1) {
+			return 0
+		}
+		return int64(typed)
+	case float32:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case float64:
+		return int64(typed)
+	case json.Number:
+		if i, errParse := typed.Int64(); errParse == nil {
+			return i
+		}
+	case string:
+		if s := strings.TrimSpace(typed); s != "" {
+			if i, errParse := json.Number(s).Int64(); errParse == nil {
+				return i
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func geminiOAuthMetadata(auth *coreauth.Auth) (map[string]any, func(map[string]any)) {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if shared := geminicli.ResolveSharedCredential(auth.Runtime); shared != nil {
+		snapshot := shared.MetadataSnapshot()
+		return snapshot, func(fields map[string]any) { shared.MergeMetadata(fields) }
+	}
+	return auth.Metadata, func(fields map[string]any) {
+		if auth.Metadata == nil {
+			auth.Metadata = make(map[string]any)
+		}
+		for k, v := range fields {
+			auth.Metadata[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func stringValue(metadata map[string]any, key string) string {
+	if len(metadata) == 0 || key == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata[key].(string); ok {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func cloneMap(in map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]any, len(in))
+	for k, v := range in {
+		out[k] = v
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func buildOAuthTokenMap(base map[string]any, tok *oauth2.Token) map[string]any {
+	merged := cloneMap(base)
+	if merged == nil {
+		merged = make(map[string]any)
+	}
+	if tok == nil {
+		return merged
+	}
+	if raw, errMarshal := json.Marshal(tok); errMarshal == nil {
+		var tokenMap map[string]any
+		if errUnmarshal := json.Unmarshal(raw, &tokenMap); errUnmarshal == nil {
+			for k, v := range tokenMap {
+				merged[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
+func buildOAuthTokenFields(tok *oauth2.Token, merged map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	fields := make(map[string]any, 5)
+	if tok != nil && tok.AccessToken != "" {
+		fields["access_token"] = tok.AccessToken
+	}
+	if tok != nil && tok.TokenType != "" {
+		fields["token_type"] = tok.TokenType
+	}
+	if tok != nil && tok.RefreshToken != "" {
+		fields["refresh_token"] = tok.RefreshToken
+	}
+	if tok != nil && !tok.Expiry.IsZero() {
+		fields["expiry"] = tok.Expiry.Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+	if len(merged) > 0 {
+		fields["token"] = cloneMap(merged)
+	}
+	return fields
+}
+
+func tokenValueFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any) string {
+	if len(metadata) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata["accessToken"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata["access_token"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if tokenRaw, ok := metadata["token"]; ok && tokenRaw != nil {
+		switch typed := tokenRaw.(type) {
+		case string:
+			if v := strings.TrimSpace(typed); v != "" {
+				return v
+			}
+		case map[string]any:
+			if v, ok := typed["access_token"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+				return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+			}
+			if v, ok := typed["accessToken"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+				return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+			}
+		case map[string]string:
+			if v := strings.TrimSpace(typed["access_token"]); v != "" {
+				return v
+			}
+			if v := strings.TrimSpace(typed["accessToken"]); v != "" {
+				return v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata["token"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata["id_token"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := metadata["cookie"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) authByIndex(authIndex string) *coreauth.Auth {
+	authIndex = strings.TrimSpace(authIndex)
+	if authIndex == "" || h == nil || h.authManager == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	auths := h.authManager.List()
+	for _, auth := range auths {
+		if auth == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		auth.EnsureIndex()
+		if auth.Index == authIndex {
+			return auth
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) apiCallTransport(auth *coreauth.Auth) http.RoundTripper {
+	var proxyCandidates []string
+	if auth != nil {
+		if proxyStr := strings.TrimSpace(auth.ProxyURL); proxyStr != "" {
+			proxyCandidates = append(proxyCandidates, proxyStr)
+		}
+	}
+	if h != nil && h.cfg != nil {
+		if proxyStr := strings.TrimSpace(h.cfg.ProxyURL); proxyStr != "" {
+			proxyCandidates = append(proxyCandidates, proxyStr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, proxyStr := range proxyCandidates {
+		if transport := buildProxyTransport(proxyStr); transport != nil {
+			return transport
+		}
+	}
+
+	transport, ok := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok || transport == nil {
+		return &http.Transport{Proxy: nil}
+	}
+	clone := transport.Clone()
+	clone.Proxy = nil
+	return clone
+}
+
+func buildProxyTransport(proxyStr string) *http.Transport {
+	proxyStr = strings.TrimSpace(proxyStr)
+	if proxyStr == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	proxyURL, errParse := url.Parse(proxyStr)
+	if errParse != nil {
+		log.WithError(errParse).Debug("parse proxy URL failed")
+		return nil
+	}
+	if proxyURL.Scheme == "" || proxyURL.Host == "" {
+		log.Debug("proxy URL missing scheme/host")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if proxyURL.Scheme == "socks5" {
+		var proxyAuth *proxy.Auth
+		if proxyURL.User != nil {
+			username := proxyURL.User.Username()
+			password, _ := proxyURL.User.Password()
+			proxyAuth = &proxy.Auth{User: username, Password: password}
+		}
+		dialer, errSOCKS5 := proxy.SOCKS5("tcp", proxyURL.Host, proxyAuth, proxy.Direct)
+		if errSOCKS5 != nil {
+			log.WithError(errSOCKS5).Debug("create SOCKS5 dialer failed")
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &http.Transport{
+			Proxy: nil,
+			DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+				return dialer.Dial(network, addr)
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	if proxyURL.Scheme == "http" || proxyURL.Scheme == "https" {
+		return &http.Transport{Proxy: http.ProxyURL(proxyURL)}
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("unsupported proxy scheme: %s", proxyURL.Scheme)
+	return nil
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/api_tools_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+)
+
+type memoryAuthStore struct {
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	items map[string]*coreauth.Auth
+}
+
+func (s *memoryAuthStore) List(ctx context.Context) ([]*coreauth.Auth, error) {
+	_ = ctx
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	out := make([]*coreauth.Auth, 0, len(s.items))
+	for _, a := range s.items {
+		out = append(out, a.Clone())
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (s *memoryAuthStore) Save(ctx context.Context, auth *coreauth.Auth) (string, error) {
+	_ = ctx
+	if auth == nil {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	if s.items == nil {
+		s.items = make(map[string]*coreauth.Auth)
+	}
+	s.items[auth.ID] = auth.Clone()
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	return auth.ID, nil
+}
+
+func (s *memoryAuthStore) Delete(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
+	_ = ctx
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	delete(s.items, id)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestResolveTokenForAuth_Antigravity_RefreshesExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
+	var callCount int
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		callCount++
+		if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+			t.Fatalf("expected POST, got %s", r.Method)
+		}
+		if ct := r.Header.Get("Content-Type"); !strings.HasPrefix(ct, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected content-type: %s", ct)
+		}
+		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		_ = r.Body.Close()
+		values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(bodyBytes))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("parse form: %v", err)
+		}
+		if values.Get("grant_type") != "refresh_token" {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected grant_type: %s", values.Get("grant_type"))
+		}
+		if values.Get("refresh_token") != "rt" {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected refresh_token: %s", values.Get("refresh_token"))
+		}
+		if values.Get("client_id") != antigravityOAuthClientID {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected client_id: %s", values.Get("client_id"))
+		}
+		if values.Get("client_secret") != antigravityOAuthClientSecret {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected client_secret")
+		}
+
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{
+			"access_token":  "new-token",
+			"refresh_token": "rt2",
+			"expires_in":    int64(3600),
+			"token_type":    "Bearer",
+		})
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	originalURL := antigravityOAuthTokenURL
+	antigravityOAuthTokenURL = srv.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { antigravityOAuthTokenURL = originalURL })
+
+	store := &memoryAuthStore{}
+	manager := coreauth.NewManager(store, nil, nil)
+
+	auth := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "antigravity-test.json",
+		FileName: "antigravity-test.json",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"type":          "antigravity",
+			"access_token":  "old-token",
+			"refresh_token": "rt",
+			"expires_in":    int64(3600),
+			"timestamp":     time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Hour).UnixMilli(),
+			"expired":       time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		},
+	}
+	if _, err := manager.Register(context.Background(), auth); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("register auth: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := &Handler{authManager: manager}
+	token, err := h.resolveTokenForAuth(context.Background(), auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTokenForAuth: %v", err)
+	}
+	if token != "new-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected refreshed token, got %q", token)
+	}
+	if callCount != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 refresh call, got %d", callCount)
+	}
+
+	updated, ok := manager.GetByID(auth.ID)
+	if !ok || updated == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected auth in manager after update")
+	}
+	if got := tokenValueFromMetadata(updated.Metadata); got != "new-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected manager metadata updated, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveTokenForAuth_Antigravity_SkipsRefreshWhenTokenValid(t *testing.T) {
+	var callCount int
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		callCount++
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	originalURL := antigravityOAuthTokenURL
+	antigravityOAuthTokenURL = srv.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { antigravityOAuthTokenURL = originalURL })
+
+	auth := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "antigravity-valid.json",
+		FileName: "antigravity-valid.json",
+		Provider: "antigravity",
+		Metadata: map[string]any{
+			"type":         "antigravity",
+			"access_token": "ok-token",
+			"expired":      time.Now().Add(30 * time.Minute).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		},
+	}
+	h := &Handler{}
+	token, err := h.resolveTokenForAuth(context.Background(), auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTokenForAuth: %v", err)
+	}
+	if token != "ok-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected existing token, got %q", token)
+	}
+	if callCount != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no refresh calls, got %d", callCount)
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files.go

@@ -427,9 +427,46 @@ func (h *Handler) buildAuthFileEntry(auth *coreauth.Auth) gin.H {
 			log.WithError(err).Warnf("failed to stat auth file %s", path)
 		}
 	}
+	if claims := extractCodexIDTokenClaims(auth); claims != nil {
+		entry["id_token"] = claims
+	}
 	return entry
 }
 
+func extractCodexIDTokenClaims(auth *coreauth.Auth) gin.H {
+	if auth == nil || auth.Metadata == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider), "codex") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	idTokenRaw, ok := auth.Metadata["id_token"].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	idToken := strings.TrimSpace(idTokenRaw)
+	if idToken == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	claims, err := codex.ParseJWTToken(idToken)
+	if err != nil || claims == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	result := gin.H{}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptAccountID); v != "" {
+		result["chatgpt_account_id"] = v
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptPlanType); v != "" {
+		result["plan_type"] = v
+	}
+
+	if len(result) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
 func authEmail(auth *coreauth.Auth) string {
 	if auth == nil {
 		return ""

internal/api/handlers/management/config_basic.go

@@ -202,6 +202,26 @@ func (h *Handler) PutLoggingToFile(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.LoggingToFile = v })
 }
 
+// LogsMaxTotalSizeMB
+func (h *Handler) GetLogsMaxTotalSizeMB(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"logs-max-total-size-mb": h.cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutLogsMaxTotalSizeMB(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value *int `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	value := *body.Value
+	if value < 0 {
+		value = 0
+	}
+	h.cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB = value
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
 // Request log
 func (h *Handler) GetRequestLog(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"request-log": h.cfg.RequestLog}) }
 func (h *Handler) PutRequestLog(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -232,6 +252,52 @@ func (h *Handler) PutMaxRetryInterval(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.updateIntField(c, func(v int) { h.cfg.MaxRetryInterval = v })
 }
 
+// ForceModelPrefix
+func (h *Handler) GetForceModelPrefix(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"force-model-prefix": h.cfg.ForceModelPrefix})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutForceModelPrefix(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.ForceModelPrefix = v })
+}
+
+func normalizeRoutingStrategy(strategy string) (string, bool) {
+	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(strategy))
+	switch normalized {
+	case "", "round-robin", "roundrobin", "rr":
+		return "round-robin", true
+	case "fill-first", "fillfirst", "ff":
+		return "fill-first", true
+	default:
+		return "", false
+	}
+}
+
+// RoutingStrategy
+func (h *Handler) GetRoutingStrategy(c *gin.Context) {
+	strategy, ok := normalizeRoutingStrategy(h.cfg.Routing.Strategy)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"strategy": strings.TrimSpace(h.cfg.Routing.Strategy)})
+		return
+	}
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"strategy": strategy})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutRoutingStrategy(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value *string `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	normalized, ok := normalizeRoutingStrategy(*body.Value)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid strategy"})
+		return
+	}
+	h.cfg.Routing.Strategy = normalized
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
 // Proxy URL
 func (h *Handler) GetProxyURL(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"proxy-url": h.cfg.ProxyURL}) }
 func (h *Handler) PutProxyURL(c *gin.Context) {

internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go

@@ -487,6 +487,137 @@ func (h *Handler) DeleteOpenAICompat(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing name or index"})
 }
 
+// vertex-api-key: []VertexCompatKey
+func (h *Handler) GetVertexCompatKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"vertex-api-key": h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutVertexCompatKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var arr []config.VertexCompatKey
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &arr); err != nil {
+		var obj struct {
+			Items []config.VertexCompatKey `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &obj); err2 != nil || len(obj.Items) == 0 {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		arr = obj.Items
+	}
+	for i := range arr {
+		normalizeVertexCompatKey(&arr[i])
+	}
+	h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey = arr
+	h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchVertexCompatKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	type vertexCompatPatch struct {
+		APIKey   *string                     `json:"api-key"`
+		Prefix   *string                     `json:"prefix"`
+		BaseURL  *string                     `json:"base-url"`
+		ProxyURL *string                     `json:"proxy-url"`
+		Headers  *map[string]string          `json:"headers"`
+		Models   *[]config.VertexCompatModel `json:"models"`
+	}
+	var body struct {
+		Index *int               `json:"index"`
+		Match *string            `json:"match"`
+		Value *vertexCompatPatch `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	targetIndex := -1
+	if body.Index != nil && *body.Index >= 0 && *body.Index < len(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey) {
+		targetIndex = *body.Index
+	}
+	if targetIndex == -1 && body.Match != nil {
+		match := strings.TrimSpace(*body.Match)
+		if match != "" {
+			for i := range h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey {
+				if h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[i].APIKey == match {
+					targetIndex = i
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if targetIndex == -1 {
+		c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "item not found"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	entry := h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[targetIndex]
+	if body.Value.APIKey != nil {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(*body.Value.APIKey)
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey = append(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[:targetIndex], h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[targetIndex+1:]...)
+			h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+		entry.APIKey = trimmed
+	}
+	if body.Value.Prefix != nil {
+		entry.Prefix = strings.TrimSpace(*body.Value.Prefix)
+	}
+	if body.Value.BaseURL != nil {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(*body.Value.BaseURL)
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey = append(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[:targetIndex], h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[targetIndex+1:]...)
+			h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+		entry.BaseURL = trimmed
+	}
+	if body.Value.ProxyURL != nil {
+		entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(*body.Value.ProxyURL)
+	}
+	if body.Value.Headers != nil {
+		entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(*body.Value.Headers)
+	}
+	if body.Value.Models != nil {
+		entry.Models = append([]config.VertexCompatModel(nil), (*body.Value.Models)...)
+	}
+	normalizeVertexCompatKey(&entry)
+	h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[targetIndex] = entry
+	h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) DeleteVertexCompatKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	if val := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("api-key")); val != "" {
+		out := make([]config.VertexCompatKey, 0, len(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey))
+		for _, v := range h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey {
+			if v.APIKey != val {
+				out = append(out, v)
+			}
+		}
+		h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey = out
+		h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if idxStr := c.Query("index"); idxStr != "" {
+		var idx int
+		_, errScan := fmt.Sscanf(idxStr, "%d", &idx)
+		if errScan == nil && idx >= 0 && idx < len(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey) {
+			h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey = append(h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[:idx], h.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[idx+1:]...)
+			h.cfg.SanitizeVertexCompatKeys()
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing api-key or index"})
+}
+
 // oauth-excluded-models: map[string][]string
 func (h *Handler) GetOAuthExcludedModels(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"oauth-excluded-models": config.NormalizeOAuthExcludedModels(h.cfg.OAuthExcludedModels)})
@@ -572,6 +703,103 @@ func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthExcludedModels(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.persist(c)
 }
 
+// oauth-model-mappings: map[string][]ModelNameMapping
+func (h *Handler) GetOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"oauth-model-mappings": sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings)})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) PutOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &entries); err != nil {
+		var wrapper struct {
+			Items map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &wrapper); err2 != nil {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		entries = wrapper.Items
+	}
+	h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(entries)
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) PatchOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Provider *string                   `json:"provider"`
+		Channel  *string                   `json:"channel"`
+		Mappings []config.ModelNameMapping `json:"mappings"`
+	}
+	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	channelRaw := ""
+	if body.Channel != nil {
+		channelRaw = *body.Channel
+	} else if body.Provider != nil {
+		channelRaw = *body.Provider
+	}
+	channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(channelRaw))
+	if channel == "" {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid channel"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	normalizedMap := sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{channel: body.Mappings})
+	normalized := normalizedMap[channel]
+	if len(normalized) == 0 {
+		if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
+			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
+			return
+		}
+		if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]; !ok {
+			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
+			return
+		}
+		delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings, channel)
+		if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+			h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = nil
+		}
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
+		h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = make(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping)
+	}
+	h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel] = normalized
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+	channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("channel")))
+	if channel == "" {
+		channel = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("provider")))
+	}
+	if channel == "" {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing channel"})
+		return
+	}
+	if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
+		c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]; !ok {
+		c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
+		return
+	}
+	delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings, channel)
+	if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+		h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = nil
+	}
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
 // codex-api-key: []CodexKey
 func (h *Handler) GetCodexKeys(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"codex-api-key": h.cfg.CodexKey})
@@ -597,11 +825,7 @@ func (h *Handler) PutCodexKeys(c *gin.Context) {
 	filtered := make([]config.CodexKey, 0, len(arr))
 	for i := range arr {
 		entry := arr[i]
-		entry.APIKey = strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
-		entry.BaseURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
-		entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
-		entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(entry.Headers)
-		entry.ExcludedModels = config.NormalizeExcludedModels(entry.ExcludedModels)
+		normalizeCodexKey(&entry)
 		if entry.BaseURL == "" {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -613,12 +837,13 @@ func (h *Handler) PutCodexKeys(c *gin.Context) {
 }
 func (h *Handler) PatchCodexKey(c *gin.Context) {
 	type codexKeyPatch struct {
-		APIKey         *string            `json:"api-key"`
-		Prefix         *string            `json:"prefix"`
-		BaseURL        *string            `json:"base-url"`
-		ProxyURL       *string            `json:"proxy-url"`
-		Headers        *map[string]string `json:"headers"`
-		ExcludedModels *[]string          `json:"excluded-models"`
+		APIKey         *string              `json:"api-key"`
+		Prefix         *string              `json:"prefix"`
+		BaseURL        *string              `json:"base-url"`
+		ProxyURL       *string              `json:"proxy-url"`
+		Models         *[]config.CodexModel `json:"models"`
+		Headers        *map[string]string   `json:"headers"`
+		ExcludedModels *[]string            `json:"excluded-models"`
 	}
 	var body struct {
 		Index *int           `json:"index"`
@@ -667,12 +892,16 @@ func (h *Handler) PatchCodexKey(c *gin.Context) {
 	if body.Value.ProxyURL != nil {
 		entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(*body.Value.ProxyURL)
 	}
+	if body.Value.Models != nil {
+		entry.Models = append([]config.CodexModel(nil), (*body.Value.Models)...)
+	}
 	if body.Value.Headers != nil {
 		entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(*body.Value.Headers)
 	}
 	if body.Value.ExcludedModels != nil {
 		entry.ExcludedModels = config.NormalizeExcludedModels(*body.Value.ExcludedModels)
 	}
+	normalizeCodexKey(&entry)
 	h.cfg.CodexKey[targetIndex] = entry
 	h.cfg.SanitizeCodexKeys()
 	h.persist(c)
@@ -762,6 +991,79 @@ func normalizeClaudeKey(entry *config.ClaudeKey) {
 	entry.Models = normalized
 }
 
+func normalizeCodexKey(entry *config.CodexKey) {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	entry.APIKey = strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+	entry.Prefix = strings.TrimSpace(entry.Prefix)
+	entry.BaseURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+	entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+	entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(entry.Headers)
+	entry.ExcludedModels = config.NormalizeExcludedModels(entry.ExcludedModels)
+	if len(entry.Models) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	normalized := make([]config.CodexModel, 0, len(entry.Models))
+	for i := range entry.Models {
+		model := entry.Models[i]
+		model.Name = strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		model.Alias = strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+		if model.Name == "" && model.Alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		normalized = append(normalized, model)
+	}
+	entry.Models = normalized
+}
+
+func normalizeVertexCompatKey(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	entry.APIKey = strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+	entry.Prefix = strings.TrimSpace(entry.Prefix)
+	entry.BaseURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+	entry.ProxyURL = strings.TrimSpace(entry.ProxyURL)
+	entry.Headers = config.NormalizeHeaders(entry.Headers)
+	if len(entry.Models) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	normalized := make([]config.VertexCompatModel, 0, len(entry.Models))
+	for i := range entry.Models {
+		model := entry.Models[i]
+		model.Name = strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		model.Alias = strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+		if model.Name == "" || model.Alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		normalized = append(normalized, model)
+	}
+	entry.Models = normalized
+}
+
+func sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping {
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied := make(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping, len(entries))
+	for channel, mappings := range entries {
+		if len(mappings) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		copied[channel] = append([]config.ModelNameMapping(nil), mappings...)
+	}
+	if len(copied) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	cfg := config.Config{OAuthModelMappings: copied}
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
+	if len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return cfg.OAuthModelMappings
+}
+
 // GetAmpCode returns the complete ampcode configuration.
 func (h *Handler) GetAmpCode(c *gin.Context) {
 	if h == nil || h.cfg == nil {
@@ -913,3 +1215,151 @@ func (h *Handler) GetAmpForceModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
 func (h *Handler) PutAmpForceModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.AmpCode.ForceModelMappings = v })
 }
+
+// GetAmpUpstreamAPIKeys returns the ampcode upstream API keys mapping.
+func (h *Handler) GetAmpUpstreamAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h == nil || h.cfg == nil {
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"upstream-api-keys": []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{}})
+		return
+	}
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"upstream-api-keys": h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys})
+}
+
+// PutAmpUpstreamAPIKeys replaces all ampcode upstream API keys mappings.
+func (h *Handler) PutAmpUpstreamAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	// Normalize entries: trim whitespace, filter empty
+	normalized := normalizeAmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntries(body.Value)
+	h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys = normalized
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+// PatchAmpUpstreamAPIKeys adds or updates upstream API keys entries.
+// Matching is done by upstream-api-key value.
+func (h *Handler) PatchAmpUpstreamAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	existing := make(map[string]int)
+	for i, entry := range h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys {
+		existing[strings.TrimSpace(entry.UpstreamAPIKey)] = i
+	}
+
+	for _, newEntry := range body.Value {
+		upstreamKey := strings.TrimSpace(newEntry.UpstreamAPIKey)
+		if upstreamKey == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		normalizedEntry := config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: upstreamKey,
+			APIKeys:        normalizeAPIKeysList(newEntry.APIKeys),
+		}
+		if idx, ok := existing[upstreamKey]; ok {
+			h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys[idx] = normalizedEntry
+		} else {
+			h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys = append(h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys, normalizedEntry)
+			existing[upstreamKey] = len(h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys) - 1
+		}
+	}
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+// DeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKeys removes specified upstream API keys entries.
+// Body must be JSON: {"value": ["<upstream-api-key>", ...]}.
+// If "value" is an empty array, clears all entries.
+// If JSON is invalid or "value" is missing/null, returns 400 and does not persist any change.
+func (h *Handler) DeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value []string `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	if body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing value"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Empty array means clear all
+	if len(body.Value) == 0 {
+		h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys = nil
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+
+	toRemove := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, key := range body.Value {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(key)
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		toRemove[trimmed] = true
+	}
+	if len(toRemove) == 0 {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "empty value"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	newEntries := make([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry, 0, len(h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys))
+	for _, entry := range h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys {
+		if !toRemove[strings.TrimSpace(entry.UpstreamAPIKey)] {
+			newEntries = append(newEntries, entry)
+		}
+	}
+	h.cfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys = newEntries
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+// normalizeAmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntries normalizes a list of upstream API key entries.
+func normalizeAmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntries(entries []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry) []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry {
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		upstreamKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.UpstreamAPIKey)
+		if upstreamKey == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		apiKeys := normalizeAPIKeysList(entry.APIKeys)
+		out = append(out, config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: upstreamKey,
+			APIKeys:        apiKeys,
+		})
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// normalizeAPIKeysList trims and filters empty strings from a list of API keys.
+func normalizeAPIKeysList(keys []string) []string {
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(keys))
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(k)
+		if trimmed != "" {
+			out = append(out, trimmed)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/handler.go

@@ -24,8 +24,15 @@ import (
 type attemptInfo struct {
 	count        int
 	blockedUntil time.Time
+	lastActivity time.Time // track last activity for cleanup
 }
 
+// attemptCleanupInterval controls how often stale IP entries are purged
+const attemptCleanupInterval = 1 * time.Hour
+
+// attemptMaxIdleTime controls how long an IP can be idle before cleanup
+const attemptMaxIdleTime = 2 * time.Hour
+
 // Handler aggregates config reference, persistence path and helpers.
 type Handler struct {
 	cfg                 *config.Config
@@ -47,7 +54,7 @@ func NewHandler(cfg *config.Config, configFilePath string, manager *coreauth.Man
 	envSecret, _ := os.LookupEnv("MANAGEMENT_PASSWORD")
 	envSecret = strings.TrimSpace(envSecret)
 
-	return &Handler{
+	h := &Handler{
 		cfg:                 cfg,
 		configFilePath:      configFilePath,
 		failedAttempts:      make(map[string]*attemptInfo),
@@ -57,6 +64,43 @@ func NewHandler(cfg *config.Config, configFilePath string, manager *coreauth.Man
 		allowRemoteOverride: envSecret != "",
 		envSecret:           envSecret,
 	}
+	h.startAttemptCleanup()
+	return h
+}
+
+// startAttemptCleanup launches a background goroutine that periodically
+// removes stale IP entries from failedAttempts to prevent memory leaks.
+func (h *Handler) startAttemptCleanup() {
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(attemptCleanupInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for range ticker.C {
+			h.purgeStaleAttempts()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// purgeStaleAttempts removes IP entries that have been idle beyond attemptMaxIdleTime
+// and whose ban (if any) has expired.
+func (h *Handler) purgeStaleAttempts() {
+	now := time.Now()
+	h.attemptsMu.Lock()
+	defer h.attemptsMu.Unlock()
+	for ip, ai := range h.failedAttempts {
+		// Skip if still banned
+		if !ai.blockedUntil.IsZero() && now.Before(ai.blockedUntil) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Remove if idle too long
+		if now.Sub(ai.lastActivity) > attemptMaxIdleTime {
+			delete(h.failedAttempts, ip)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// NewHandler creates a new management handler instance.
+func NewHandlerWithoutConfigFilePath(cfg *config.Config, manager *coreauth.Manager) *Handler {
+	return NewHandler(cfg, "", manager)
 }
 
 // SetConfig updates the in-memory config reference when the server hot-reloads.
@@ -144,6 +188,7 @@ func (h *Handler) Middleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
 					h.failedAttempts[clientIP] = aip
 				}
 				aip.count++
+				aip.lastActivity = time.Now()
 				if aip.count >= maxFailures {
 					aip.blockedUntil = time.Now().Add(banDuration)
 					aip.count = 0

internal/api/modules/amp/amp.go

@@ -227,11 +227,20 @@ func (m *AmpModule) OnConfigUpdated(cfg *config.Config) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Check API key change
+		// Check API key change (both default and per-client mappings)
 		apiKeyChanged := m.hasAPIKeyChanged(oldSettings, &newSettings)
-		if apiKeyChanged {
+		upstreamAPIKeysChanged := m.hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged(oldSettings, &newSettings)
+		if apiKeyChanged || upstreamAPIKeysChanged {
 			if m.secretSource != nil {
-				if ms, ok := m.secretSource.(*MultiSourceSecret); ok {
+				if ms, ok := m.secretSource.(*MappedSecretSource); ok {
+					if apiKeyChanged {
+						ms.UpdateDefaultExplicitKey(newSettings.UpstreamAPIKey)
+						ms.InvalidateCache()
+					}
+					if upstreamAPIKeysChanged {
+						ms.UpdateMappings(newSettings.UpstreamAPIKeys)
+					}
+				} else if ms, ok := m.secretSource.(*MultiSourceSecret); ok {
 					ms.UpdateExplicitKey(newSettings.UpstreamAPIKey)
 					ms.InvalidateCache()
 				}
@@ -251,10 +260,22 @@ func (m *AmpModule) OnConfigUpdated(cfg *config.Config) error {
 
 func (m *AmpModule) enableUpstreamProxy(upstreamURL string, settings *config.AmpCode) error {
 	if m.secretSource == nil {
-		m.secretSource = NewMultiSourceSecret(settings.UpstreamAPIKey, 0 /* default 5min */)
+		// Create MultiSourceSecret as the default source, then wrap with MappedSecretSource
+		defaultSource := NewMultiSourceSecret(settings.UpstreamAPIKey, 0 /* default 5min */)
+		mappedSource := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+		mappedSource.UpdateMappings(settings.UpstreamAPIKeys)
+		m.secretSource = mappedSource
+	} else if ms, ok := m.secretSource.(*MappedSecretSource); ok {
+		ms.UpdateDefaultExplicitKey(settings.UpstreamAPIKey)
+		ms.InvalidateCache()
+		ms.UpdateMappings(settings.UpstreamAPIKeys)
 	} else if ms, ok := m.secretSource.(*MultiSourceSecret); ok {
+		// Legacy path: wrap existing MultiSourceSecret with MappedSecretSource
 		ms.UpdateExplicitKey(settings.UpstreamAPIKey)
 		ms.InvalidateCache()
+		mappedSource := NewMappedSecretSource(ms)
+		mappedSource.UpdateMappings(settings.UpstreamAPIKeys)
+		m.secretSource = mappedSource
 	}
 
 	proxy, err := createReverseProxy(upstreamURL, m.secretSource)
@@ -313,6 +334,66 @@ func (m *AmpModule) hasAPIKeyChanged(old *config.AmpCode, new *config.AmpCode) b
 	return oldKey != newKey
 }
 
+// hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged compares old and new per-client upstream API key mappings.
+func (m *AmpModule) hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged(old *config.AmpCode, new *config.AmpCode) bool {
+	if old == nil {
+		return len(new.UpstreamAPIKeys) > 0
+	}
+
+	if len(old.UpstreamAPIKeys) != len(new.UpstreamAPIKeys) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Build map for comparison: upstreamKey -> set of clientKeys
+	type entryInfo struct {
+		upstreamKey string
+		clientKeys  map[string]struct{}
+	}
+	oldEntries := make([]entryInfo, len(old.UpstreamAPIKeys))
+	for i, entry := range old.UpstreamAPIKeys {
+		clientKeys := make(map[string]struct{}, len(entry.APIKeys))
+		for _, k := range entry.APIKeys {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(k)
+			if trimmed == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			clientKeys[trimmed] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		oldEntries[i] = entryInfo{
+			upstreamKey: strings.TrimSpace(entry.UpstreamAPIKey),
+			clientKeys:  clientKeys,
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i, newEntry := range new.UpstreamAPIKeys {
+		if i >= len(oldEntries) {
+			return true
+		}
+		oldE := oldEntries[i]
+		if strings.TrimSpace(newEntry.UpstreamAPIKey) != oldE.upstreamKey {
+			return true
+		}
+		newKeys := make(map[string]struct{}, len(newEntry.APIKeys))
+		for _, k := range newEntry.APIKeys {
+			trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(k)
+			if trimmed == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			newKeys[trimmed] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		if len(newKeys) != len(oldE.clientKeys) {
+			return true
+		}
+		for k := range newKeys {
+			if _, ok := oldE.clientKeys[k]; !ok {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
 // GetModelMapper returns the model mapper instance (for testing/debugging).
 func (m *AmpModule) GetModelMapper() *DefaultModelMapper {
 	return m.modelMapper

internal/api/modules/amp/amp_test.go

@@ -312,3 +312,41 @@ func TestAmpModule_ProviderAliasesAlwaysRegistered(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAmpModule_hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged_DetectsRemovedKeyWithDuplicateInput(t *testing.T) {
+	m := &AmpModule{}
+
+	oldCfg := &config.AmpCode{
+		UpstreamAPIKeys: []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			{UpstreamAPIKey: "u1", APIKeys: []string{"k1", "k2"}},
+		},
+	}
+	newCfg := &config.AmpCode{
+		UpstreamAPIKeys: []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			{UpstreamAPIKey: "u1", APIKeys: []string{"k1", "k1"}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	if !m.hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged(oldCfg, newCfg) {
+		t.Fatal("expected change to be detected when k2 is removed but new list contains duplicates")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAmpModule_hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged_IgnoresEmptyAndWhitespaceKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	m := &AmpModule{}
+
+	oldCfg := &config.AmpCode{
+		UpstreamAPIKeys: []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			{UpstreamAPIKey: "u1", APIKeys: []string{"k1", "k2"}},
+		},
+	}
+	newCfg := &config.AmpCode{
+		UpstreamAPIKeys: []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+			{UpstreamAPIKey: "u1", APIKeys: []string{"  k1  ", "", "k2", "   "}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	if m.hasUpstreamAPIKeysChanged(oldCfg, newCfg) {
+		t.Fatal("expected no change when only whitespace/empty entries differ")
+	}
+}

internal/api/modules/amp/proxy.go

@@ -15,6 +15,33 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+func removeQueryValuesMatching(req *http.Request, key string, match string) {
+	if req == nil || req.URL == nil || match == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	q := req.URL.Query()
+	values, ok := q[key]
+	if !ok || len(values) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	kept := make([]string, 0, len(values))
+	for _, v := range values {
+		if v == match {
+			continue
+		}
+		kept = append(kept, v)
+	}
+
+	if len(kept) == 0 {
+		q.Del(key)
+	} else {
+		q[key] = kept
+	}
+	req.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+}
+
 // readCloser wraps a reader and forwards Close to a separate closer.
 // Used to restore peeked bytes while preserving upstream body Close behavior.
 type readCloser struct {
@@ -45,6 +72,14 @@ func createReverseProxy(upstreamURL string, secretSource SecretSource) (*httputi
 		// We will set our own Authorization using the configured upstream-api-key
 		req.Header.Del("Authorization")
 		req.Header.Del("X-Api-Key")
+		req.Header.Del("X-Goog-Api-Key")
+
+		// Remove query-based credentials if they match the authenticated client API key.
+		// This prevents leaking client auth material to the Amp upstream while avoiding
+		// breaking unrelated upstream query parameters.
+		clientKey := getClientAPIKeyFromContext(req.Context())
+		removeQueryValuesMatching(req, "key", clientKey)
+		removeQueryValuesMatching(req, "auth_token", clientKey)
 
 		// Preserve correlation headers for debugging
 		if req.Header.Get("X-Request-ID") == "" {

internal/api/modules/amp/proxy_test.go

@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@ package amp
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"compress/gzip"
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 )
 
 // Helper: compress data with gzip
@@ -306,6 +310,159 @@ func TestReverseProxy_EmptySecret(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestReverseProxy_StripsClientCredentialsFromHeadersAndQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	type captured struct {
+		headers http.Header
+		query   string
+	}
+	got := make(chan captured, 1)
+	upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		got <- captured{headers: r.Header.Clone(), query: r.URL.RawQuery}
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write([]byte(`ok`))
+	}))
+	defer upstream.Close()
+
+	proxy, err := createReverseProxy(upstream.URL, NewStaticSecretSource("upstream"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Simulate clientAPIKeyMiddleware injection (per-request)
+		ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "client-key")
+		proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, srv.URL+"/test?key=client-key&key=keep&auth_token=client-key&foo=bar", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer client-key")
+	req.Header.Set("X-Api-Key", "client-key")
+	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Key", "client-key")
+
+	res, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	res.Body.Close()
+
+	c := <-got
+
+	// These are client-provided credentials and must not reach the upstream.
+	if v := c.headers.Get("X-Goog-Api-Key"); v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Goog-Api-Key should be stripped, got: %q", v)
+	}
+
+	// We inject upstream Authorization/X-Api-Key, so the client auth must not survive.
+	if v := c.headers.Get("Authorization"); v != "Bearer upstream" {
+		t.Fatalf("Authorization should be upstream-injected, got: %q", v)
+	}
+	if v := c.headers.Get("X-Api-Key"); v != "upstream" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Api-Key should be upstream-injected, got: %q", v)
+	}
+
+	// Query-based credentials should be stripped only when they match the authenticated client key.
+	// Should keep unrelated values and parameters.
+	if strings.Contains(c.query, "auth_token=client-key") || strings.Contains(c.query, "key=client-key") {
+		t.Fatalf("query credentials should be stripped, got raw query: %q", c.query)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(c.query, "key=keep") || !strings.Contains(c.query, "foo=bar") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected query to keep non-credential params, got raw query: %q", c.query)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReverseProxy_InjectsMappedSecret_FromRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
+	gotHeaders := make(chan http.Header, 1)
+	upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		gotHeaders <- r.Header.Clone()
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write([]byte(`ok`))
+	}))
+	defer upstream.Close()
+
+	defaultSource := NewStaticSecretSource("default")
+	mapped := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+	mapped.UpdateMappings([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u1",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+	})
+
+	proxy, err := createReverseProxy(upstream.URL, mapped)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Simulate clientAPIKeyMiddleware injection (per-request)
+		ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "k1")
+		proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	res.Body.Close()
+
+	hdr := <-gotHeaders
+	if hdr.Get("X-Api-Key") != "u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Api-Key missing or wrong, got: %q", hdr.Get("X-Api-Key"))
+	}
+	if hdr.Get("Authorization") != "Bearer u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Authorization missing or wrong, got: %q", hdr.Get("Authorization"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReverseProxy_MappedSecret_FallsBackToDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	gotHeaders := make(chan http.Header, 1)
+	upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		gotHeaders <- r.Header.Clone()
+		w.WriteHeader(200)
+		w.Write([]byte(`ok`))
+	}))
+	defer upstream.Close()
+
+	defaultSource := NewStaticSecretSource("default")
+	mapped := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+	mapped.UpdateMappings([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u1",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+	})
+
+	proxy, err := createReverseProxy(upstream.URL, mapped)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "k2")
+		proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	res, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "/test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	res.Body.Close()
+
+	hdr := <-gotHeaders
+	if hdr.Get("X-Api-Key") != "default" {
+		t.Fatalf("X-Api-Key fallback missing or wrong, got: %q", hdr.Get("X-Api-Key"))
+	}
+	if hdr.Get("Authorization") != "Bearer default" {
+		t.Fatalf("Authorization fallback missing or wrong, got: %q", hdr.Get("Authorization"))
+	}
+}
+
 func TestReverseProxy_ErrorHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	// Point proxy to a non-routable address to trigger error
 	proxy, err := createReverseProxy("http://127.0.0.1:1", NewStaticSecretSource(""))

internal/api/modules/amp/response_rewriter.go

@@ -69,7 +69,30 @@ func (rw *ResponseRewriter) Flush() {
 var modelFieldPaths = []string{"model", "modelVersion", "response.modelVersion", "message.model"}
 
 // rewriteModelInResponse replaces all occurrences of the mapped model with the original model in JSON
+// It also suppresses "thinking" blocks if "tool_use" is present to ensure Amp client compatibility
 func (rw *ResponseRewriter) rewriteModelInResponse(data []byte) []byte {
+	// 1. Amp Compatibility: Suppress thinking blocks if tool use is detected
+	// The Amp client struggles when both thinking and tool_use blocks are present
+	if gjson.GetBytes(data, `content.#(type=="tool_use")`).Exists() {
+		filtered := gjson.GetBytes(data, `content.#(type!="thinking")#`)
+		if filtered.Exists() {
+			originalCount := gjson.GetBytes(data, "content.#").Int()
+			filteredCount := filtered.Get("#").Int()
+
+			if originalCount > filteredCount {
+				var err error
+				data, err = sjson.SetBytes(data, "content", filtered.Value())
+				if err != nil {
+					log.Warnf("Amp ResponseRewriter: failed to suppress thinking blocks: %v", err)
+				} else {
+					log.Debugf("Amp ResponseRewriter: Suppressed %d thinking blocks due to tool usage", originalCount-filteredCount)
+					// Log the result for verification
+					log.Debugf("Amp ResponseRewriter: Resulting content: %s", gjson.GetBytes(data, "content").String())
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if rw.originalModel == "" {
 		return data
 	}

internal/api/modules/amp/routes.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package amp
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -16,6 +17,37 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+// clientAPIKeyContextKey is the context key used to pass the client API key
+// from gin.Context to the request context for SecretSource lookup.
+type clientAPIKeyContextKey struct{}
+
+// clientAPIKeyMiddleware injects the authenticated client API key from gin.Context["apiKey"]
+// into the request context so that SecretSource can look it up for per-client upstream routing.
+func clientAPIKeyMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		// Extract the client API key from gin context (set by AuthMiddleware)
+		if apiKey, exists := c.Get("apiKey"); exists {
+			if keyStr, ok := apiKey.(string); ok && keyStr != "" {
+				// Inject into request context for SecretSource.Get(ctx) to read
+				ctx := context.WithValue(c.Request.Context(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, keyStr)
+				c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(ctx)
+			}
+		}
+		c.Next()
+	}
+}
+
+// getClientAPIKeyFromContext retrieves the client API key from request context.
+// Returns empty string if not present.
+func getClientAPIKeyFromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
+	if val := ctx.Value(clientAPIKeyContextKey{}); val != nil {
+		if keyStr, ok := val.(string); ok {
+			return keyStr
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // localhostOnlyMiddleware returns a middleware that dynamically checks the module's
 // localhost restriction setting. This allows hot-reload of the restriction without restarting.
 func (m *AmpModule) localhostOnlyMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
@@ -129,6 +161,9 @@ func (m *AmpModule) registerManagementRoutes(engine *gin.Engine, baseHandler *ha
 		authWithBypass = wrapManagementAuth(auth, "/threads", "/auth", "/docs", "/settings")
 	}
 
+	// Inject client API key into request context for per-client upstream routing
+	ampAPI.Use(clientAPIKeyMiddleware())
+
 	// Dynamic proxy handler that uses m.getProxy() for hot-reload support
 	proxyHandler := func(c *gin.Context) {
 		// Swallow ErrAbortHandler panics from ReverseProxy copyResponse to avoid noisy stack traces
@@ -175,6 +210,8 @@ func (m *AmpModule) registerManagementRoutes(engine *gin.Engine, baseHandler *ha
 	if authWithBypass != nil {
 		rootMiddleware = append(rootMiddleware, authWithBypass)
 	}
+	// Add clientAPIKeyMiddleware after auth for per-client upstream routing
+	rootMiddleware = append(rootMiddleware, clientAPIKeyMiddleware())
 	engine.GET("/threads", append(rootMiddleware, proxyHandler)...)
 	engine.GET("/threads/*path", append(rootMiddleware, proxyHandler)...)
 	engine.GET("/docs", append(rootMiddleware, proxyHandler)...)
@@ -244,6 +281,8 @@ func (m *AmpModule) registerProviderAliases(engine *gin.Engine, baseHandler *han
 	if auth != nil {
 		ampProviders.Use(auth)
 	}
+	// Inject client API key into request context for per-client upstream routing
+	ampProviders.Use(clientAPIKeyMiddleware())
 
 	provider := ampProviders.Group("/:provider")
 

internal/api/modules/amp/secret.go

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
 // SecretSource provides Amp API keys with configurable precedence and caching
@@ -164,3 +167,82 @@ func NewStaticSecretSource(key string) *StaticSecretSource {
 func (s *StaticSecretSource) Get(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
 	return s.key, nil
 }
+
+// MappedSecretSource wraps a default SecretSource and adds per-client API key mapping.
+// When a request context contains a client API key that matches a configured mapping,
+// the corresponding upstream key is returned. Otherwise, falls back to the default source.
+type MappedSecretSource struct {
+	defaultSource SecretSource
+	mu            sync.RWMutex
+	lookup        map[string]string // clientKey -> upstreamKey
+}
+
+// NewMappedSecretSource creates a MappedSecretSource wrapping the given default source.
+func NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource SecretSource) *MappedSecretSource {
+	return &MappedSecretSource{
+		defaultSource: defaultSource,
+		lookup:        make(map[string]string),
+	}
+}
+
+// Get retrieves the Amp API key, checking per-client mappings first.
+// If the request context contains a client API key that matches a configured mapping,
+// returns the corresponding upstream key. Otherwise, falls back to the default source.
+func (s *MappedSecretSource) Get(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	// Try to get client API key from request context
+	clientKey := getClientAPIKeyFromContext(ctx)
+	if clientKey != "" {
+		s.mu.RLock()
+		if upstreamKey, ok := s.lookup[clientKey]; ok && upstreamKey != "" {
+			s.mu.RUnlock()
+			return upstreamKey, nil
+		}
+		s.mu.RUnlock()
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to default source
+	return s.defaultSource.Get(ctx)
+}
+
+// UpdateMappings rebuilds the client-to-upstream key mapping from configuration entries.
+// If the same client key appears in multiple entries, logs a warning and uses the first one.
+func (s *MappedSecretSource) UpdateMappings(entries []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry) {
+	newLookup := make(map[string]string)
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		upstreamKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.UpstreamAPIKey)
+		if upstreamKey == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, clientKey := range entry.APIKeys {
+			trimmedKey := strings.TrimSpace(clientKey)
+			if trimmedKey == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, exists := newLookup[trimmedKey]; exists {
+				// Log warning for duplicate client key, first one wins
+				log.Warnf("amp upstream-api-keys: client API key appears in multiple entries; using first mapping.")
+				continue
+			}
+			newLookup[trimmedKey] = upstreamKey
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.lookup = newLookup
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// UpdateDefaultExplicitKey updates the explicit key on the underlying MultiSourceSecret (if applicable).
+func (s *MappedSecretSource) UpdateDefaultExplicitKey(key string) {
+	if ms, ok := s.defaultSource.(*MultiSourceSecret); ok {
+		ms.UpdateExplicitKey(key)
+	}
+}
+
+// InvalidateCache invalidates cache on the underlying MultiSourceSecret (if applicable).
+func (s *MappedSecretSource) InvalidateCache() {
+	if ms, ok := s.defaultSource.(*MultiSourceSecret); ok {
+		ms.InvalidateCache()
+	}
+}

internal/api/modules/amp/secret_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus/hooks/test"
 )
 
 func TestMultiSourceSecret_PrecedenceOrder(t *testing.T) {
@@ -278,3 +282,85 @@ func TestMultiSourceSecret_CacheEmptyResult(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("after cache expiry, expected new-value, got %q", got3)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestMappedSecretSource_UsesMappingFromContext(t *testing.T) {
+	defaultSource := NewStaticSecretSource("default")
+	s := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+	s.UpdateMappings([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u1",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+	})
+
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "k1")
+	got, err := s.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got != "u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("want u1, got %q", got)
+	}
+
+	ctx = context.WithValue(context.Background(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "k2")
+	got, err = s.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got != "default" {
+		t.Fatalf("want default fallback, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMappedSecretSource_DuplicateClientKey_FirstWins(t *testing.T) {
+	defaultSource := NewStaticSecretSource("default")
+	s := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+	s.UpdateMappings([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u1",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u2",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+	})
+
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), clientAPIKeyContextKey{}, "k1")
+	got, err := s.Get(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got != "u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("want u1 (first wins), got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMappedSecretSource_DuplicateClientKey_LogsWarning(t *testing.T) {
+	hook := test.NewLocal(log.StandardLogger())
+	defer hook.Reset()
+
+	defaultSource := NewStaticSecretSource("default")
+	s := NewMappedSecretSource(defaultSource)
+	s.UpdateMappings([]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry{
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u1",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+		{
+			UpstreamAPIKey: "u2",
+			APIKeys:        []string{"k1"},
+		},
+	})
+
+	foundWarning := false
+	for _, entry := range hook.AllEntries() {
+		if entry.Level == log.WarnLevel && entry.Message == "amp upstream-api-keys: client API key appears in multiple entries; using first mapping." {
+			foundWarning = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundWarning {
+		t.Fatal("expected warning log for duplicate client key, but none was found")
+	}
+}

internal/api/server.go

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/api/handlers/claude"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/api/handlers/gemini"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/api/handlers/openai"
+	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
@@ -491,6 +492,10 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.PUT("/logging-to-file", s.mgmt.PutLoggingToFile)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/logging-to-file", s.mgmt.PutLoggingToFile)
 
+		mgmt.GET("/logs-max-total-size-mb", s.mgmt.GetLogsMaxTotalSizeMB)
+		mgmt.PUT("/logs-max-total-size-mb", s.mgmt.PutLogsMaxTotalSizeMB)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/logs-max-total-size-mb", s.mgmt.PutLogsMaxTotalSizeMB)
+
 		mgmt.GET("/usage-statistics-enabled", s.mgmt.GetUsageStatisticsEnabled)
 		mgmt.PUT("/usage-statistics-enabled", s.mgmt.PutUsageStatisticsEnabled)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/usage-statistics-enabled", s.mgmt.PutUsageStatisticsEnabled)
@@ -500,6 +505,8 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.PATCH("/proxy-url", s.mgmt.PutProxyURL)
 		mgmt.DELETE("/proxy-url", s.mgmt.DeleteProxyURL)
 
+		mgmt.POST("/api-call", s.mgmt.APICall)
+
 		mgmt.GET("/quota-exceeded/switch-project", s.mgmt.GetSwitchProject)
 		mgmt.PUT("/quota-exceeded/switch-project", s.mgmt.PutSwitchProject)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/quota-exceeded/switch-project", s.mgmt.PutSwitchProject)
@@ -549,6 +556,10 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/force-model-mappings", s.mgmt.GetAmpForceModelMappings)
 		mgmt.PUT("/ampcode/force-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PutAmpForceModelMappings)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/ampcode/force-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PutAmpForceModelMappings)
+		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", s.mgmt.GetAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.PUT("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", s.mgmt.PutAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", s.mgmt.PatchAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.DELETE("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", s.mgmt.DeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
 
 		mgmt.GET("/request-retry", s.mgmt.GetRequestRetry)
 		mgmt.PUT("/request-retry", s.mgmt.PutRequestRetry)
@@ -557,6 +568,14 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.PUT("/max-retry-interval", s.mgmt.PutMaxRetryInterval)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/max-retry-interval", s.mgmt.PutMaxRetryInterval)
 
+		mgmt.GET("/force-model-prefix", s.mgmt.GetForceModelPrefix)
+		mgmt.PUT("/force-model-prefix", s.mgmt.PutForceModelPrefix)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/force-model-prefix", s.mgmt.PutForceModelPrefix)
+
+		mgmt.GET("/routing/strategy", s.mgmt.GetRoutingStrategy)
+		mgmt.PUT("/routing/strategy", s.mgmt.PutRoutingStrategy)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/routing/strategy", s.mgmt.PutRoutingStrategy)
+
 		mgmt.GET("/claude-api-key", s.mgmt.GetClaudeKeys)
 		mgmt.PUT("/claude-api-key", s.mgmt.PutClaudeKeys)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/claude-api-key", s.mgmt.PatchClaudeKey)
@@ -572,11 +591,21 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.PATCH("/openai-compatibility", s.mgmt.PatchOpenAICompat)
 		mgmt.DELETE("/openai-compatibility", s.mgmt.DeleteOpenAICompat)
 
+		mgmt.GET("/vertex-api-key", s.mgmt.GetVertexCompatKeys)
+		mgmt.PUT("/vertex-api-key", s.mgmt.PutVertexCompatKeys)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/vertex-api-key", s.mgmt.PatchVertexCompatKey)
+		mgmt.DELETE("/vertex-api-key", s.mgmt.DeleteVertexCompatKey)
+
 		mgmt.GET("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.GetOAuthExcludedModels)
 		mgmt.PUT("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.PutOAuthExcludedModels)
 		mgmt.PATCH("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.PatchOAuthExcludedModels)
 		mgmt.DELETE("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.DeleteOAuthExcludedModels)
 
+		mgmt.GET("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.GetOAuthModelMappings)
+		mgmt.PUT("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PutOAuthModelMappings)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PatchOAuthModelMappings)
+		mgmt.DELETE("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.DeleteOAuthModelMappings)
+
 		mgmt.GET("/auth-files", s.mgmt.ListAuthFiles)
 		mgmt.GET("/auth-files/models", s.mgmt.GetAuthFileModels)
 		mgmt.GET("/auth-files/download", s.mgmt.DownloadAuthFile)
@@ -850,7 +879,7 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) {
 	}
 
 	if oldCfg == nil || oldCfg.LoggingToFile != cfg.LoggingToFile || oldCfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB != cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB {
-		if err := logging.ConfigureLogOutput(cfg.LoggingToFile, cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB); err != nil {
+		if err := logging.ConfigureLogOutput(cfg); err != nil {
 			log.Errorf("failed to reconfigure log output: %v", err)
 		} else {
 			if oldCfg == nil {
@@ -960,8 +989,12 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) {
 		log.Warnf("amp module is nil, skipping config update")
 	}
 
-	// Count client sources from configuration and auth directory
-	authFiles := util.CountAuthFiles(cfg.AuthDir)
+	// Count client sources from configuration and auth store.
+	tokenStore := sdkAuth.GetTokenStore()
+	if dirSetter, ok := tokenStore.(interface{ SetBaseDir(string) }); ok {
+		dirSetter.SetBaseDir(cfg.AuthDir)
+	}
+	authEntries := util.CountAuthFiles(context.Background(), tokenStore)
 	geminiAPIKeyCount := len(cfg.GeminiKey)
 	claudeAPIKeyCount := len(cfg.ClaudeKey)
 	codexAPIKeyCount := len(cfg.CodexKey)
@@ -972,10 +1005,10 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) {
 		openAICompatCount += len(entry.APIKeyEntries)
 	}
 
-	total := authFiles + geminiAPIKeyCount + claudeAPIKeyCount + codexAPIKeyCount + vertexAICompatCount + openAICompatCount
-	fmt.Printf("server clients and configuration updated: %d clients (%d auth files + %d Gemini API keys + %d Claude API keys + %d Codex keys + %d Vertex-compat + %d OpenAI-compat)\n",
+	total := authEntries + geminiAPIKeyCount + claudeAPIKeyCount + codexAPIKeyCount + vertexAICompatCount + openAICompatCount
+	fmt.Printf("server clients and configuration updated: %d clients (%d auth entries + %d Gemini API keys + %d Claude API keys + %d Codex keys + %d Vertex-compat + %d OpenAI-compat)\n",
 		total,
-		authFiles,
+		authEntries,
 		geminiAPIKeyCount,
 		claudeAPIKeyCount,
 		codexAPIKeyCount,

internal/cache/signature_cache.go

@@ -26,11 +26,17 @@ const (
 
 	// MinValidSignatureLen is the minimum length for a signature to be considered valid
 	MinValidSignatureLen = 50
+
+	// SessionCleanupInterval controls how often stale sessions are purged
+	SessionCleanupInterval = 10 * time.Minute
 )
 
 // signatureCache stores signatures by sessionId -> textHash -> SignatureEntry
 var signatureCache sync.Map
 
+// sessionCleanupOnce ensures the background cleanup goroutine starts only once
+var sessionCleanupOnce sync.Once
+
 // sessionCache is the inner map type
 type sessionCache struct {
 	mu      sync.RWMutex
@@ -45,6 +51,9 @@ func hashText(text string) string {
 
 // getOrCreateSession gets or creates a session cache
 func getOrCreateSession(sessionID string) *sessionCache {
+	// Start background cleanup on first access
+	sessionCleanupOnce.Do(startSessionCleanup)
+
 	if val, ok := signatureCache.Load(sessionID); ok {
 		return val.(*sessionCache)
 	}
@@ -53,6 +62,40 @@ func getOrCreateSession(sessionID string) *sessionCache {
 	return actual.(*sessionCache)
 }
 
+// startSessionCleanup launches a background goroutine that periodically
+// removes sessions where all entries have expired.
+func startSessionCleanup() {
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(SessionCleanupInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for range ticker.C {
+			purgeExpiredSessions()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// purgeExpiredSessions removes sessions with no valid (non-expired) entries.
+func purgeExpiredSessions() {
+	now := time.Now()
+	signatureCache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		sc := value.(*sessionCache)
+		sc.mu.Lock()
+		// Remove expired entries
+		for k, entry := range sc.entries {
+			if now.Sub(entry.Timestamp) > SignatureCacheTTL {
+				delete(sc.entries, k)
+			}
+		}
+		isEmpty := len(sc.entries) == 0
+		sc.mu.Unlock()
+		// Remove session if empty
+		if isEmpty {
+			signatureCache.Delete(key)
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+}
+
 // CacheSignature stores a thinking signature for a given session and text.
 // Used for Claude models that require signed thinking blocks in multi-turn conversations.
 func CacheSignature(sessionID, text, signature string) {

internal/config/config.go

@@ -91,6 +91,14 @@ type Config struct {
 	// OAuthExcludedModels defines per-provider global model exclusions applied to OAuth/file-backed auth entries.
 	OAuthExcludedModels map[string][]string `yaml:"oauth-excluded-models,omitempty" json:"oauth-excluded-models,omitempty"`
 
+	// OAuthModelMappings defines global model name mappings for OAuth/file-backed auth channels.
+	// These mappings affect both model listing and model routing for supported channels:
+	// gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
+	//
+	// NOTE: This does not apply to existing per-credential model alias features under:
+	// gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, and ampcode.
+	OAuthModelMappings map[string][]ModelNameMapping `yaml:"oauth-model-mappings,omitempty" json:"oauth-model-mappings,omitempty"`
+
 	// Payload defines default and override rules for provider payload parameters.
 	Payload PayloadConfig `yaml:"payload" json:"payload"`
 
@@ -137,6 +145,16 @@ type RoutingConfig struct {
 	Strategy string `yaml:"strategy,omitempty" json:"strategy,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// ModelNameMapping defines a model ID mapping for a specific channel.
+// It maps the upstream model name (Name) to the client-visible alias (Alias).
+// When Fork is true, the alias is added as an additional model in listings while
+// keeping the original model ID available.
+type ModelNameMapping struct {
+	Name  string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
+	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
+	Fork  bool   `yaml:"fork,omitempty" json:"fork,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // AmpModelMapping defines a model name mapping for Amp CLI requests.
 // When Amp requests a model that isn't available locally, this mapping
 // allows routing to an alternative model that IS available.
@@ -163,6 +181,11 @@ type AmpCode struct {
 	// UpstreamAPIKey optionally overrides the Authorization header when proxying Amp upstream calls.
 	UpstreamAPIKey string `yaml:"upstream-api-key" json:"upstream-api-key"`
 
+	// UpstreamAPIKeys maps client API keys (from top-level api-keys) to upstream API keys.
+	// When a client authenticates with a key that matches an entry, that upstream key is used.
+	// If no match is found, falls back to UpstreamAPIKey (default behavior).
+	UpstreamAPIKeys []AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry `yaml:"upstream-api-keys,omitempty" json:"upstream-api-keys,omitempty"`
+
 	// RestrictManagementToLocalhost restricts Amp management routes (/api/user, /api/threads, etc.)
 	// to only accept connections from localhost (127.0.0.1, ::1). When true, prevents drive-by
 	// browser attacks and remote access to management endpoints. Default: false (API key auth is sufficient).
@@ -178,6 +201,17 @@ type AmpCode struct {
 	ForceModelMappings bool `yaml:"force-model-mappings" json:"force-model-mappings"`
 }
 
+// AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry maps a set of client API keys to a specific upstream API key.
+// When a request is authenticated with one of the APIKeys, the corresponding UpstreamAPIKey
+// is used for the upstream Amp request.
+type AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry struct {
+	// UpstreamAPIKey is the API key to use when proxying to the Amp upstream.
+	UpstreamAPIKey string `yaml:"upstream-api-key" json:"upstream-api-key"`
+
+	// APIKeys are the client API keys (from top-level api-keys) that map to this upstream key.
+	APIKeys []string `yaml:"api-keys" json:"api-keys"`
+}
+
 // PayloadConfig defines default and override parameter rules applied to provider payloads.
 type PayloadConfig struct {
 	// Default defines rules that only set parameters when they are missing in the payload.
@@ -237,6 +271,9 @@ type ClaudeModel struct {
 	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
 }
 
+func (m ClaudeModel) GetName() string  { return m.Name }
+func (m ClaudeModel) GetAlias() string { return m.Alias }
+
 // CodexKey represents the configuration for a Codex API key,
 // including the API key itself and an optional base URL for the API endpoint.
 type CodexKey struct {
@@ -253,6 +290,9 @@ type CodexKey struct {
 	// ProxyURL overrides the global proxy setting for this API key if provided.
 	ProxyURL string `yaml:"proxy-url" json:"proxy-url"`
 
+	// Models defines upstream model names and aliases for request routing.
+	Models []CodexModel `yaml:"models" json:"models"`
+
 	// Headers optionally adds extra HTTP headers for requests sent with this key.
 	Headers map[string]string `yaml:"headers,omitempty" json:"headers,omitempty"`
 
@@ -260,6 +300,18 @@ type CodexKey struct {
 	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// CodexModel describes a mapping between an alias and the actual upstream model name.
+type CodexModel struct {
+	// Name is the upstream model identifier used when issuing requests.
+	Name string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
+
+	// Alias is the client-facing model name that maps to Name.
+	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
+}
+
+func (m CodexModel) GetName() string  { return m.Name }
+func (m CodexModel) GetAlias() string { return m.Alias }
+
 // GeminiKey represents the configuration for a Gemini API key,
 // including optional overrides for upstream base URL, proxy routing, and headers.
 type GeminiKey struct {
@@ -275,6 +327,9 @@ type GeminiKey struct {
 	// ProxyURL optionally overrides the global proxy for this API key.
 	ProxyURL string `yaml:"proxy-url,omitempty" json:"proxy-url,omitempty"`
 
+	// Models defines upstream model names and aliases for request routing.
+	Models []GeminiModel `yaml:"models,omitempty" json:"models,omitempty"`
+
 	// Headers optionally adds extra HTTP headers for requests sent with this key.
 	Headers map[string]string `yaml:"headers,omitempty" json:"headers,omitempty"`
 
@@ -282,6 +337,18 @@ type GeminiKey struct {
 	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// GeminiModel describes a mapping between an alias and the actual upstream model name.
+type GeminiModel struct {
+	// Name is the upstream model identifier used when issuing requests.
+	Name string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
+
+	// Alias is the client-facing model name that maps to Name.
+	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
+}
+
+func (m GeminiModel) GetName() string  { return m.Name }
+func (m GeminiModel) GetAlias() string { return m.Alias }
+
 // OpenAICompatibility represents the configuration for OpenAI API compatibility
 // with external providers, allowing model aliases to be routed through OpenAI API format.
 type OpenAICompatibility struct {
@@ -433,6 +500,9 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 	// Normalize OAuth provider model exclusion map.
 	cfg.OAuthExcludedModels = NormalizeOAuthExcludedModels(cfg.OAuthExcludedModels)
 
+	// Normalize global OAuth model name mappings.
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
+
 	if cfg.legacyMigrationPending {
 		fmt.Println("Detected legacy configuration keys, attempting to persist the normalized config...")
 		if !optional && configFile != "" {
@@ -449,6 +519,50 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 	return &cfg, nil
 }
 
+// SanitizeOAuthModelMappings normalizes and deduplicates global OAuth model name mappings.
+// It trims whitespace, normalizes channel keys to lower-case, drops empty entries,
+// and ensures (From, To) pairs are unique within each channel.
+func (cfg *Config) SanitizeOAuthModelMappings() {
+	if cfg == nil || len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	out := make(map[string][]ModelNameMapping, len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings))
+	for rawChannel, mappings := range cfg.OAuthModelMappings {
+		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
+		if channel == "" || len(mappings) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		seenName := make(map[string]struct{}, len(mappings))
+		seenAlias := make(map[string]struct{}, len(mappings))
+		clean := make([]ModelNameMapping, 0, len(mappings))
+		for _, mapping := range mappings {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Alias)
+			if name == "" || alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if strings.EqualFold(name, alias) {
+				continue
+			}
+			nameKey := strings.ToLower(name)
+			aliasKey := strings.ToLower(alias)
+			if _, ok := seenName[nameKey]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok := seenAlias[aliasKey]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			seenName[nameKey] = struct{}{}
+			seenAlias[aliasKey] = struct{}{}
+			clean = append(clean, ModelNameMapping{Name: name, Alias: alias, Fork: mapping.Fork})
+		}
+		if len(clean) > 0 {
+			out[channel] = clean
+		}
+	}
+	cfg.OAuthModelMappings = out
+}
+
 // SanitizeOpenAICompatibility removes OpenAI-compatibility provider entries that are
 // not actionable, specifically those missing a BaseURL. It trims whitespace before
 // evaluation and preserves the relative order of remaining entries.

internal/config/oauth_model_mappings_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package config
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestSanitizeOAuthModelMappings_PreservesForkFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]ModelNameMapping{
+			" CoDeX ": {
+				{Name: " gpt-5 ", Alias: " g5 ", Fork: true},
+				{Name: "gpt-6", Alias: "g6"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
+
+	mappings := cfg.OAuthModelMappings["codex"]
+	if len(mappings) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 sanitized mappings, got %d", len(mappings))
+	}
+	if mappings[0].Name != "gpt-5" || mappings[0].Alias != "g5" || !mappings[0].Fork {
+		t.Fatalf("expected first mapping to be gpt-5->g5 fork=true, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", mappings[0].Name, mappings[0].Alias, mappings[0].Fork)
+	}
+	if mappings[1].Name != "gpt-6" || mappings[1].Alias != "g6" || mappings[1].Fork {
+		t.Fatalf("expected second mapping to be gpt-6->g6 fork=false, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", mappings[1].Name, mappings[1].Alias, mappings[1].Fork)
+	}
+}

internal/config/vertex_compat.go

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ type VertexCompatModel struct {
 	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
 }
 
+func (m VertexCompatModel) GetName() string  { return m.Name }
+func (m VertexCompatModel) GetAlias() string { return m.Alias }
+
 // SanitizeVertexCompatKeys deduplicates and normalizes Vertex-compatible API key credentials.
 func (cfg *Config) SanitizeVertexCompatKeys() {
 	if cfg == nil {

internal/logging/global_logger.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2"
@@ -83,10 +84,30 @@ func SetupBaseLogger() {
 	})
 }
 
+// isDirWritable checks if the specified directory exists and is writable by attempting to create and remove a test file.
+func isDirWritable(dir string) bool {
+	info, err := os.Stat(dir)
+	if err != nil || !info.IsDir() {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	testFile := filepath.Join(dir, ".perm_test")
+	f, err := os.Create(testFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		_ = f.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(testFile)
+	}()
+	return true
+}
+
 // ConfigureLogOutput switches the global log destination between rotating files and stdout.
 // When logsMaxTotalSizeMB > 0, a background cleaner removes the oldest log files in the logs directory
 // until the total size is within the limit.
-func ConfigureLogOutput(loggingToFile bool, logsMaxTotalSizeMB int) error {
+func ConfigureLogOutput(cfg *config.Config) error {
 	SetupBaseLogger()
 
 	writerMu.Lock()
@@ -95,10 +116,12 @@ func ConfigureLogOutput(loggingToFile bool, logsMaxTotalSizeMB int) error {
 	logDir := "logs"
 	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
 		logDir = filepath.Join(base, "logs")
+	} else if !isDirWritable(logDir) {
+		logDir = filepath.Join(cfg.AuthDir, "logs")
 	}
 
 	protectedPath := ""
-	if loggingToFile {
+	if cfg.LoggingToFile {
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(logDir, 0o755); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("logging: failed to create log directory: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -122,7 +145,7 @@ func ConfigureLogOutput(loggingToFile bool, logsMaxTotalSizeMB int) error {
 		log.SetOutput(os.Stdout)
 	}
 
-	configureLogDirCleanerLocked(logDir, logsMaxTotalSizeMB, protectedPath)
+	configureLogDirCleanerLocked(logDir, cfg.LogsMaxTotalSizeMB, protectedPath)
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/managementasset/updater.go

@@ -24,10 +24,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	defaultManagementReleaseURL = "https://api.github.com/repos/router-for-me/Cli-Proxy-API-Management-Center/releases/latest"
-	managementAssetName         = "management.html"
-	httpUserAgent               = "CLIProxyAPI-management-updater"
-	updateCheckInterval         = 3 * time.Hour
+	defaultManagementReleaseURL  = "https://api.github.com/repos/router-for-me/Cli-Proxy-API-Management-Center/releases/latest"
+	defaultManagementFallbackURL = "https://cpamc.router-for.me/"
+	managementAssetName          = "management.html"
+	httpUserAgent                = "CLIProxyAPI-management-updater"
+	updateCheckInterval          = 3 * time.Hour
 )
 
 // ManagementFileName exposes the control panel asset filename.
@@ -198,6 +199,16 @@ func EnsureLatestManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, staticDir string, proxyURL
 		return
 	}
 
+	localPath := filepath.Join(staticDir, managementAssetName)
+	localFileMissing := false
+	if _, errStat := os.Stat(localPath); errStat != nil {
+		if errors.Is(errStat, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			localFileMissing = true
+		} else {
+			log.WithError(errStat).Debug("failed to stat local management asset")
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Rate limiting: check only once every 3 hours
 	lastUpdateCheckMu.Lock()
 	now := time.Now()
@@ -210,15 +221,14 @@ func EnsureLatestManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, staticDir string, proxyURL
 	lastUpdateCheckTime = now
 	lastUpdateCheckMu.Unlock()
 
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(staticDir, 0o755); err != nil {
-		log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to prepare static directory for management asset")
+	if errMkdirAll := os.MkdirAll(staticDir, 0o755); errMkdirAll != nil {
+		log.WithError(errMkdirAll).Warn("failed to prepare static directory for management asset")
 		return
 	}
 
 	releaseURL := resolveReleaseURL(panelRepository)
 	client := newHTTPClient(proxyURL)
 
-	localPath := filepath.Join(staticDir, managementAssetName)
 	localHash, err := fileSHA256(localPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
@@ -229,6 +239,13 @@ func EnsureLatestManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, staticDir string, proxyURL
 
 	asset, remoteHash, err := fetchLatestAsset(ctx, client, releaseURL)
 	if err != nil {
+		if localFileMissing {
+			log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to fetch latest management release information, trying fallback page")
+			if ensureFallbackManagementHTML(ctx, client, localPath) {
+				return
+			}
+			return
+		}
 		log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to fetch latest management release information")
 		return
 	}
@@ -240,6 +257,13 @@ func EnsureLatestManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, staticDir string, proxyURL
 
 	data, downloadedHash, err := downloadAsset(ctx, client, asset.BrowserDownloadURL)
 	if err != nil {
+		if localFileMissing {
+			log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to download management asset, trying fallback page")
+			if ensureFallbackManagementHTML(ctx, client, localPath) {
+				return
+			}
+			return
+		}
 		log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to download management asset")
 		return
 	}
@@ -256,6 +280,22 @@ func EnsureLatestManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, staticDir string, proxyURL
 	log.Infof("management asset updated successfully (hash=%s)", downloadedHash)
 }
 
+func ensureFallbackManagementHTML(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, localPath string) bool {
+	data, downloadedHash, err := downloadAsset(ctx, client, defaultManagementFallbackURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to download fallback management control panel page")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if err = atomicWriteFile(localPath, data); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Warn("failed to persist fallback management control panel page")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("management asset updated from fallback page successfully (hash=%s)", downloadedHash)
+	return true
+}
+
 func resolveReleaseURL(repo string) string {
 	repo = strings.TrimSpace(repo)
 	if repo == "" {

internal/registry/model_definitions.go

@@ -740,8 +740,8 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-thinking-2507", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking (2507)", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b-a22b-instruct", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B", Created: 1753401600},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2", Description: "MiniMax M2", Created: 1758672000},
-		{ID: "minimax-m2.1", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.1", Description: "MiniMax M2.1", Created: 1766448000},
+		{ID: "minimax-m2", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2", Description: "MiniMax M2", Created: 1758672000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
+		{ID: "minimax-m2.1", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.1", Description: "MiniMax M2.1", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 	}
 	models := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, entry := range entries {
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 	return map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig{
 		"gemini-2.5-flash":                        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash"},
 		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":                   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash-lite"},
-		"gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025": {Name: "models/gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"},
+		"gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"},
 		"gemini-3-pro-preview":                    {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-preview"},
 		"gemini-3-pro-image-preview":              {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-image-preview"},
 		"gemini-3-flash-preview":                  {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-flash-preview"},
@@ -781,3 +781,29 @@ func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 		"gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 200000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
 	}
 }
+
+// LookupStaticModelInfo searches all static model definitions for a model by ID.
+// Returns nil if no matching model is found.
+func LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID string) *ModelInfo {
+	if modelID == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	allModels := [][]*ModelInfo{
+		GetClaudeModels(),
+		GetGeminiModels(),
+		GetGeminiVertexModels(),
+		GetGeminiCLIModels(),
+		GetAIStudioModels(),
+		GetOpenAIModels(),
+		GetQwenModels(),
+		GetIFlowModels(),
+	}
+	for _, models := range allModels {
+		for _, m := range models {
+			if m != nil && m.ID == modelID {
+				return m
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/registry/model_registry.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package registry
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
@@ -84,6 +85,13 @@ type ModelRegistration struct {
 	SuspendedClients map[string]string
 }
 
+// ModelRegistryHook provides optional callbacks for external integrations to track model list changes.
+// Hook implementations must be non-blocking and resilient; calls are executed asynchronously and panics are recovered.
+type ModelRegistryHook interface {
+	OnModelsRegistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string, models []*ModelInfo)
+	OnModelsUnregistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string)
+}
+
 // ModelRegistry manages the global registry of available models
 type ModelRegistry struct {
 	// models maps model ID to registration information
@@ -97,6 +105,8 @@ type ModelRegistry struct {
 	clientProviders map[string]string
 	// mutex ensures thread-safe access to the registry
 	mutex *sync.RWMutex
+	// hook is an optional callback sink for model registration changes
+	hook ModelRegistryHook
 }
 
 // Global model registry instance
@@ -117,6 +127,53 @@ func GetGlobalRegistry() *ModelRegistry {
 	return globalRegistry
 }
 
+// SetHook sets an optional hook for observing model registration changes.
+func (r *ModelRegistry) SetHook(hook ModelRegistryHook) {
+	if r == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	r.mutex.Lock()
+	defer r.mutex.Unlock()
+	r.hook = hook
+}
+
+const defaultModelRegistryHookTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+func (r *ModelRegistry) triggerModelsRegistered(provider, clientID string, models []*ModelInfo) {
+	hook := r.hook
+	if hook == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	modelsCopy := cloneModelInfosUnique(models)
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if recovered := recover(); recovered != nil {
+				log.Errorf("model registry hook OnModelsRegistered panic: %v", recovered)
+			}
+		}()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultModelRegistryHookTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+		hook.OnModelsRegistered(ctx, provider, clientID, modelsCopy)
+	}()
+}
+
+func (r *ModelRegistry) triggerModelsUnregistered(provider, clientID string) {
+	hook := r.hook
+	if hook == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if recovered := recover(); recovered != nil {
+				log.Errorf("model registry hook OnModelsUnregistered panic: %v", recovered)
+			}
+		}()
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultModelRegistryHookTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+		hook.OnModelsUnregistered(ctx, provider, clientID)
+	}()
+}
+
 // RegisterClient registers a client and its supported models
 // Parameters:
 //   - clientID: Unique identifier for the client
@@ -177,6 +234,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		} else {
 			delete(r.clientProviders, clientID)
 		}
+		r.triggerModelsRegistered(provider, clientID, models)
 		log.Debugf("Registered client %s from provider %s with %d models", clientID, clientProvider, len(rawModelIDs))
 		misc.LogCredentialSeparator()
 		return
@@ -310,6 +368,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		delete(r.clientProviders, clientID)
 	}
 
+	r.triggerModelsRegistered(provider, clientID, models)
 	if len(added) == 0 && len(removed) == 0 && !providerChanged {
 		// Only metadata (e.g., display name) changed; skip separator when no log output.
 		return
@@ -400,6 +459,25 @@ func cloneModelInfo(model *ModelInfo) *ModelInfo {
 	return &copyModel
 }
 
+func cloneModelInfosUnique(models []*ModelInfo) []*ModelInfo {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	cloned := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil || model.ID == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := seen[model.ID]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[model.ID] = struct{}{}
+		cloned = append(cloned, cloneModelInfo(model))
+	}
+	return cloned
+}
+
 // UnregisterClient removes a client and decrements counts for its models
 // Parameters:
 //   - clientID: Unique identifier for the client to remove
@@ -460,6 +538,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) unregisterClientInternal(clientID string) {
 	log.Debugf("Unregistered client %s", clientID)
 	// Separator line after completing client unregistration (after the summary line)
 	misc.LogCredentialSeparator()
+	r.triggerModelsUnregistered(provider, clientID)
 }
 
 // SetModelQuotaExceeded marks a model as quota exceeded for a specific client
@@ -625,6 +704,131 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModels(handlerType string) []map[string]any
 	return models
 }
 
+// GetAvailableModelsByProvider returns models available for the given provider identifier.
+// Parameters:
+//   - provider: Provider identifier (e.g., "codex", "gemini", "antigravity")
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []*ModelInfo: List of available models for the provider
+func (r *ModelRegistry) GetAvailableModelsByProvider(provider string) []*ModelInfo {
+	provider = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider))
+	if provider == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	r.mutex.RLock()
+	defer r.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+	type providerModel struct {
+		count int
+		info  *ModelInfo
+	}
+
+	providerModels := make(map[string]*providerModel)
+
+	for clientID, clientProvider := range r.clientProviders {
+		if clientProvider != provider {
+			continue
+		}
+		modelIDs := r.clientModels[clientID]
+		if len(modelIDs) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		clientInfos := r.clientModelInfos[clientID]
+		for _, modelID := range modelIDs {
+			modelID = strings.TrimSpace(modelID)
+			if modelID == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			entry := providerModels[modelID]
+			if entry == nil {
+				entry = &providerModel{}
+				providerModels[modelID] = entry
+			}
+			entry.count++
+			if entry.info == nil {
+				if clientInfos != nil {
+					if info := clientInfos[modelID]; info != nil {
+						entry.info = info
+					}
+				}
+				if entry.info == nil {
+					if reg, ok := r.models[modelID]; ok && reg != nil && reg.Info != nil {
+						entry.info = reg.Info
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(providerModels) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	quotaExpiredDuration := 5 * time.Minute
+	now := time.Now()
+	result := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(providerModels))
+
+	for modelID, entry := range providerModels {
+		if entry == nil || entry.count <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		registration, ok := r.models[modelID]
+
+		expiredClients := 0
+		cooldownSuspended := 0
+		otherSuspended := 0
+		if ok && registration != nil {
+			if registration.QuotaExceededClients != nil {
+				for clientID, quotaTime := range registration.QuotaExceededClients {
+					if clientID == "" {
+						continue
+					}
+					if p, okProvider := r.clientProviders[clientID]; !okProvider || p != provider {
+						continue
+					}
+					if quotaTime != nil && now.Sub(*quotaTime) < quotaExpiredDuration {
+						expiredClients++
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if registration.SuspendedClients != nil {
+				for clientID, reason := range registration.SuspendedClients {
+					if clientID == "" {
+						continue
+					}
+					if p, okProvider := r.clientProviders[clientID]; !okProvider || p != provider {
+						continue
+					}
+					if strings.EqualFold(reason, "quota") {
+						cooldownSuspended++
+						continue
+					}
+					otherSuspended++
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		availableClients := entry.count
+		effectiveClients := availableClients - expiredClients - otherSuspended
+		if effectiveClients < 0 {
+			effectiveClients = 0
+		}
+
+		if effectiveClients > 0 || (availableClients > 0 && (expiredClients > 0 || cooldownSuspended > 0) && otherSuspended == 0) {
+			if entry.info != nil {
+				result = append(result, entry.info)
+				continue
+			}
+			if ok && registration != nil && registration.Info != nil {
+				result = append(result, registration.Info)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
 // GetModelCount returns the number of available clients for a specific model
 // Parameters:
 //   - modelID: The model ID to check

internal/registry/model_registry_hook_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+package registry
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func newTestModelRegistry() *ModelRegistry {
+	return &ModelRegistry{
+		models:           make(map[string]*ModelRegistration),
+		clientModels:     make(map[string][]string),
+		clientModelInfos: make(map[string]map[string]*ModelInfo),
+		clientProviders:  make(map[string]string),
+		mutex:            &sync.RWMutex{},
+	}
+}
+
+type registeredCall struct {
+	provider string
+	clientID string
+	models   []*ModelInfo
+}
+
+type unregisteredCall struct {
+	provider string
+	clientID string
+}
+
+type capturingHook struct {
+	registeredCh   chan registeredCall
+	unregisteredCh chan unregisteredCall
+}
+
+func (h *capturingHook) OnModelsRegistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string, models []*ModelInfo) {
+	h.registeredCh <- registeredCall{provider: provider, clientID: clientID, models: models}
+}
+
+func (h *capturingHook) OnModelsUnregistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string) {
+	h.unregisteredCh <- unregisteredCall{provider: provider, clientID: clientID}
+}
+
+func TestModelRegistryHook_OnModelsRegisteredCalled(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	hook := &capturingHook{
+		registeredCh:   make(chan registeredCall, 1),
+		unregisteredCh: make(chan unregisteredCall, 1),
+	}
+	r.SetHook(hook)
+
+	inputModels := []*ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "m1", DisplayName: "Model One"},
+		{ID: "m2", DisplayName: "Model Two"},
+	}
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", inputModels)
+
+	select {
+	case call := <-hook.registeredCh:
+		if call.provider != "openai" {
+			t.Fatalf("provider mismatch: got %q, want %q", call.provider, "openai")
+		}
+		if call.clientID != "client-1" {
+			t.Fatalf("clientID mismatch: got %q, want %q", call.clientID, "client-1")
+		}
+		if len(call.models) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("models length mismatch: got %d, want %d", len(call.models), 2)
+		}
+		if call.models[0] == nil || call.models[0].ID != "m1" {
+			t.Fatalf("models[0] mismatch: got %#v, want ID=%q", call.models[0], "m1")
+		}
+		if call.models[1] == nil || call.models[1].ID != "m2" {
+			t.Fatalf("models[1] mismatch: got %#v, want ID=%q", call.models[1], "m2")
+		}
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for OnModelsRegistered hook call")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestModelRegistryHook_OnModelsUnregisteredCalled(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	hook := &capturingHook{
+		registeredCh:   make(chan registeredCall, 1),
+		unregisteredCh: make(chan unregisteredCall, 1),
+	}
+	r.SetHook(hook)
+
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1"}})
+	select {
+	case <-hook.registeredCh:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for OnModelsRegistered hook call")
+	}
+
+	r.UnregisterClient("client-1")
+
+	select {
+	case call := <-hook.unregisteredCh:
+		if call.provider != "openai" {
+			t.Fatalf("provider mismatch: got %q, want %q", call.provider, "openai")
+		}
+		if call.clientID != "client-1" {
+			t.Fatalf("clientID mismatch: got %q, want %q", call.clientID, "client-1")
+		}
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for OnModelsUnregistered hook call")
+	}
+}
+
+type blockingHook struct {
+	started chan struct{}
+	unblock chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (h *blockingHook) OnModelsRegistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string, models []*ModelInfo) {
+	select {
+	case <-h.started:
+	default:
+		close(h.started)
+	}
+	<-h.unblock
+}
+
+func (h *blockingHook) OnModelsUnregistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string) {}
+
+func TestModelRegistryHook_DoesNotBlockRegisterClient(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	hook := &blockingHook{
+		started: make(chan struct{}),
+		unblock: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	r.SetHook(hook)
+	defer close(hook.unblock)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1"}})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-hook.started:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for hook to start")
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(200 * time.Millisecond):
+		t.Fatal("RegisterClient appears to be blocked by hook")
+	}
+
+	if !r.ClientSupportsModel("client-1", "m1") {
+		t.Fatal("model registration failed; expected client to support model")
+	}
+}
+
+type panicHook struct {
+	registeredCalled   chan struct{}
+	unregisteredCalled chan struct{}
+}
+
+func (h *panicHook) OnModelsRegistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string, models []*ModelInfo) {
+	if h.registeredCalled != nil {
+		h.registeredCalled <- struct{}{}
+	}
+	panic("boom")
+}
+
+func (h *panicHook) OnModelsUnregistered(ctx context.Context, provider, clientID string) {
+	if h.unregisteredCalled != nil {
+		h.unregisteredCalled <- struct{}{}
+	}
+	panic("boom")
+}
+
+func TestModelRegistryHook_PanicDoesNotAffectRegistry(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestModelRegistry()
+	hook := &panicHook{
+		registeredCalled:   make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		unregisteredCalled: make(chan struct{}, 1),
+	}
+	r.SetHook(hook)
+
+	r.RegisterClient("client-1", "OpenAI", []*ModelInfo{{ID: "m1"}})
+
+	select {
+	case <-hook.registeredCalled:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for OnModelsRegistered hook call")
+	}
+
+	if !r.ClientSupportsModel("client-1", "m1") {
+		t.Fatal("model registration failed; expected client to support model")
+	}
+
+	r.UnregisterClient("client-1")
+
+	select {
+	case <-hook.unregisteredCalled:
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for OnModelsUnregistered hook call")
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/aistudio_executor.go

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth,
 	if err != nil {
 		return resp, err
 	}
+
 	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(req.Model, body.action, opts.Alt)
 	wsReq := &wsrelay.HTTPRequest{
 		Method:  http.MethodPost,
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(req.Model, body.action, opts.Alt)
 	wsReq := &wsrelay.HTTPRequest{
 		Method:  http.MethodPost,
@@ -321,6 +323,11 @@ type translatedPayload struct {
 func (e *AIStudioExecutor) translateRequest(req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, stream bool) ([]byte, translatedPayload, error) {
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, stream)
 	payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
 	payload = ApplyThinkingMetadata(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	payload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
@@ -329,7 +336,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) translateRequest(req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts c
 	payload = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, payload, true)
 	payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, payload)
 	payload = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, payload)
-	payload = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, payload)
+	payload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", payload, originalTranslated)
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.maxOutputTokens")
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.responseMimeType")
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.responseJsonSchema")

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/rand"
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ const (
 	defaultAntigravityAgent        = "antigravity/1.104.0 darwin/arm64"
 	antigravityAuthType            = "antigravity"
 	refreshSkew                    = 3000 * time.Second
+	systemInstruction              = "You are Antigravity, a powerful agentic AI coding assistant designed by the Google Deepmind team working on Advanced Agentic Coding.You are pair programming with a USER to solve their coding task. The task may require creating a new codebase, modifying or debugging an existing codebase, or simply answering a question.**Absolute paths only****Proactiveness**"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -76,7 +78,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) PrepareRequest(_ *http.Request, _ *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 // Execute performs a non-streaming request to the Antigravity API.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	if strings.Contains(req.Model, "claude") {
+	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
+	if isClaude || strings.Contains(req.Model, "gemini-3-pro") {
 		return e.executeClaudeNonStream(ctx, auth, req, opts)
 	}
 
@@ -93,13 +96,18 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
 	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	translated = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated)
+	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
+	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, isClaude)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -118,6 +126,9 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errDo)
+			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return resp, errDo
+			}
 			lastStatus = 0
 			lastBody = nil
 			lastErr = errDo
@@ -150,7 +161,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			sErr := statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+				if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(bodyBytes); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+					sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+				}
+			}
+			err = sErr
 			return resp, err
 		}
 
@@ -164,7 +181,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 	switch {
 	case lastStatus != 0:
-		err = statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		if lastStatus == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(lastBody); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		err = sErr
 	case lastErr != nil:
 		err = lastErr
 	default:
@@ -188,13 +211,18 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
-	translated = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated)
+	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
+	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, true)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -213,6 +241,9 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errDo)
+			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return resp, errDo
+			}
 			lastStatus = 0
 			lastBody = nil
 			lastErr = errDo
@@ -231,6 +262,14 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 			}
 			if errRead != nil {
 				recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errRead)
+				if errors.Is(errRead, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errRead, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					err = errRead
+					return resp, err
+				}
+				if errCtx := ctx.Err(); errCtx != nil {
+					err = errCtx
+					return resp, err
+				}
 				lastStatus = 0
 				lastBody = nil
 				lastErr = errRead
@@ -249,7 +288,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			sErr := statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+				if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(bodyBytes); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+					sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+				}
+			}
+			err = sErr
 			return resp, err
 		}
 
@@ -314,7 +359,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 
 	switch {
 	case lastStatus != 0:
-		err = statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		if lastStatus == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(lastBody); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		err = sErr
 	case lastErr != nil:
 		err = lastErr
 	default:
@@ -520,15 +571,22 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
+	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
-	translated = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated)
+	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
+	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, isClaude)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -547,6 +605,9 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errDo)
+			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return nil, errDo
+			}
 			lastStatus = 0
 			lastBody = nil
 			lastErr = errDo
@@ -565,6 +626,14 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 			}
 			if errRead != nil {
 				recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errRead)
+				if errors.Is(errRead, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errRead, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					err = errRead
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if errCtx := ctx.Err(); errCtx != nil {
+					err = errCtx
+					return nil, err
+				}
 				lastStatus = 0
 				lastBody = nil
 				lastErr = errRead
@@ -583,7 +652,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
 			}
-			err = statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			sErr := statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+			if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+				if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(bodyBytes); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+					sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+				}
+			}
+			err = sErr
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
@@ -638,7 +713,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 
 	switch {
 	case lastStatus != 0:
-		err = statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		if lastStatus == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(lastBody); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		err = sErr
 	case lastErr != nil:
 		err = lastErr
 	default:
@@ -676,6 +757,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 
+	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
+
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
 
@@ -692,9 +775,9 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
 		payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-		payload = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-		payload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, payload)
-		payload = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, payload)
+		payload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+		payload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
+		payload = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, payload, isClaude)
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "project")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "model")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
@@ -739,6 +822,9 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errDo)
+			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errDo
+			}
 			lastStatus = 0
 			lastBody = nil
 			lastErr = errDo
@@ -773,12 +859,24 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 			log.Debugf("antigravity executor: rate limited on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 			continue
 		}
-		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+		if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(bodyBytes); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, sErr
 	}
 
 	switch {
 	case lastStatus != 0:
-		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: lastStatus, msg: string(lastBody)}
+		if lastStatus == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(lastBody); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, sErr
 	case lastErr != nil:
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, lastErr
 	default:
@@ -815,6 +913,9 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
+			if errors.Is(errDo, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(errDo, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return nil
+			}
 			if idx+1 < len(baseURLs) {
 				log.Debugf("antigravity executor: models request error on base url %s, retrying with fallback base url: %s", baseURL, baseURLs[idx+1])
 				continue
@@ -894,7 +995,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ensureAccessToken(ctx context.Context, auth *clipr
 	if accessToken != "" && expiry.After(time.Now().Add(refreshSkew)) {
 		return accessToken, nil, nil
 	}
-	updated, errRefresh := e.refreshToken(ctx, auth.Clone())
+	refreshCtx := context.Background()
+	if ctx != nil {
+		if rt, ok := ctx.Value("cliproxy.roundtripper").(http.RoundTripper); ok && rt != nil {
+			refreshCtx = context.WithValue(refreshCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
+		}
+	}
+	updated, errRefresh := e.refreshToken(refreshCtx, auth.Clone())
 	if errRefresh != nil {
 		return "", nil, errRefresh
 	}
@@ -941,7 +1048,13 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) refreshToken(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 	}
 
 	if httpResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || httpResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
-		return auth, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+		sErr := statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(bodyBytes)}
+		if httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+			if retryAfter, parseErr := parseRetryDelay(bodyBytes); parseErr == nil && retryAfter != nil {
+				sErr.retryAfter = retryAfter
+			}
+		}
+		return auth, sErr
 	}
 
 	var tokenResp struct {
@@ -1021,6 +1134,19 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 		payload = []byte(strJSON)
 	}
 
+	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3-pro-preview") {
+		systemInstructionPartsResult := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts")
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", systemInstruction)
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts.1.text", fmt.Sprintf("Please ignore following [ignore]%s[/ignore]", systemInstruction))
+
+		if systemInstructionPartsResult.Exists() && systemInstructionPartsResult.IsArray() {
+			for _, partResult := range systemInstructionPartsResult.Array() {
+				payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts.-1", []byte(partResult.Raw))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	httpReq, errReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, requestURL.String(), bytes.NewReader(payload))
 	if errReq != nil {
 		return nil, errReq
@@ -1155,8 +1281,8 @@ func antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) []string {
 		return []string{base}
 	}
 	return []string{
-		antigravityBaseURLDaily,
 		antigravitySandboxBaseURLDaily,
+		antigravityBaseURLDaily,
 		antigravityBaseURLProd,
 	}
 }
@@ -1184,6 +1310,7 @@ func resolveCustomAntigravityBaseURL(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
 func geminiToAntigravity(modelName string, payload []byte, projectID string) []byte {
 	template, _ := sjson.Set(string(payload), "model", modelName)
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "userAgent", "antigravity")
+	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "requestType", "agent")
 
 	// Use real project ID from auth if available, otherwise generate random (legacy fallback)
 	if projectID != "" {
@@ -1308,7 +1435,7 @@ func alias2ModelName(modelName string) string {
 
 // normalizeAntigravityThinking clamps or removes thinking config based on model support.
 // For Claude models, it additionally ensures thinking budget < max_tokens.
-func normalizeAntigravityThinking(model string, payload []byte) []byte {
+func normalizeAntigravityThinking(model string, payload []byte, isClaude bool) []byte {
 	payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, payload)
 	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
 		return payload
@@ -1320,7 +1447,6 @@ func normalizeAntigravityThinking(model string, payload []byte) []byte {
 	raw := int(budget.Int())
 	normalized := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, raw)
 
-	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(model), "claude")
 	if isClaude {
 		effectiveMax, setDefaultMax := antigravityEffectiveMaxTokens(model, payload)
 		if effectiveMax > 0 && normalized >= effectiveMax {

internal/runtime/executor/cache_helpers.go

@@ -1,10 +1,68 @@
 package executor
 
-import "time"
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
 
 type codexCache struct {
 	ID     string
 	Expire time.Time
 }
 
-var codexCacheMap = map[string]codexCache{}
+// codexCacheMap stores prompt cache IDs keyed by model+user_id.
+// Protected by codexCacheMu. Entries expire after 1 hour.
+var (
+	codexCacheMap = make(map[string]codexCache)
+	codexCacheMu  sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+// codexCacheCleanupInterval controls how often expired entries are purged.
+const codexCacheCleanupInterval = 15 * time.Minute
+
+// codexCacheCleanupOnce ensures the background cleanup goroutine starts only once.
+var codexCacheCleanupOnce sync.Once
+
+// startCodexCacheCleanup launches a background goroutine that periodically
+// removes expired entries from codexCacheMap to prevent memory leaks.
+func startCodexCacheCleanup() {
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(codexCacheCleanupInterval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for range ticker.C {
+			purgeExpiredCodexCache()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// purgeExpiredCodexCache removes entries that have expired.
+func purgeExpiredCodexCache() {
+	now := time.Now()
+	codexCacheMu.Lock()
+	defer codexCacheMu.Unlock()
+	for key, cache := range codexCacheMap {
+		if cache.Expire.Before(now) {
+			delete(codexCacheMap, key)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// getCodexCache retrieves a cached entry, returning ok=false if not found or expired.
+func getCodexCache(key string) (codexCache, bool) {
+	codexCacheCleanupOnce.Do(startCodexCacheCleanup)
+	codexCacheMu.RLock()
+	cache, ok := codexCacheMap[key]
+	codexCacheMu.RUnlock()
+	if !ok || cache.Expire.Before(time.Now()) {
+		return codexCache{}, false
+	}
+	return cache, true
+}
+
+// setCodexCache stores a cache entry.
+func setCodexCache(key string, cache codexCache) {
+	codexCacheCleanupOnce.Do(startCodexCacheCleanup)
+	codexCacheMu.Lock()
+	codexCacheMap[key] = cache
+	codexCacheMu.Unlock()
+}

internal/runtime/executor/claude_executor.go

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ type ClaudeExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
 }
 
+const claudeToolPrefix = "proxy_"
+
 func NewClaudeExecutor(cfg *config.Config) *ClaudeExecutor { return &ClaudeExecutor{cfg: cfg} }
 
 func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Identifier() string { return "claude" }
@@ -49,40 +51,46 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	}
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
 	// Use streaming translation to preserve function calling, except for claude.
 	stream := from != to
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel == "" {
-		upstreamModel = req.Model
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(upstreamModel, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-		upstreamModel = modelOverride
-	} else if !strings.EqualFold(upstreamModel, req.Model) {
-		if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-			upstreamModel = modelOverride
-		}
-	}
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, stream)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 	// Inject thinking config based on model metadata for thinking variants
-	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(req.Model, req.Metadata, body)
+	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(model, req.Metadata, body)
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(upstreamModel, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
 		body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+
+	// Disable thinking if tool_choice forces tool use (Anthropic API constraint)
+	body = disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body)
 
 	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled
-	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(req.Model, body)
+	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(model, body)
 
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
+	bodyForTranslation := body
+	bodyForUpstream := body
+	if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+		bodyForUpstream = applyClaudeToolPrefix(body, claudeToolPrefix)
+	}
 
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1/messages?beta=true", baseURL)
-	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(bodyForUpstream))
 	if err != nil {
 		return resp, err
 	}
@@ -97,7 +105,7 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 		URL:       url,
 		Method:    http.MethodPost,
 		Headers:   httpReq.Header.Clone(),
-		Body:      body,
+		Body:      bodyForUpstream,
 		Provider:  e.Identifier(),
 		AuthID:    authID,
 		AuthLabel: authLabel,
@@ -151,8 +159,20 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	} else {
 		reporter.publish(ctx, parseClaudeUsage(data))
 	}
+	if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+		data = stripClaudeToolPrefixFromResponse(data, claudeToolPrefix)
+	}
 	var param any
-	out := sdktranslator.TranslateNonStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), body, data, &param)
+	out := sdktranslator.TranslateNonStream(
+		ctx,
+		to,
+		from,
+		req.Model,
+		bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest),
+		bodyForTranslation,
+		data,
+		&param,
+	)
 	resp = cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}
 	return resp, nil
 }
@@ -167,33 +187,39 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel == "" {
-		upstreamModel = req.Model
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
 	}
-	if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(upstreamModel, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-		upstreamModel = modelOverride
-	} else if !strings.EqualFold(upstreamModel, req.Model) {
-		if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-			upstreamModel = modelOverride
-		}
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 	// Inject thinking config based on model metadata for thinking variants
-	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(req.Model, req.Metadata, body)
+	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(model, req.Metadata, body)
 	body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+
+	// Disable thinking if tool_choice forces tool use (Anthropic API constraint)
+	body = disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body)
 
 	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled
-	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(req.Model, body)
+	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(model, body)
 
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
+	bodyForTranslation := body
+	bodyForUpstream := body
+	if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+		bodyForUpstream = applyClaudeToolPrefix(body, claudeToolPrefix)
+	}
 
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1/messages?beta=true", baseURL)
-	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(bodyForUpstream))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -208,7 +234,7 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 		URL:       url,
 		Method:    http.MethodPost,
 		Headers:   httpReq.Header.Clone(),
-		Body:      body,
+		Body:      bodyForUpstream,
 		Provider:  e.Identifier(),
 		AuthID:    authID,
 		AuthLabel: authLabel,
@@ -261,6 +287,9 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 				if detail, ok := parseClaudeStreamUsage(line); ok {
 					reporter.publish(ctx, detail)
 				}
+				if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+					line = stripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(line, claudeToolPrefix)
+				}
 				// Forward the line as-is to preserve SSE format
 				cloned := make([]byte, len(line)+1)
 				copy(cloned, line)
@@ -285,7 +314,19 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 			if detail, ok := parseClaudeStreamUsage(line); ok {
 				reporter.publish(ctx, detail)
 			}
-			chunks := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), body, bytes.Clone(line), &param)
+			if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+				line = stripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(line, claudeToolPrefix)
+			}
+			chunks := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(
+				ctx,
+				to,
+				from,
+				req.Model,
+				bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest),
+				bodyForTranslation,
+				bytes.Clone(line),
+				&param,
+			)
 			for i := range chunks {
 				out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(chunks[i])}
 			}
@@ -310,27 +351,23 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
 	// Use streaming translation to preserve function calling, except for claude.
 	stream := from != to
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel == "" {
-		upstreamModel = req.Model
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
 	}
-	if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(upstreamModel, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-		upstreamModel = modelOverride
-	} else if !strings.EqualFold(upstreamModel, req.Model) {
-		if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-			upstreamModel = modelOverride
-		}
-	}
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(upstreamModel, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
 		body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
 	}
 
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header (for count_tokens too)
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
+	if isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey) {
+		body = applyClaudeToolPrefix(body, claudeToolPrefix)
+	}
 
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1/messages/count_tokens?beta=true", baseURL)
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
@@ -461,6 +498,19 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) injectThinkingConfig(modelName string, metadata map[str
 	return util.ApplyClaudeThinkingConfig(body, budget)
 }
 
+// disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced checks if tool_choice forces tool use and disables thinking.
+// Anthropic API does not allow thinking when tool_choice is set to "any" or a specific tool.
+// See: https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/build-with-claude/extended-thinking#important-considerations
+func disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body []byte) []byte {
+	toolChoiceType := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tool_choice.type").String()
+	// "auto" is allowed with thinking, but "any" or "tool" (specific tool) are not
+	if toolChoiceType == "any" || toolChoiceType == "tool" {
+		// Remove thinking configuration entirely to avoid API error
+		body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
+	}
+	return body
+}
+
 // ensureMaxTokensForThinking ensures max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled.
 // Anthropic API requires this constraint; violating it returns a 400 error.
 // This function should be called after all thinking configuration is finalized.
@@ -762,3 +812,107 @@ func checkSystemInstructions(payload []byte) []byte {
 	}
 	return payload
 }
+
+func isClaudeOAuthToken(apiKey string) bool {
+	return strings.Contains(apiKey, "sk-ant-oat")
+}
+
+func applyClaudeToolPrefix(body []byte, prefix string) []byte {
+	if prefix == "" {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	if tools := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tools"); tools.Exists() && tools.IsArray() {
+		tools.ForEach(func(index, tool gjson.Result) bool {
+			name := tool.Get("name").String()
+			if name == "" || strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+				return true
+			}
+			path := fmt.Sprintf("tools.%d.name", index.Int())
+			body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, path, prefix+name)
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+
+	if gjson.GetBytes(body, "tool_choice.type").String() == "tool" {
+		name := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tool_choice.name").String()
+		if name != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+			body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "tool_choice.name", prefix+name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if messages := gjson.GetBytes(body, "messages"); messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
+		messages.ForEach(func(msgIndex, msg gjson.Result) bool {
+			content := msg.Get("content")
+			if !content.Exists() || !content.IsArray() {
+				return true
+			}
+			content.ForEach(func(contentIndex, part gjson.Result) bool {
+				if part.Get("type").String() != "tool_use" {
+					return true
+				}
+				name := part.Get("name").String()
+				if name == "" || strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+					return true
+				}
+				path := fmt.Sprintf("messages.%d.content.%d.name", msgIndex.Int(), contentIndex.Int())
+				body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, path, prefix+name)
+				return true
+			})
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+
+	return body
+}
+
+func stripClaudeToolPrefixFromResponse(body []byte, prefix string) []byte {
+	if prefix == "" {
+		return body
+	}
+	content := gjson.GetBytes(body, "content")
+	if !content.Exists() || !content.IsArray() {
+		return body
+	}
+	content.ForEach(func(index, part gjson.Result) bool {
+		if part.Get("type").String() != "tool_use" {
+			return true
+		}
+		name := part.Get("name").String()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+			return true
+		}
+		path := fmt.Sprintf("content.%d.name", index.Int())
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, path, strings.TrimPrefix(name, prefix))
+		return true
+	})
+	return body
+}
+
+func stripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(line []byte, prefix string) []byte {
+	if prefix == "" {
+		return line
+	}
+	payload := jsonPayload(line)
+	if len(payload) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(payload) {
+		return line
+	}
+	contentBlock := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "content_block")
+	if !contentBlock.Exists() || contentBlock.Get("type").String() != "tool_use" {
+		return line
+	}
+	name := contentBlock.Get("name").String()
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+		return line
+	}
+	updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(payload, "content_block.name", strings.TrimPrefix(name, prefix))
+	if err != nil {
+		return line
+	}
+
+	trimmed := bytes.TrimSpace(line)
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(trimmed, []byte("data:")) {
+		return append([]byte("data: "), updated...)
+	}
+	return updated
+}

internal/runtime/executor/claude_executor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestApplyClaudeToolPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(`{"tools":[{"name":"alpha"},{"name":"proxy_bravo"}],"tool_choice":{"type":"tool","name":"charlie"},"messages":[{"role":"assistant","content":[{"type":"tool_use","name":"delta","id":"t1","input":{}}]}]}`)
+	out := applyClaudeToolPrefix(input, "proxy_")
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.name").String(); got != "proxy_alpha" {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.0.name = %q, want %q", got, "proxy_alpha")
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.1.name").String(); got != "proxy_bravo" {
+		t.Fatalf("tools.1.name = %q, want %q", got, "proxy_bravo")
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tool_choice.name").String(); got != "proxy_charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("tool_choice.name = %q, want %q", got, "proxy_charlie")
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "messages.0.content.0.name").String(); got != "proxy_delta" {
+		t.Fatalf("messages.0.content.0.name = %q, want %q", got, "proxy_delta")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStripClaudeToolPrefixFromResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(`{"content":[{"type":"tool_use","name":"proxy_alpha","id":"t1","input":{}},{"type":"tool_use","name":"bravo","id":"t2","input":{}}]}`)
+	out := stripClaudeToolPrefixFromResponse(input, "proxy_")
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "content.0.name").String(); got != "alpha" {
+		t.Fatalf("content.0.name = %q, want %q", got, "alpha")
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "content.1.name").String(); got != "bravo" {
+		t.Fatalf("content.1.name = %q, want %q", got, "bravo")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(t *testing.T) {
+	line := []byte(`data: {"type":"content_block_start","content_block":{"type":"tool_use","name":"proxy_alpha","id":"t1"},"index":0}`)
+	out := stripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(line, "proxy_")
+
+	payload := bytes.TrimSpace(out)
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(payload, []byte("data:")) {
+		payload = bytes.TrimSpace(payload[len("data:"):])
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "content_block.name").String(); got != "alpha" {
+		t.Fatalf("content_block.name = %q, want %q", got, "alpha")
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor.go

@@ -49,18 +49,26 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, model); errValidate != nil {
 		return resp, errValidate
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream", true)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
 
@@ -146,20 +154,28 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, model); errValidate != nil {
 		return nil, errValidate
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/responses"
 	httpReq, err := e.cacheHelper(ctx, from, url, req, body)
@@ -246,20 +262,21 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 }
 
 func (e *CodexExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	modelForCounting := req.Model
-
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream", false)
 
-	enc, err := tokenizerForCodexModel(modelForCounting)
+	enc, err := tokenizerForCodexModel(model)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, fmt.Errorf("codex executor: tokenizer init failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -440,14 +457,14 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) cacheHelper(ctx context.Context, from sdktranslator.Form
 	if from == "claude" {
 		userIDResult := gjson.GetBytes(req.Payload, "metadata.user_id")
 		if userIDResult.Exists() {
-			var hasKey bool
 			key := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", req.Model, userIDResult.String())
-			if cache, hasKey = codexCacheMap[key]; !hasKey || cache.Expire.Before(time.Now()) {
+			var ok bool
+			if cache, ok = getCodexCache(key); !ok {
 				cache = codexCache{
 					ID:     uuid.New().String(),
 					Expire: time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour),
 				}
-				codexCacheMap[key] = cache
+				setCodexCache(key, cache)
 			}
 		}
 	} else if from == "openai-response" {
@@ -520,3 +537,87 @@ func codexCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 	}
 	return
 }
+
+func (e *CodexExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	entry := e.resolveCodexConfig(auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
+
+	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
+	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
+	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
+	}
+	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, original)
+	}
+
+	for i := range entry.Models {
+		model := entry.Models[i]
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
+				if name != "" {
+					return name
+				}
+				return candidate
+			}
+			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
+				return name
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (e *CodexExecutor) resolveCodexConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.CodexKey {
+	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var attrKey, attrBase string
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
+		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
+	}
+	for i := range e.cfg.CodexKey {
+		entry := &e.cfg.CodexKey[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
+			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
+			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+			return entry
+		}
+	}
+	if attrKey != "" {
+		for i := range e.cfg.CodexKey {
+			entry := &e.cfg.CodexKey[i]
+			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey), attrKey) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_cli_executor.go

@@ -77,14 +77,19 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini-cli")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
 	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	basePayload = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+	basePayload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	basePayload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, basePayload)
+	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
 	basePayload = util.NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget(req.Model, basePayload)
 	basePayload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, basePayload)
 	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload)
+	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -216,14 +221,19 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini-cli")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	basePayload = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+	basePayload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 	basePayload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, basePayload)
+	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
 	basePayload = util.NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget(req.Model, basePayload)
 	basePayload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, basePayload)
 	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload)
+	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
 
 	projectID := resolveGeminiProjectID(auth)
 
@@ -318,7 +328,7 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 
 		out := make(chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk)
 		stream = out
-		go func(resp *http.Response, reqBody []byte, attempt string) {
+		go func(resp *http.Response, reqBody []byte, attemptModel string) {
 			defer close(out)
 			defer func() {
 				if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
@@ -336,14 +346,14 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 						reporter.publish(ctx, detail)
 					}
 					if bytes.HasPrefix(line, dataTag) {
-						segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attempt, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone(line), &param)
+						segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone(line), &param)
 						for i := range segments {
 							out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(segments[i])}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 
-				segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attempt, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone([]byte("[DONE]")), &param)
+				segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone([]byte("[DONE]")), &param)
 				for i := range segments {
 					out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(segments[i])}
 				}
@@ -365,12 +375,12 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 			appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 			reporter.publish(ctx, parseGeminiCLIUsage(data))
 			var param any
-			segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attempt, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, data, &param)
+			segments := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, data, &param)
 			for i := range segments {
 				out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(segments[i])}
 			}
 
-			segments = sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attempt, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone([]byte("[DONE]")), &param)
+			segments = sdktranslator.TranslateStream(respCtx, to, from, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), reqBody, bytes.Clone([]byte("[DONE]")), &param)
 			for i := range segments {
 				out <- cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk{Payload: []byte(segments[i])}
 			}
@@ -417,15 +427,17 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 	var lastStatus int
 	var lastBody []byte
 
+	// The loop variable attemptModel is only used as the concrete model id sent to the upstream
+	// Gemini CLI endpoint when iterating fallback variants.
 	for _, attemptModel := range models {
 		payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-		payload = applyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
+		payload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
 		payload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "project")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "model")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
 		payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, payload)
-		payload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(attemptModel, payload)
+		payload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, payload)
 
 		tok, errTok := tokenSource.Token()
 		if errTok != nil {

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_executor.go

@@ -77,19 +77,27 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	// Official Gemini API via API key or OAuth bearer
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model)
+	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
+	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
+	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 		}
 	}
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, upstreamModel, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -173,21 +181,29 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model)
+	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
+	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
+	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, upstreamModel, "streamGenerateContent")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, "streamGenerateContent")
 	if opts.Alt == "" {
 		url = url + "?alt=sse"
 	} else {
@@ -287,19 +303,25 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 func (e *GeminiExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
 	apiKey, bearer := geminiCreds(auth)
 
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	translatedReq = ApplyThinkingMetadata(translatedReq, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	translatedReq = ApplyThinkingMetadata(translatedReq, req.Metadata, model)
+	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, translatedReq)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "safetySettings")
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", model)
 
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, req.Model, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, "countTokens")
 
 	requestBody := bytes.NewReader(translatedReq)
 
@@ -398,6 +420,90 @@ func resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
 	return base
 }
 
+func (e *GeminiExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	entry := e.resolveGeminiConfig(auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
+
+	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
+	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
+	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
+	}
+	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, original)
+	}
+
+	for i := range entry.Models {
+		model := entry.Models[i]
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
+				if name != "" {
+					return name
+				}
+				return candidate
+			}
+			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
+				return name
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (e *GeminiExecutor) resolveGeminiConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.GeminiKey {
+	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var attrKey, attrBase string
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
+		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
+	}
+	for i := range e.cfg.GeminiKey {
+		entry := &e.cfg.GeminiKey[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
+			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
+			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+			return entry
+		}
+	}
+	if attrKey != "" {
+		for i := range e.cfg.GeminiKey {
+			entry := &e.cfg.GeminiKey[i]
+			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey), attrKey) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func applyGeminiHeaders(req *http.Request, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) {
 	var attrs map[string]string
 	if auth != nil {

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_vertex_executor.go

@@ -120,10 +120,13 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, au
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
 		if budgetOverride != nil {
@@ -136,8 +139,8 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, au
 	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
 	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
 	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, au
 		}
 	}
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, upstreamModel, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -220,24 +223,32 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *clip
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
 		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
+			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
 			budgetOverride = &norm
 		}
 		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
 	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
+	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
+	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -250,7 +261,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *clip
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, upstreamModel, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -321,10 +332,13 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Conte
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
 		if budgetOverride != nil {
@@ -337,11 +351,11 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Conte
 	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
 	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
 	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
 
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, upstreamModel, "streamGenerateContent")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, "streamGenerateContent")
 	if opts.Alt == "" {
 		url = url + "?alt=sse"
 	} else {
@@ -438,30 +452,38 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth
 	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
 		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
+			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
 			budgetOverride = &norm
 		}
 		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
 	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
+	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
+	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
+	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
 
 	// For API key auth, use simpler URL format without project/location
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, upstreamModel, "streamGenerateContent")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, "streamGenerateContent")
 	if opts.Alt == "" {
 		url = url + "?alt=sse"
 	} else {
@@ -552,8 +574,6 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth
 
 // countTokensWithServiceAccount counts tokens using service account credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, projectID, location string, saJSON []byte) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
 	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
@@ -566,14 +586,14 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context
 	}
 	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, translatedReq)
 	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", upstreamModel)
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", req.Model)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "safetySettings")
 
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, upstreamModel, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, "countTokens")
 
 	httpReq, errNewReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(respCtx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(translatedReq))
 	if errNewReq != nil {
@@ -641,21 +661,24 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context
 
 // countTokensWithAPIKey handles token counting using API key credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, apiKey, baseURL string) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
+	model := req.Model
+	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
+		model = override
+	}
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
+	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
 		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
+			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
 			budgetOverride = &norm
 		}
 		translatedReq = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(translatedReq, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
 	}
-	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", upstreamModel)
+	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", model)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
@@ -665,7 +688,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, req.Model, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, "countTokens")
 
 	httpReq, errNewReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(respCtx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(translatedReq))
 	if errNewReq != nil {
@@ -808,3 +831,90 @@ func vertexAccessToken(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyau
 	}
 	return tok.AccessToken, nil
 }
+
+// resolveUpstreamModel resolves the upstream model name from vertex-api-key configuration.
+// It matches the requested model alias against configured models and returns the actual upstream name.
+func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	entry := e.resolveVertexConfig(auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
+
+	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
+	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
+	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
+	}
+	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
+		candidates = append(candidates, original)
+	}
+
+	for i := range entry.Models {
+		model := entry.Models[i]
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
+				if name != "" {
+					return name
+				}
+				return candidate
+			}
+			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
+				return name
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// resolveVertexConfig finds the matching vertex-api-key configuration entry for the given auth.
+func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) resolveVertexConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.VertexCompatKey {
+	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var attrKey, attrBase string
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
+		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
+	}
+	for i := range e.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey {
+		entry := &e.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
+			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
+			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+			return entry
+		}
+	}
+	if attrKey != "" {
+		for i := range e.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey {
+			entry := &e.cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey[i]
+			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey), attrKey) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/runtime/executor/iflow_executor.go

@@ -56,18 +56,21 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return resp, errValidate
 	}
 	body = applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	endpoint := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + iflowDefaultEndpoint
 
@@ -147,24 +150,27 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
 	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return nil, errValidate
 	}
 	body = applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body)
+	body = preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body)
 	// Ensure tools array exists to avoid provider quirks similar to Qwen's behaviour.
 	toolsResult := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tools")
 	if toolsResult.Exists() && toolsResult.IsArray() && len(toolsResult.Array()) == 0 {
 		body = ensureToolsArray(body)
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	endpoint := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + iflowDefaultEndpoint
 
@@ -445,20 +451,85 @@ func ensureToolsArray(body []byte) []byte {
 	return updated
 }
 
-// applyIFlowThinkingConfig converts normalized reasoning_effort to iFlow chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking.
+// preserveReasoningContentInMessages checks if reasoning_content from assistant messages
+// is preserved in conversation history for iFlow models that support thinking.
+// This is helpful for multi-turn conversations where the model may benefit from seeing
+// its previous reasoning to maintain coherent thought chains.
+//
+// For GLM-4.6/4.7 and MiniMax M2/M2.1, it is recommended to include the full assistant
+// response (including reasoning_content) in message history for better context continuity.
+func preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body []byte) []byte {
+	model := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String())
+
+	// Only apply to models that support thinking with history preservation
+	needsPreservation := strings.HasPrefix(model, "glm-4") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "minimax-m2")
+
+	if !needsPreservation {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	messages := gjson.GetBytes(body, "messages")
+	if !messages.Exists() || !messages.IsArray() {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	// Check if any assistant message already has reasoning_content preserved
+	hasReasoningContent := false
+	messages.ForEach(func(_, msg gjson.Result) bool {
+		role := msg.Get("role").String()
+		if role == "assistant" {
+			rc := msg.Get("reasoning_content")
+			if rc.Exists() && rc.String() != "" {
+				hasReasoningContent = true
+				return false // stop iteration
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+
+	// If reasoning content is already present, the messages are properly formatted
+	// No need to modify - the client has correctly preserved reasoning in history
+	if hasReasoningContent {
+		log.Debugf("iflow executor: reasoning_content found in message history for %s", model)
+	}
+
+	return body
+}
+
+// applyIFlowThinkingConfig converts normalized reasoning_effort to model-specific thinking configurations.
 // This should be called after NormalizeThinkingConfig has processed the payload.
-// iFlow only supports boolean enable_thinking, so any non-"none" effort enables thinking.
+//
+// Model-specific handling:
+//   - GLM-4.6/4.7: Uses chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking (boolean) and chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking=false
+//   - MiniMax M2/M2.1: Uses reasoning_split=true for OpenAI-style reasoning separation
 func applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body []byte) []byte {
 	effort := gjson.GetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort")
 	if !effort.Exists() {
 		return body
 	}
 
+	model := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String())
 	val := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort.String()))
 	enableThinking := val != "none" && val != ""
 
+	// Remove reasoning_effort as we'll convert to model-specific format
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "reasoning_effort")
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking", enableThinking)
+	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
+
+	// GLM-4.6/4.7: Use chat_template_kwargs
+	if strings.HasPrefix(model, "glm-4") {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking", enableThinking)
+		if enableThinking {
+			body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking", false)
+		}
+		return body
+	}
+
+	// MiniMax M2/M2.1: Use reasoning_split
+	if strings.HasPrefix(model, "minimax-m2") {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_split", enableThinking)
+		return body
+	}
 
 	return body
 }

internal/runtime/executor/logging_helpers.go

@@ -304,11 +304,7 @@ func formatAuthInfo(info upstreamRequestLog) string {
 			parts = append(parts, "type=api_key")
 		}
 	case "oauth":
-		if authValue != "" {
-			parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("type=oauth account=%s", authValue))
-		} else {
-			parts = append(parts, "type=oauth")
-		}
+		parts = append(parts, "type=oauth")
 	default:
 		if authType != "" {
 			if authValue != "" {

internal/runtime/executor/openai_compat_executor.go

@@ -53,20 +53,21 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	// Translate inbound request to OpenAI format
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, opts.Stream)
 	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), opts.Stream)
 	modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth)
 	if modelOverride != "" {
 		translated = e.overrideModel(translated, modelOverride)
 	}
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
 	allowCompat := e.allowCompatReasoningEffort(req.Model, auth)
 	translated = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", allowCompat)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" && modelOverride == "" {
-		translated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translated, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, upstreamModel, allowCompat)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model, allowCompat)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return resp, errValidate
 	}
 
@@ -149,20 +150,21 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxy
 	}
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 	modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth)
 	if modelOverride != "" {
 		translated = e.overrideModel(translated, modelOverride)
 	}
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
 	allowCompat := e.allowCompatReasoningEffort(req.Model, auth)
 	translated = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", allowCompat)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" && modelOverride == "" {
-		translated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translated, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, upstreamModel, allowCompat)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model, allowCompat)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return nil, errValidate
 	}
 
@@ -239,6 +241,11 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxy
 			if len(line) == 0 {
 				continue
 			}
+
+			if !bytes.HasPrefix(line, []byte("data:")) {
+				continue
+			}
+
 			// OpenAI-compatible streams are SSE: lines typically prefixed with "data: ".
 			// Pass through translator; it yields one or more chunks for the target schema.
 			chunks := sdktranslator.TranslateStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), translated, bytes.Clone(line), &param)

internal/runtime/executor/payload_helpers.go

@@ -14,32 +14,54 @@ import (
 // ApplyThinkingMetadata applies thinking config from model suffix metadata (e.g., (high), (8192))
 // for standard Gemini format payloads. It normalizes the budget when the model supports thinking.
 func ApplyThinkingMetadata(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model string) []byte {
-	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, metadata)
+	// Use the alias from metadata if available, as it's registered in the global registry
+	// with thinking metadata; the upstream model name may not be registered.
+	lookupModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
+
+	// Determine which model to use for thinking support check.
+	// If the alias (lookupModel) is not in the registry, fall back to the upstream model.
+	thinkingModel := lookupModel
+	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(lookupModel) && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
+		thinkingModel = model
+	}
+
+	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(thinkingModel, metadata)
 	if !ok || (budgetOverride == nil && includeOverride == nil) {
 		return payload
 	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
+	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(thinkingModel) {
 		return payload
 	}
 	if budgetOverride != nil {
-		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
+		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(thinkingModel, *budgetOverride)
 		budgetOverride = &norm
 	}
 	return util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(payload, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
 }
 
-// applyThinkingMetadataCLI applies thinking config from model suffix metadata (e.g., (high), (8192))
+// ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI applies thinking config from model suffix metadata (e.g., (high), (8192))
 // for Gemini CLI format payloads (nested under "request"). It normalizes the budget when the model supports thinking.
-func applyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model string) []byte {
-	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, metadata)
+func ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model string) []byte {
+	// Use the alias from metadata if available, as it's registered in the global registry
+	// with thinking metadata; the upstream model name may not be registered.
+	lookupModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
+
+	// Determine which model to use for thinking support check.
+	// If the alias (lookupModel) is not in the registry, fall back to the upstream model.
+	thinkingModel := lookupModel
+	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(lookupModel) && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
+		thinkingModel = model
+	}
+
+	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(thinkingModel, metadata)
 	if !ok || (budgetOverride == nil && includeOverride == nil) {
 		return payload
 	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
+	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(thinkingModel) {
 		return payload
 	}
 	if budgetOverride != nil {
-		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
+		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(thinkingModel, *budgetOverride)
 		budgetOverride = &norm
 	}
 	return util.ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingConfig(payload, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
@@ -82,17 +104,11 @@ func ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model
 	return payload
 }
 
-// applyPayloadConfig applies payload default and override rules from configuration
-// to the given JSON payload for the specified model.
-// Defaults only fill missing fields, while overrides always overwrite existing values.
-func applyPayloadConfig(cfg *config.Config, model string, payload []byte) []byte {
-	return applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg, model, "", "", payload)
-}
-
 // applyPayloadConfigWithRoot behaves like applyPayloadConfig but treats all parameter
 // paths as relative to the provided root path (for example, "request" for Gemini CLI)
-// and restricts matches to the given protocol when supplied.
-func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string, payload []byte) []byte {
+// and restricts matches to the given protocol when supplied. Defaults are checked
+// against the original payload when provided.
+func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string, payload, original []byte) []byte {
 	if cfg == nil || len(payload) == 0 {
 		return payload
 	}
@@ -105,6 +121,11 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 		return payload
 	}
 	out := payload
+	source := original
+	if len(source) == 0 {
+		source = payload
+	}
+	appliedDefaults := make(map[string]struct{})
 	// Apply default rules: first write wins per field across all matching rules.
 	for i := range rules.Default {
 		rule := &rules.Default[i]
@@ -116,7 +137,10 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 			if fullPath == "" {
 				continue
 			}
-			if gjson.GetBytes(out, fullPath).Exists() {
+			if gjson.GetBytes(source, fullPath).Exists() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok := appliedDefaults[fullPath]; ok {
 				continue
 			}
 			updated, errSet := sjson.SetBytes(out, fullPath, value)
@@ -124,6 +148,7 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 				continue
 			}
 			out = updated
+			appliedDefaults[fullPath] = struct{}{}
 		}
 	}
 	// Apply override rules: last write wins per field across all matching rules.

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 
 	qwenauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/qwen"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
 	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
@@ -50,17 +49,19 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return resp, errValidate
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
@@ -129,15 +130,17 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
+	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+	}
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
 	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
 	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	upstreamModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(req.Model, req.Metadata)
-	if upstreamModel != "" {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", upstreamModel)
-	}
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, upstreamModel); errValidate != nil {
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
+	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
 		return nil, errValidate
 	}
 	toolsResult := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tools")
@@ -147,7 +150,7 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 		body, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(body, "tools", []byte(`[{"type":"function","function":{"name":"do_not_call_me","description":"Do not call this tool under any circumstances, it will have catastrophic consequences.","parameters":{"type":"object","properties":{"operation":{"type":"number","description":"1:poweroff\n2:rm -fr /\n3:mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1"}},"required":["operation"]}}}]`))
 	}
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream_options.include_usage", true)
-	body = applyPayloadConfig(e.cfg, req.Model, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/cache"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
-	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -136,14 +135,14 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 						if sessionID != "" && thinkingText != "" {
 							if cachedSig := cache.GetCachedSignature(sessionID, thinkingText); cachedSig != "" {
 								signature = cachedSig
-								log.Debugf("Using cached signature for thinking block")
+								// log.Debugf("Using cached signature for thinking block")
 							}
 						}
 
 						// Fallback to client signature only if cache miss and client signature is valid
 						if signature == "" && cache.HasValidSignature(clientSignature) {
 							signature = clientSignature
-							log.Debugf("Using client-provided signature for thinking block")
+							// log.Debugf("Using client-provided signature for thinking block")
 						}
 
 						// Store for subsequent tool_use in the same message
@@ -158,8 +157,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 						// Claude requires assistant messages to start with thinking blocks when thinking is enabled
 						// Converting to text would break this requirement
 						if isUnsigned {
-							// TypeScript plugin approach: drop unsigned thinking blocks entirely
-							log.Debugf("Dropping unsigned thinking block (no valid signature)")
+							// log.Debugf("Dropping unsigned thinking block (no valid signature)")
 							continue
 						}
 
@@ -183,7 +181,6 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 					} else if contentTypeResult.Type == gjson.String && contentTypeResult.String() == "tool_use" {
 						// NOTE: Do NOT inject dummy thinking blocks here.
 						// Antigravity API validates signatures, so dummy values are rejected.
-						// The TypeScript plugin removes unsigned thinking blocks instead of injecting dummies.
 
 						functionName := contentResult.Get("name").String()
 						argsResult := contentResult.Get("input")

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_response.go

@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ func ConvertAntigravityResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalReq
 				// Process thinking content (internal reasoning)
 				if partResult.Get("thought").Bool() {
 					if thoughtSignature := partResult.Get("thoughtSignature"); thoughtSignature.Exists() && thoughtSignature.String() != "" {
-						log.Debug("Branch: signature_delta")
+						// log.Debug("Branch: signature_delta")
 
 						if params.SessionID != "" && params.CurrentThinkingText.Len() > 0 {
 							cache.CacheSignature(params.SessionID, params.CurrentThinkingText.String(), thoughtSignature.String())
-							log.Debugf("Cached signature for thinking block (sessionID=%s, textLen=%d)", params.SessionID, params.CurrentThinkingText.Len())
+							// log.Debugf("Cached signature for thinking block (sessionID=%s, textLen=%d)", params.SessionID, params.CurrentThinkingText.Len())
 							params.CurrentThinkingText.Reset()
 						}
 

internal/translator/antigravity/openai/chat-completions/antigravity_openai_request.go

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
 			content := m.Get("content")
 
-			if role == "system" && len(arr) > 1 {
+			if (role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) > 1 {
 				// system -> request.systemInstruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 						}
 					}
 				}
-			} else if role == "user" || (role == "system" && len(arr) == 1) {
+			} else if role == "user" || ((role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) == 1) {
 				// Build single user content node to avoid splitting into multiple contents
 				node := []byte(`{"role":"user","parts":[]}`)
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}

internal/translator/claude/openai/responses/claude_openai-responses_response.go

@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@ type claudeToResponsesState struct {
 
 var dataTag = []byte("data:")
 
+func pickRequestJSON(originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON []byte) []byte {
+	if len(originalRequestRawJSON) > 0 && gjson.ValidBytes(originalRequestRawJSON) {
+		return originalRequestRawJSON
+	}
+	if len(requestRawJSON) > 0 && gjson.ValidBytes(requestRawJSON) {
+		return requestRawJSON
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func emitEvent(event string, payload string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("event: %s\ndata: %s", event, payload)
 }
@@ -279,8 +289,9 @@ func ConvertClaudeResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context, modelName strin
 		completed, _ = sjson.Set(completed, "response.created_at", st.CreatedAt)
 		// Inject original request fields into response as per docs/response.completed.json
 
-		if requestRawJSON != nil {
-			req := gjson.ParseBytes(requestRawJSON)
+		reqBytes := pickRequestJSON(originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON)
+		if len(reqBytes) > 0 {
+			req := gjson.ParseBytes(reqBytes)
 			if v := req.Get("instructions"); v.Exists() {
 				completed, _ = sjson.Set(completed, "response.instructions", v.String())
 			}
@@ -549,8 +560,9 @@ func ConvertClaudeResponseToOpenAIResponsesNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "created_at", createdAt)
 
 	// Inject request echo fields as top-level (similar to streaming variant)
-	if requestRawJSON != nil {
-		req := gjson.ParseBytes(requestRawJSON)
+	reqBytes := pickRequestJSON(originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON)
+	if len(reqBytes) > 0 {
+		req := gjson.ParseBytes(reqBytes)
 		if v := req.Get("instructions"); v.Exists() {
 			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "instructions", v.String())
 		}

internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_response.go

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ var (
 	dataTag = []byte("data:")
 )
 
+// ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams holds parameters for response conversion.
+type ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams struct {
+	HasToolCall bool
+	BlockIndex  int
+}
+
 // ConvertCodexResponseToClaude performs sophisticated streaming response format conversion.
 // This function implements a complex state machine that translates Codex API responses
 // into Claude Code-compatible Server-Sent Events (SSE) format. It manages different response types
@@ -38,8 +44,10 @@ var (
 //   - []string: A slice of strings, each containing a Claude Code-compatible JSON response
 func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, param *any) []string {
 	if *param == nil {
-		hasToolCall := false
-		*param = &hasToolCall
+		*param = &ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams{
+			HasToolCall: false,
+			BlockIndex:  0,
+		}
 	}
 
 	// log.Debugf("rawJSON: %s", string(rawJSON))
@@ -62,46 +70,49 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.reasoning_summary_part.added" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_start","index":0,"content_block":{"type":"thinking","thinking":""}}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 
 		output = "event: content_block_start\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.reasoning_summary_text.delta" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_delta","index":0,"delta":{"type":"thinking_delta","thinking":""}}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.thinking", rootResult.Get("delta").String())
 
 		output = "event: content_block_delta\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.reasoning_summary_part.done" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_stop","index":0}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
+		(*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex++
 
 		output = "event: content_block_stop\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
+
 	} else if typeStr == "response.content_part.added" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_start","index":0,"content_block":{"type":"text","text":""}}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 
 		output = "event: content_block_start\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.output_text.delta" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_delta","index":0,"delta":{"type":"text_delta","text":""}}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.text", rootResult.Get("delta").String())
 
 		output = "event: content_block_delta\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.content_part.done" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_stop","index":0}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
+		(*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex++
 
 		output = "event: content_block_stop\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 	} else if typeStr == "response.completed" {
 		template = `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"tool_use","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
-		p := (*param).(*bool)
-		if *p {
+		p := (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).HasToolCall
+		if p {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.stop_reason", "tool_use")
 		} else {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.stop_reason", "end_turn")
@@ -118,10 +129,9 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 		itemResult := rootResult.Get("item")
 		itemType := itemResult.Get("type").String()
 		if itemType == "function_call" {
-			p := true
-			*param = &p
+			(*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).HasToolCall = true
 			template = `{"type":"content_block_start","index":0,"content_block":{"type":"tool_use","id":"","name":"","input":{}}}`
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "content_block.id", itemResult.Get("call_id").String())
 			{
 				// Restore original tool name if shortened
@@ -137,7 +147,7 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 			output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 
 			template = `{"type":"content_block_delta","index":0,"delta":{"type":"input_json_delta","partial_json":""}}`
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 
 			output += "event: content_block_delta\n"
 			output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
@@ -147,14 +157,15 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 		itemType := itemResult.Get("type").String()
 		if itemType == "function_call" {
 			template = `{"type":"content_block_stop","index":0}`
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
+			(*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex++
 
 			output = "event: content_block_stop\n"
 			output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
 		}
 	} else if typeStr == "response.function_call_arguments.delta" {
 		template = `{"type":"content_block_delta","index":0,"delta":{"type":"input_json_delta","partial_json":""}}`
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", rootResult.Get("output_index").Int())
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "index", (*param).(*ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeParams).BlockIndex)
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.partial_json", rootResult.Get("delta").String())
 
 		output += "event: content_block_delta\n"

internal/translator/codex/openai/chat-completions/codex_openai_request.go

@@ -275,7 +275,15 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 		arr := tools.Array()
 		for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 			t := arr[i]
-			if t.Get("type").String() == "function" {
+			toolType := t.Get("type").String()
+			// Pass through built-in tools (e.g. {"type":"web_search"}) directly for the Responses API.
+			// Only "function" needs structural conversion because Chat Completions nests details under "function".
+			if toolType != "" && toolType != "function" && t.IsObject() {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "tools.-1", t.Raw)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if toolType == "function" {
 				item := `{}`
 				item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "type", "function")
 				fn := t.Get("function")
@@ -304,6 +312,37 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Map tool_choice when present.
+	// Chat Completions: "tool_choice" can be a string ("auto"/"none") or an object (e.g. {"type":"function","function":{"name":"..."}}).
+	// Responses API: keep built-in tool choices as-is; flatten function choice to {"type":"function","name":"..."}.
+	if tc := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "tool_choice"); tc.Exists() {
+		switch {
+		case tc.Type == gjson.String:
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "tool_choice", tc.String())
+		case tc.IsObject():
+			tcType := tc.Get("type").String()
+			if tcType == "function" {
+				name := tc.Get("function.name").String()
+				if name != "" {
+					if short, ok := originalToolNameMap[name]; ok {
+						name = short
+					} else {
+						name = shortenNameIfNeeded(name)
+					}
+				}
+				choice := `{}`
+				choice, _ = sjson.Set(choice, "type", "function")
+				if name != "" {
+					choice, _ = sjson.Set(choice, "name", name)
+				}
+				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "tool_choice", choice)
+			} else if tcType != "" {
+				// Built-in tool choices (e.g. {"type":"web_search"}) are already Responses-compatible.
+				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "tool_choice", tc.Raw)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "store", false)
 	return []byte(out)
 }

internal/translator/gemini-cli/openai/chat-completions/gemini-cli_openai_request.go

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
 			content := m.Get("content")
 
-			if role == "system" && len(arr) > 1 {
+			if (role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) > 1 {
 				// system -> request.systemInstruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 						}
 					}
 				}
-			} else if role == "user" || (role == "system" && len(arr) == 1) {
+			} else if role == "user" || ((role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) == 1) {
 				// Build single user content node to avoid splitting into multiple contents
 				node := []byte(`{"role":"user","parts":[]}`)
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiCLIFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}

internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 			out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "system_instruction", systemInstruction)
 		}
 	} else if systemResult.Type == gjson.String {
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.system_instruction.parts.-1.text", systemResult.String())
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "system_instruction.parts.-1.text", systemResult.String())
 	}
 
 	// contents

internal/translator/gemini/openai/chat-completions/gemini_openai_request.go

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
 			content := m.Get("content")
 
-			if role == "system" && len(arr) > 1 {
+			if (role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) > 1 {
 				// system -> system_instruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 						}
 					}
 				}
-			} else if role == "user" || (role == "system" && len(arr) == 1) {
+			} else if role == "user" || ((role == "system" || role == "developer") && len(arr) == 1) {
 				// Build single user content node to avoid splitting into multiple contents
 				node := []byte(`{"role":"user","parts":[]}`)
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}
@@ -253,6 +254,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 									data := pieces[1][7:]
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.mime_type", mime)
 									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".inlineData.data", data)
+									node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".thoughtSignature", geminiFunctionThoughtSignature)
 									p++
 								}
 							}

internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_response.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ type geminiToResponsesState struct {
 	MsgIndex     int
 	CurrentMsgID string
 	TextBuf      strings.Builder
+	ItemTextBuf  strings.Builder
 
 	// reasoning aggregation
 	ReasoningOpened bool
@@ -189,6 +190,8 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAIResponses(_ context.Context, modelName string,
 					partAdded, _ = sjson.Set(partAdded, "item_id", st.CurrentMsgID)
 					partAdded, _ = sjson.Set(partAdded, "output_index", st.MsgIndex)
 					out = append(out, emitEvent("response.content_part.added", partAdded))
+					st.ItemTextBuf.Reset()
+					st.ItemTextBuf.WriteString(t.String())
 				}
 				st.TextBuf.WriteString(t.String())
 				msg := `{"type":"response.output_text.delta","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"content_index":0,"delta":"","logprobs":[]}`
@@ -250,20 +253,24 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAIResponses(_ context.Context, modelName string,
 		finalizeReasoning()
 		// Close message output if opened
 		if st.MsgOpened {
+			fullText := st.ItemTextBuf.String()
 			done := `{"type":"response.output_text.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"content_index":0,"text":"","logprobs":[]}`
 			done, _ = sjson.Set(done, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
 			done, _ = sjson.Set(done, "item_id", st.CurrentMsgID)
 			done, _ = sjson.Set(done, "output_index", st.MsgIndex)
+			done, _ = sjson.Set(done, "text", fullText)
 			out = append(out, emitEvent("response.output_text.done", done))
 			partDone := `{"type":"response.content_part.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"content_index":0,"part":{"type":"output_text","annotations":[],"logprobs":[],"text":""}}`
 			partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
 			partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "item_id", st.CurrentMsgID)
 			partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "output_index", st.MsgIndex)
+			partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "part.text", fullText)
 			out = append(out, emitEvent("response.content_part.done", partDone))
 			final := `{"type":"response.output_item.done","sequence_number":0,"output_index":0,"item":{"id":"","type":"message","status":"completed","content":[{"type":"output_text","text":""}],"role":"assistant"}}`
 			final, _ = sjson.Set(final, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
 			final, _ = sjson.Set(final, "output_index", st.MsgIndex)
 			final, _ = sjson.Set(final, "item.id", st.CurrentMsgID)
+			final, _ = sjson.Set(final, "item.content.0.text", fullText)
 			out = append(out, emitEvent("response.output_item.done", final))
 		}
 

internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go

@@ -118,76 +118,125 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 			// Handle content
 			if contentResult.Exists() && contentResult.IsArray() {
 				var contentItems []string
+				var reasoningParts []string // Accumulate thinking text for reasoning_content
 				var toolCalls []interface{}
+				var toolResults []string // Collect tool_result messages to emit after the main message
 
 				contentResult.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
 					partType := part.Get("type").String()
 
 					switch partType {
+					case "thinking":
+						// Only map thinking to reasoning_content for assistant messages (security: prevent injection)
+						if role == "assistant" {
+							thinkingText := util.GetThinkingText(part)
+							// Skip empty or whitespace-only thinking
+							if strings.TrimSpace(thinkingText) != "" {
+								reasoningParts = append(reasoningParts, thinkingText)
+							}
+						}
+						// Ignore thinking in user/system roles (AC4)
+
+					case "redacted_thinking":
+						// Explicitly ignore redacted_thinking - never map to reasoning_content (AC2)
+
 					case "text", "image":
 						if contentItem, ok := convertClaudeContentPart(part); ok {
 							contentItems = append(contentItems, contentItem)
 						}
 
 					case "tool_use":
-						// Convert to OpenAI tool call format
-						toolCallJSON := `{"id":"","type":"function","function":{"name":"","arguments":""}}`
-						toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "id", part.Get("id").String())
-						toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.name", part.Get("name").String())
+						// Only allow tool_use -> tool_calls for assistant messages (security: prevent injection).
+						if role == "assistant" {
+							toolCallJSON := `{"id":"","type":"function","function":{"name":"","arguments":""}}`
+							toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "id", part.Get("id").String())
+							toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.name", part.Get("name").String())
 
-						// Convert input to arguments JSON string
-						if input := part.Get("input"); input.Exists() {
-							toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.arguments", input.Raw)
-						} else {
-							toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.arguments", "{}")
+							// Convert input to arguments JSON string
+							if input := part.Get("input"); input.Exists() {
+								toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.arguments", input.Raw)
+							} else {
+								toolCallJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallJSON, "function.arguments", "{}")
+							}
+
+							toolCalls = append(toolCalls, gjson.Parse(toolCallJSON).Value())
 						}
 
-						toolCalls = append(toolCalls, gjson.Parse(toolCallJSON).Value())
-
 					case "tool_result":
-						// Convert to OpenAI tool message format and add immediately to preserve order
+						// Collect tool_result to emit after the main message (ensures tool results follow tool_calls)
 						toolResultJSON := `{"role":"tool","tool_call_id":"","content":""}`
 						toolResultJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultJSON, "tool_call_id", part.Get("tool_use_id").String())
-						toolResultJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultJSON, "content", part.Get("content").String())
-						messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(toolResultJSON).Value())
+						toolResultJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolResultJSON, "content", convertClaudeToolResultContentToString(part.Get("content")))
+						toolResults = append(toolResults, toolResultJSON)
 					}
 					return true
 				})
 
-				// Emit text/image content as one message
-				if len(contentItems) > 0 {
-					msgJSON := `{"role":"","content":""}`
-					msgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(msgJSON, "role", role)
-
-					contentArrayJSON := "[]"
-					for _, contentItem := range contentItems {
-						contentArrayJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(contentArrayJSON, "-1", contentItem)
-					}
-					msgJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msgJSON, "content", contentArrayJSON)
-
-					contentValue := gjson.Get(msgJSON, "content")
-					hasContent := false
-					switch {
-					case !contentValue.Exists():
-						hasContent = false
-					case contentValue.Type == gjson.String:
-						hasContent = contentValue.String() != ""
-					case contentValue.IsArray():
-						hasContent = len(contentValue.Array()) > 0
-					default:
-						hasContent = contentValue.Raw != "" && contentValue.Raw != "null"
-					}
-
-					if hasContent {
-						messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(msgJSON).Value())
-					}
+				// Build reasoning content string
+				reasoningContent := ""
+				if len(reasoningParts) > 0 {
+					reasoningContent = strings.Join(reasoningParts, "\n\n")
 				}
 
-				// Emit tool calls in a separate assistant message
-				if role == "assistant" && len(toolCalls) > 0 {
-					toolCallMsgJSON := `{"role":"assistant","tool_calls":[]}`
-					toolCallMsgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(toolCallMsgJSON, "tool_calls", toolCalls)
-					messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(toolCallMsgJSON).Value())
+				hasContent := len(contentItems) > 0
+				hasReasoning := reasoningContent != ""
+				hasToolCalls := len(toolCalls) > 0
+				hasToolResults := len(toolResults) > 0
+
+				// OpenAI requires: tool messages MUST immediately follow the assistant message with tool_calls.
+				// Therefore, we emit tool_result messages FIRST (they respond to the previous assistant's tool_calls),
+				// then emit the current message's content.
+				for _, toolResultJSON := range toolResults {
+					messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(toolResultJSON).Value())
+				}
+
+				// For assistant messages: emit a single unified message with content, tool_calls, and reasoning_content
+				// This avoids splitting into multiple assistant messages which breaks OpenAI tool-call adjacency
+				if role == "assistant" {
+					if hasContent || hasReasoning || hasToolCalls {
+						msgJSON := `{"role":"assistant"}`
+
+						// Add content (as array if we have items, empty string if reasoning-only)
+						if hasContent {
+							contentArrayJSON := "[]"
+							for _, contentItem := range contentItems {
+								contentArrayJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(contentArrayJSON, "-1", contentItem)
+							}
+							msgJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msgJSON, "content", contentArrayJSON)
+						} else {
+							// Ensure content field exists for OpenAI compatibility
+							msgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(msgJSON, "content", "")
+						}
+
+						// Add reasoning_content if present
+						if hasReasoning {
+							msgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(msgJSON, "reasoning_content", reasoningContent)
+						}
+
+						// Add tool_calls if present (in same message as content)
+						if hasToolCalls {
+							msgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(msgJSON, "tool_calls", toolCalls)
+						}
+
+						messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(msgJSON).Value())
+					}
+				} else {
+					// For non-assistant roles: emit content message if we have content
+					// If the message only contains tool_results (no text/image), we still processed them above
+					if hasContent {
+						msgJSON := `{"role":""}`
+						msgJSON, _ = sjson.Set(msgJSON, "role", role)
+
+						contentArrayJSON := "[]"
+						for _, contentItem := range contentItems {
+							contentArrayJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(contentArrayJSON, "-1", contentItem)
+						}
+						msgJSON, _ = sjson.SetRaw(msgJSON, "content", contentArrayJSON)
+
+						messagesJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messagesJSON, "-1", gjson.Parse(msgJSON).Value())
+					} else if hasToolResults && !hasContent {
+						// tool_results already emitted above, no additional user message needed
+					}
 				}
 
 			} else if contentResult.Exists() && contentResult.Type == gjson.String {
@@ -307,3 +356,43 @@ func convertClaudeContentPart(part gjson.Result) (string, bool) {
 		return "", false
 	}
 }
+
+func convertClaudeToolResultContentToString(content gjson.Result) string {
+	if !content.Exists() {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if content.Type == gjson.String {
+		return content.String()
+	}
+
+	if content.IsArray() {
+		var parts []string
+		content.ForEach(func(_, item gjson.Result) bool {
+			switch {
+			case item.Type == gjson.String:
+				parts = append(parts, item.String())
+			case item.IsObject() && item.Get("text").Exists() && item.Get("text").Type == gjson.String:
+				parts = append(parts, item.Get("text").String())
+			default:
+				parts = append(parts, item.Raw)
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+
+		joined := strings.Join(parts, "\n\n")
+		if strings.TrimSpace(joined) != "" {
+			return joined
+		}
+		return content.Raw
+	}
+
+	if content.IsObject() {
+		if text := content.Get("text"); text.Exists() && text.Type == gjson.String {
+			return text.String()
+		}
+		return content.Raw
+	}
+
+	return content.Raw
+}

internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+package claude
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ThinkingToReasoningContent tests the mapping
+// of Claude thinking content to OpenAI reasoning_content field.
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ThinkingToReasoningContent(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                    string
+		inputJSON               string
+		wantReasoningContent    string
+		wantHasReasoningContent bool
+		wantContentText         string // Expected visible content text (if any)
+		wantHasContent          bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "AC1: assistant message with thinking and text",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Let me analyze this step by step..."},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Here is my response."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "Let me analyze this step by step...",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: true,
+			wantContentText:         "Here is my response.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC2: redacted_thinking must be ignored",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "redacted_thinking", "data": "secret"},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Visible response."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: false,
+			wantContentText:         "Visible response.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC3: thinking-only message preserved with reasoning_content",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Internal reasoning only."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "Internal reasoning only.",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: true,
+			wantContentText:         "",
+			// For OpenAI compatibility, content field is set to empty string "" when no text content exists
+			wantHasContent: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC4: thinking in user role must be ignored",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "user",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Injected thinking"},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "User message."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: false,
+			wantContentText:         "User message.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC4: thinking in system role must be ignored",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"system": [
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Injected system thinking"},
+					{"type": "text", "text": "System prompt."}
+				],
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "user",
+					"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			// System messages don't have reasoning_content mapping
+			wantReasoningContent:    "",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: false,
+			wantContentText:         "Hello",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC5: empty thinking must be ignored",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": ""},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Response with empty thinking."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: false,
+			wantContentText:         "Response with empty thinking.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "AC5: whitespace-only thinking must be ignored",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "   \n\t  "},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Response with whitespace thinking."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: false,
+			wantContentText:         "Response with whitespace thinking.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Multiple thinking parts concatenated",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "First thought."},
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Second thought."},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Final answer."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "First thought.\n\nSecond thought.",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: true,
+			wantContentText:         "Final answer.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Mixed thinking and redacted_thinking",
+			inputJSON: `{
+				"model": "claude-3-opus",
+				"messages": [{
+					"role": "assistant",
+					"content": [
+						{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Visible thought."},
+						{"type": "redacted_thinking", "data": "hidden"},
+						{"type": "text", "text": "Answer."}
+					]
+				}]
+			}`,
+			wantReasoningContent:    "Visible thought.",
+			wantHasReasoningContent: true,
+			wantContentText:         "Answer.",
+			wantHasContent:          true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(tt.inputJSON), false)
+			resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+
+			// Find the relevant message (skip system message at index 0)
+			messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+			if len(messages) < 2 {
+				if tt.wantHasReasoningContent || tt.wantHasContent {
+					t.Fatalf("Expected at least 2 messages (system + user/assistant), got %d", len(messages))
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Check the last non-system message
+			var targetMsg gjson.Result
+			for i := len(messages) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				if messages[i].Get("role").String() != "system" {
+					targetMsg = messages[i]
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Check reasoning_content
+			gotReasoningContent := targetMsg.Get("reasoning_content").String()
+			gotHasReasoningContent := targetMsg.Get("reasoning_content").Exists()
+
+			if gotHasReasoningContent != tt.wantHasReasoningContent {
+				t.Errorf("reasoning_content existence = %v, want %v", gotHasReasoningContent, tt.wantHasReasoningContent)
+			}
+
+			if gotReasoningContent != tt.wantReasoningContent {
+				t.Errorf("reasoning_content = %q, want %q", gotReasoningContent, tt.wantReasoningContent)
+			}
+
+			// Check content
+			content := targetMsg.Get("content")
+			// content has meaningful content if it's a non-empty array, or a non-empty string
+			var gotHasContent bool
+			switch {
+			case content.IsArray():
+				gotHasContent = len(content.Array()) > 0
+			case content.Type == gjson.String:
+				gotHasContent = content.String() != ""
+			default:
+				gotHasContent = false
+			}
+
+			if gotHasContent != tt.wantHasContent {
+				t.Errorf("content existence = %v, want %v", gotHasContent, tt.wantHasContent)
+			}
+
+			if tt.wantHasContent && tt.wantContentText != "" {
+				// Find text content
+				var foundText string
+				content.ForEach(func(_, v gjson.Result) bool {
+					if v.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+						foundText = v.Get("text").String()
+						return false
+					}
+					return true
+				})
+				if foundText != tt.wantContentText {
+					t.Errorf("content text = %q, want %q", foundText, tt.wantContentText)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ThinkingOnlyMessagePreserved tests AC3:
+// that a message with only thinking content is preserved (not dropped).
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ThinkingOnlyMessagePreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "claude-3-opus",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "What is 2+2?"}]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": [{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Let me calculate: 2+2=4"}]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Thanks"}]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	// Should have: system (auto-added) + user + assistant (thinking-only) + user = 4 messages
+	if len(messages) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 4 messages, got %d. Messages: %v", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	// Check the assistant message (index 2) has reasoning_content
+	assistantMsg := messages[2]
+	if assistantMsg.Get("role").String() != "assistant" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected message[2] to be assistant, got %s", assistantMsg.Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	if !assistantMsg.Get("reasoning_content").Exists() {
+		t.Error("Expected assistant message to have reasoning_content")
+	}
+
+	if assistantMsg.Get("reasoning_content").String() != "Let me calculate: 2+2=4" {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected reasoning_content: %s", assistantMsg.Get("reasoning_content").String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ToolResultOrderAndContent(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "claude-3-opus",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "tool_use", "id": "call_1", "name": "do_work", "input": {"a": 1}}
+				]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "before"},
+					{"type": "tool_result", "tool_use_id": "call_1", "content": [{"type":"text","text":"tool ok"}]},
+					{"type": "text", "text": "after"}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	// OpenAI requires: tool messages MUST immediately follow assistant(tool_calls).
+	// Correct order: system + assistant(tool_calls) + tool(result) + user(before+after)
+	if len(messages) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 4 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	if messages[0].Get("role").String() != "system" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[0] to be system, got %s", messages[0].Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	if messages[1].Get("role").String() != "assistant" || !messages[1].Get("tool_calls").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[1] to be assistant tool_calls, got %s: %s", messages[1].Get("role").String(), messages[1].Raw)
+	}
+
+	// tool message MUST immediately follow assistant(tool_calls) per OpenAI spec
+	if messages[2].Get("role").String() != "tool" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[2] to be tool (must follow tool_calls), got %s", messages[2].Get("role").String())
+	}
+	if got := messages[2].Get("tool_call_id").String(); got != "call_1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_call_id %q, got %q", "call_1", got)
+	}
+	if got := messages[2].Get("content").String(); got != "tool ok" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool content %q, got %q", "tool ok", got)
+	}
+
+	// User message comes after tool message
+	if messages[3].Get("role").String() != "user" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[3] to be user, got %s", messages[3].Get("role").String())
+	}
+	// User message should contain both "before" and "after" text
+	if got := messages[3].Get("content.0.text").String(); got != "before" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected user text[0] %q, got %q", "before", got)
+	}
+	if got := messages[3].Get("content.1.text").String(); got != "after" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected user text[1] %q, got %q", "after", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_ToolResultObjectContent(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "claude-3-opus",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "tool_use", "id": "call_1", "name": "do_work", "input": {"a": 1}}
+				]
+			},
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "tool_result", "tool_use_id": "call_1", "content": {"foo": "bar"}}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	// system + assistant(tool_calls) + tool(result)
+	if len(messages) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 3 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	if messages[2].Get("role").String() != "tool" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[2] to be tool, got %s", messages[2].Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	toolContent := messages[2].Get("content").String()
+	parsed := gjson.Parse(toolContent)
+	if parsed.Get("foo").String() != "bar" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool content JSON foo=bar, got %q", toolContent)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_AssistantTextToolUseTextOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "claude-3-opus",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "text", "text": "pre"},
+					{"type": "tool_use", "id": "call_1", "name": "do_work", "input": {"a": 1}},
+					{"type": "text", "text": "post"}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	// New behavior: content + tool_calls unified in single assistant message
+	// Expect: system + assistant(content[pre,post] + tool_calls)
+	if len(messages) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	if messages[0].Get("role").String() != "system" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[0] to be system, got %s", messages[0].Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	assistantMsg := messages[1]
+	if assistantMsg.Get("role").String() != "assistant" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[1] to be assistant, got %s", assistantMsg.Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	// Should have both content and tool_calls in same message
+	if !assistantMsg.Get("tool_calls").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected assistant message to have tool_calls")
+	}
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("tool_calls.0.id").String(); got != "call_1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_call id %q, got %q", "call_1", got)
+	}
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("tool_calls.0.function.name").String(); got != "do_work" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tool_call name %q, got %q", "do_work", got)
+	}
+
+	// Content should have both pre and post text
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("content.0.text").String(); got != "pre" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected content[0] text %q, got %q", "pre", got)
+	}
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("content.1.text").String(); got != "post" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected content[1] text %q, got %q", "post", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI_AssistantThinkingToolUseThinkingSplit(t *testing.T) {
+	inputJSON := `{
+		"model": "claude-3-opus",
+		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": [
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "t1"},
+					{"type": "text", "text": "pre"},
+					{"type": "tool_use", "id": "call_1", "name": "do_work", "input": {"a": 1}},
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "t2"},
+					{"type": "text", "text": "post"}
+				]
+			}
+		]
+	}`
+
+	result := ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI("test-model", []byte(inputJSON), false)
+	resultJSON := gjson.ParseBytes(result)
+	messages := resultJSON.Get("messages").Array()
+
+	// New behavior: all content, thinking, and tool_calls unified in single assistant message
+	// Expect: system + assistant(content[pre,post] + tool_calls + reasoning_content[t1+t2])
+	if len(messages) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 messages, got %d. Messages: %s", len(messages), resultJSON.Get("messages").Raw)
+	}
+
+	assistantMsg := messages[1]
+	if assistantMsg.Get("role").String() != "assistant" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected messages[1] to be assistant, got %s", assistantMsg.Get("role").String())
+	}
+
+	// Should have content with both pre and post
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("content.0.text").String(); got != "pre" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected content[0] text %q, got %q", "pre", got)
+	}
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("content.1.text").String(); got != "post" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected content[1] text %q, got %q", "post", got)
+	}
+
+	// Should have tool_calls
+	if !assistantMsg.Get("tool_calls").Exists() {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected assistant message to have tool_calls")
+	}
+
+	// Should have combined reasoning_content from both thinking blocks
+	if got := assistantMsg.Get("reasoning_content").String(); got != "t1\n\nt2" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected reasoning_content %q, got %q", "t1\n\nt2", got)
+	}
+}

internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_response.go

@@ -299,17 +299,16 @@ func convertOpenAIStreamingChunkToAnthropic(rawJSON []byte, param *ConvertOpenAI
 				inputTokens = promptTokens.Int()
 				outputTokens = completionTokens.Int()
 			}
+			// Send message_delta with usage
+			messageDeltaJSON := `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
+			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "delta.stop_reason", mapOpenAIFinishReasonToAnthropic(param.FinishReason))
+			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
+			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+			results = append(results, "event: message_delta\ndata: "+messageDeltaJSON+"\n\n")
+			param.MessageDeltaSent = true
+
+			emitMessageStopIfNeeded(param, &results)
 		}
-		// Send message_delta with usage
-		messageDeltaJSON := `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
-		messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "delta.stop_reason", mapOpenAIFinishReasonToAnthropic(param.FinishReason))
-		messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
-		messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
-		results = append(results, "event: message_delta\ndata: "+messageDeltaJSON+"\n\n")
-		param.MessageDeltaSent = true
-
-		emitMessageStopIfNeeded(param, &results)
-
 	}
 
 	return results
@@ -480,15 +479,15 @@ func collectOpenAIReasoningTexts(node gjson.Result) []string {
 
 	switch node.Type {
 	case gjson.String:
-		if text := strings.TrimSpace(node.String()); text != "" {
+		if text := node.String(); text != "" {
 			texts = append(texts, text)
 		}
 	case gjson.JSON:
 		if text := node.Get("text"); text.Exists() {
-			if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(text.String()); trimmed != "" {
-				texts = append(texts, trimmed)
+			if textStr := text.String(); textStr != "" {
+				texts = append(texts, textStr)
 			}
-		} else if raw := strings.TrimSpace(node.Raw); raw != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(raw, "{") && !strings.HasPrefix(raw, "[") {
+		} else if raw := node.Raw; raw != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(raw, "{") && !strings.HasPrefix(raw, "[") {
 			texts = append(texts, raw)
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/openai/openai/responses/openai_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -163,6 +163,14 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToOpenAIChatCompletions(modelName string, inpu
 		var chatCompletionsTools []interface{}
 
 		tools.ForEach(func(_, tool gjson.Result) bool {
+			// Built-in tools (e.g. {"type":"web_search"}) are already compatible with the Chat Completions schema.
+			// Only function tools need structural conversion because Chat Completions nests details under "function".
+			toolType := tool.Get("type").String()
+			if toolType != "" && toolType != "function" && tool.IsObject() {
+				chatCompletionsTools = append(chatCompletionsTools, tool.Value())
+				return true
+			}
+
 			chatTool := `{"type":"function","function":{}}`
 
 			// Convert tool structure from responses format to chat completions format

internal/util/gemini_schema.go

@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ func cleanupRequiredFields(jsonStr string) string {
 }
 
 // addEmptySchemaPlaceholder adds a placeholder "reason" property to empty object schemas.
-// Claude VALIDATED mode requires at least one property in tool schemas.
+// Claude VALIDATED mode requires at least one required property in tool schemas.
 func addEmptySchemaPlaceholder(jsonStr string) string {
 	// Find all "type" fields
 	paths := findPaths(jsonStr, "type")
@@ -364,6 +364,9 @@ func addEmptySchemaPlaceholder(jsonStr string) string {
 		// Check if properties exists and is empty or missing
 		propsPath := joinPath(parentPath, "properties")
 		propsVal := gjson.Get(jsonStr, propsPath)
+		reqPath := joinPath(parentPath, "required")
+		reqVal := gjson.Get(jsonStr, reqPath)
+		hasRequiredProperties := reqVal.IsArray() && len(reqVal.Array()) > 0
 
 		needsPlaceholder := false
 		if !propsVal.Exists() {
@@ -381,8 +384,22 @@ func addEmptySchemaPlaceholder(jsonStr string) string {
 			jsonStr, _ = sjson.Set(jsonStr, reasonPath+".description", "Brief explanation of why you are calling this tool")
 
 			// Add to required array
-			reqPath := joinPath(parentPath, "required")
 			jsonStr, _ = sjson.Set(jsonStr, reqPath, []string{"reason"})
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If schema has properties but none are required, add a minimal placeholder.
+		if propsVal.IsObject() && !hasRequiredProperties {
+			// DO NOT add placeholder if it's a top-level schema (parentPath is empty)
+			// or if we've already added a placeholder reason above.
+			if parentPath == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			placeholderPath := joinPath(propsPath, "_")
+			if !gjson.Get(jsonStr, placeholderPath).Exists() {
+				jsonStr, _ = sjson.Set(jsonStr, placeholderPath+".type", "boolean")
+			}
+			jsonStr, _ = sjson.Set(jsonStr, reqPath, []string{"_"})
 		}
 	}
 

internal/util/gemini_schema_test.go

@@ -127,8 +127,10 @@ func TestCleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity_AnyOfFlattening_SmartSelection(t *testing
 				"type": "object",
 				"description": "Accepts: null | object",
 				"properties": {
+					"_": { "type": "boolean" },
 					"kind": { "type": "string" }
-				}
+				},
+				"required": ["_"]
 			}
 		}
 	}`
@@ -614,71 +616,6 @@ func TestCleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity_MultipleNonNullTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestCleanJSONSchemaForGemini_PropertyNamesRemoval(t *testing.T) {
-	// propertyNames is used to validate object property names (e.g., must match a pattern)
-	// Gemini doesn't support this keyword and will reject requests containing it
-	input := `{
-		"type": "object",
-		"properties": {
-			"metadata": {
-				"type": "object",
-				"propertyNames": {
-					"pattern": "^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$"
-				},
-				"additionalProperties": {
-					"type": "string"
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}`
-
-	expected := `{
-		"type": "object",
-		"properties": {
-			"metadata": {
-				"type": "object"
-			}
-		}
-	}`
-
-	result := CleanJSONSchemaForGemini(input)
-	compareJSON(t, expected, result)
-
-	// Verify propertyNames is completely removed
-	if strings.Contains(result, "propertyNames") {
-		t.Errorf("propertyNames keyword should be removed, got: %s", result)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCleanJSONSchemaForGemini_PropertyNamesRemoval_Nested(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test deeply nested propertyNames (as seen in real Claude tool schemas)
-	input := `{
-		"type": "object",
-		"properties": {
-			"items": {
-				"type": "array",
-				"items": {
-					"type": "object",
-					"properties": {
-						"config": {
-							"type": "object",
-							"propertyNames": {
-								"type": "string"
-							}
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}`
-
-	result := CleanJSONSchemaForGemini(input)
-
-	if strings.Contains(result, "propertyNames") {
-		t.Errorf("Nested propertyNames should be removed, got: %s", result)
-	}
-}
-
 func compareJSON(t *testing.T, expectedJSON, actualJSON string) {
 	var expMap, actMap map[string]interface{}
 	errExp := json.Unmarshal([]byte(expectedJSON), &expMap)

internal/util/gemini_thinking.go

@@ -71,10 +71,13 @@ func ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body []byte, budget *int, includeThoughts *bool)
 		incl = &defaultInclude
 	}
 	if incl != nil {
-		valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
+		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
+			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
+			valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
+			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
+			if err == nil {
+				updated = rewritten
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return updated
@@ -99,10 +102,13 @@ func ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingConfig(body []byte, budget *int, includeThoughts *boo
 		incl = &defaultInclude
 	}
 	if incl != nil {
-		valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
+		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
+			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
+			valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
+			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
+			if err == nil {
+				updated = rewritten
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return updated
@@ -130,15 +136,15 @@ func ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body []byte, level string, includeThoughts *bool)
 		incl = &defaultInclude
 	}
 	if incl != nil {
-		valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
+		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
+			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
+			valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
+			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
+			if err == nil {
+				updated = rewritten
+			}
 		}
 	}
-	if it := gjson.GetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"); it.Exists() {
-		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
-	}
 	if tb := gjson.GetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"); tb.Exists() {
 		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
 	}
@@ -167,15 +173,15 @@ func ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body []byte, level string, includeThoughts *boo
 		incl = &defaultInclude
 	}
 	if incl != nil {
-		valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
+		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
+			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
+			valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
+			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
+			if err == nil {
+				updated = rewritten
+			}
 		}
 	}
-	if it := gjson.GetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"); it.Exists() {
-		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
-	}
 	if tb := gjson.GetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"); tb.Exists() {
 		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
 	}
@@ -251,9 +257,14 @@ func ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(model string, budget int) (string, bool) {
 
 // modelsWithDefaultThinking lists models that should have thinking enabled by default
 // when no explicit thinkingConfig is provided.
+// Note: Gemini 3 models are NOT included here because per Google's official documentation:
+//   - thinkingLevel defaults to "high" (dynamic thinking)
+//   - includeThoughts defaults to false
+//
+// We should not override these API defaults; let users explicitly configure if needed.
 var modelsWithDefaultThinking = map[string]bool{
-	"gemini-3-pro-preview":       true,
-	"gemini-3-pro-image-preview": true,
+	// "gemini-3-pro-preview":       true,
+	// "gemini-3-pro-image-preview": true,
 	// "gemini-3-flash-preview":     true,
 }
 
@@ -288,37 +299,73 @@ func ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model string, body []byte) []byte {
 
 // ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata applies thinkingLevel from metadata for Gemini 3 models.
 // For standard Gemini API format (generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal)).
+// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal))
+// or numeric budget suffix (e.g., model(1000)) which gets converted to a thinkingLevel.
 func ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	if !IsGemini3Model(model) {
+	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model type detection
+	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
+	if !IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) && !IsGemini3Model(model) {
 		return body
 	}
+
+	// Determine which model to use for validation
+	checkModel := model
+	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) {
+		checkModel = lookupModel
+	}
+
+	// First try to get effort string from metadata
 	effort, ok := ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if !ok || effort == "" {
-		return body
+	if ok && effort != "" {
+		if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(checkModel, effort); valid {
+			return ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+		}
 	}
-	// Validate and apply the thinkingLevel
-	if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(model, effort); valid {
-		return ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+
+	// Fallback: check for numeric budget and convert to thinkingLevel
+	budget, _, _, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
+	if matched && budget != nil {
+		if level, valid := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(checkModel, *budget); valid {
+			return ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+		}
 	}
+
 	return body
 }
 
 // ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI applies thinkingLevel from metadata for Gemini 3 models.
 // For Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal)).
+// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal))
+// or numeric budget suffix (e.g., model(1000)) which gets converted to a thinkingLevel.
 func ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	if !IsGemini3Model(model) {
+	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model type detection
+	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
+	if !IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) && !IsGemini3Model(model) {
 		return body
 	}
+
+	// Determine which model to use for validation
+	checkModel := model
+	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) {
+		checkModel = lookupModel
+	}
+
+	// First try to get effort string from metadata
 	effort, ok := ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if !ok || effort == "" {
-		return body
+	if ok && effort != "" {
+		if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(checkModel, effort); valid {
+			return ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+		}
 	}
-	// Validate and apply the thinkingLevel
-	if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(model, effort); valid {
-		return ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+
+	// Fallback: check for numeric budget and convert to thinkingLevel
+	budget, _, _, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
+	if matched && budget != nil {
+		if level, valid := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(checkModel, *budget); valid {
+			return ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
+		}
 	}
+
 	return body
 }
 
@@ -326,15 +373,17 @@ func ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(model string, metadata map[string]
 // For Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
 // Returns the modified body if thinkingConfig was added, otherwise returns the original.
 // For Gemini 3 models, uses thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget per Google's documentation.
-func ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(model string, body []byte) []byte {
-	if !ModelHasDefaultThinking(model) {
+func ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
+	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model property lookup
+	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
+	if !ModelHasDefaultThinking(lookupModel) && !ModelHasDefaultThinking(model) {
 		return body
 	}
 	if gjson.GetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig").Exists() {
 		return body
 	}
 	// Gemini 3 models use thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) {
+	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) || IsGemini3Model(model) {
 		// Don't set a default - let the API use its dynamic default ("high")
 		// Only set includeThoughts
 		updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)

internal/util/sanitize_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package util
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSanitizeFunctionName(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"Normal", "valid_name", "valid_name"},
+		{"With Dots", "name.with.dots", "name.with.dots"},
+		{"With Colons", "name:with:colons", "name:with:colons"},
+		{"With Dashes", "name-with-dashes", "name-with-dashes"},
+		{"Mixed Allowed", "name.with_dots:colons-dashes", "name.with_dots:colons-dashes"},
+		{"Invalid Characters", "name!with@invalid#chars", "name_with_invalid_chars"},
+		{"Spaces", "name with spaces", "name_with_spaces"},
+		{"Non-ASCII", "name_with_你好_chars", "name_with____chars"},
+		{"Starts with digit", "123name", "_123name"},
+		{"Starts with dot", ".name", "_.name"},
+		{"Starts with colon", ":name", "_:name"},
+		{"Starts with dash", "-name", "_-name"},
+		{"Starts with invalid char", "!name", "_name"},
+		{"Exactly 64 chars", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exactly_reaches_sixty_four_charact", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exactly_reaches_sixty_four_charact"},
+		{"Too long (65 chars)", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exactly_reaches_sixty_four_charactX", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exactly_reaches_sixty_four_charact"},
+		{"Very long", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exceeds_the_sixty_four_character_limit_for_function_names", "this_is_a_very_long_name_that_exceeds_the_sixty_four_character_l"},
+		{"Starts with digit (64 chars total)", "1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234", "_123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123"},
+		{"Starts with invalid char (64 chars total)", "!234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234", "_234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234"},
+		{"Empty", "", ""},
+		{"Single character invalid", "@", "_"},
+		{"Single character valid", "a", "a"},
+		{"Single character digit", "1", "_1"},
+		{"Single character underscore", "_", "_"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := SanitizeFunctionName(tt.input)
+			if got != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("SanitizeFunctionName(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.input, got, tt.expected)
+			}
+			// Verify Gemini compliance
+			if len(got) > 64 {
+				t.Errorf("SanitizeFunctionName(%q) result too long: %d", tt.input, len(got))
+			}
+			if len(got) > 0 {
+				first := got[0]
+				if !((first >= 'a' && first <= 'z') || (first >= 'A' && first <= 'Z') || first == '_') {
+					t.Errorf("SanitizeFunctionName(%q) result starts with invalid char: %c", tt.input, first)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/util/thinking.go

@@ -12,9 +12,18 @@ func ModelSupportsThinking(model string) bool {
 	if model == "" {
 		return false
 	}
+	// First check the global dynamic registry
 	if info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); info != nil {
 		return info.Thinking != nil
 	}
+	// Fallback: check static model definitions
+	if info := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(model); info != nil {
+		return info.Thinking != nil
+	}
+	// Fallback: check Antigravity static config
+	if cfg := registry.GetAntigravityModelConfig()[model]; cfg != nil {
+		return cfg.Thinking != nil
+	}
 	return false
 }
 
@@ -63,11 +72,19 @@ func thinkingRangeFromRegistry(model string) (found bool, min int, max int, zero
 	if model == "" {
 		return false, 0, 0, false, false
 	}
-	info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model)
-	if info == nil || info.Thinking == nil {
-		return false, 0, 0, false, false
+	// First check global dynamic registry
+	if info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); info != nil && info.Thinking != nil {
+		return true, info.Thinking.Min, info.Thinking.Max, info.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, info.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
 	}
-	return true, info.Thinking.Min, info.Thinking.Max, info.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, info.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
+	// Fallback: check static model definitions
+	if info := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(model); info != nil && info.Thinking != nil {
+		return true, info.Thinking.Min, info.Thinking.Max, info.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, info.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
+	}
+	// Fallback: check Antigravity static config
+	if cfg := registry.GetAntigravityModelConfig()[model]; cfg != nil && cfg.Thinking != nil {
+		return true, cfg.Thinking.Min, cfg.Thinking.Max, cfg.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, cfg.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
+	}
+	return false, 0, 0, false, false
 }
 
 // GetModelThinkingLevels returns the discrete reasoning effort levels for the model.

internal/util/thinking_suffix.go

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	ThinkingBudgetMetadataKey          = "thinking_budget"
-	ThinkingIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey = "thinking_include_thoughts"
-	ReasoningEffortMetadataKey         = "reasoning_effort"
-	ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey   = "thinking_original_model"
+	ThinkingBudgetMetadataKey            = "thinking_budget"
+	ThinkingIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey   = "thinking_include_thoughts"
+	ReasoningEffortMetadataKey           = "reasoning_effort"
+	ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey     = "thinking_original_model"
+	ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey = "model_mapping_original_model"
 )
 
 // NormalizeThinkingModel parses dynamic thinking suffixes on model names and returns
@@ -215,6 +216,13 @@ func ResolveOriginalModel(model string, metadata map[string]any) string {
 	}
 
 	if metadata != nil {
+		if v, ok := metadata[ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
+			if s, okStr := v.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+				if base := normalize(s); base != "" {
+					return base
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		if v, ok := metadata[ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
 			if s, okStr := v.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
 				if base := normalize(s); base != "" {

internal/util/util.go

@@ -4,16 +4,56 @@
 package util
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+var functionNameSanitizer = regexp.MustCompile(`[^a-zA-Z0-9_.:-]`)
+
+// SanitizeFunctionName ensures a function name matches the requirements for Gemini/Vertex AI.
+// It replaces invalid characters with underscores, ensures it starts with a letter or underscore,
+// and truncates it to 64 characters if necessary.
+// Regex Rule: [^a-zA-Z0-9_.:-] replaced with _.
+func SanitizeFunctionName(name string) string {
+	if name == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// Replace invalid characters with underscore
+	sanitized := functionNameSanitizer.ReplaceAllString(name, "_")
+
+	// Ensure it starts with a letter or underscore
+	// Re-reading requirements: Must start with a letter or an underscore.
+	if len(sanitized) > 0 {
+		first := sanitized[0]
+		if !((first >= 'a' && first <= 'z') || (first >= 'A' && first <= 'Z') || first == '_') {
+			// If it starts with an allowed character but not allowed at the beginning (digit, dot, colon, dash),
+			// we must prepend an underscore.
+
+			// To stay within the 64-character limit while prepending, we must truncate first.
+			if len(sanitized) >= 64 {
+				sanitized = sanitized[:63]
+			}
+			sanitized = "_" + sanitized
+		}
+	} else {
+		sanitized = "_"
+	}
+
+	// Truncate to 64 characters
+	if len(sanitized) > 64 {
+		sanitized = sanitized[:64]
+	}
+	return sanitized
+}
+
 // SetLogLevel configures the logrus log level based on the configuration.
 // It sets the log level to DebugLevel if debug mode is enabled, otherwise to InfoLevel.
 func SetLogLevel(cfg *config.Config) {
@@ -53,36 +93,23 @@ func ResolveAuthDir(authDir string) (string, error) {
 	return filepath.Clean(authDir), nil
 }
 
-// CountAuthFiles returns the number of JSON auth files located under the provided directory.
-// The function resolves leading tildes to the user's home directory and performs a case-insensitive
-// match on the ".json" suffix so that files saved with uppercase extensions are also counted.
-func CountAuthFiles(authDir string) int {
-	dir, err := ResolveAuthDir(authDir)
+// CountAuthFiles returns the number of auth records available through the provided Store.
+// For filesystem-backed stores, this reflects the number of JSON auth files under the configured directory.
+func CountAuthFiles[T any](ctx context.Context, store interface {
+	List(context.Context) ([]T, error)
+}) int {
+	if store == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	entries, err := store.List(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("countAuthFiles: failed to resolve auth directory: %v", err)
+		log.Debugf("countAuthFiles: failed to list auth records: %v", err)
 		return 0
 	}
-	if dir == "" {
-		return 0
-	}
-	count := 0
-	walkErr := filepath.WalkDir(dir, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("countAuthFiles: error accessing %s: %v", path, err)
-			return nil
-		}
-		if d.IsDir() {
-			return nil
-		}
-		if strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(d.Name()), ".json") {
-			count++
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	if walkErr != nil {
-		log.Debugf("countAuthFiles: walk error: %v", walkErr)
-	}
-	return count
+	return len(entries)
 }
 
 // WritablePath returns the cleaned WRITABLE_PATH environment variable when it is set.

internal/watcher/config_reload.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func (w *Watcher) reloadConfig() bool {
 	}
 
 	authDirChanged := oldConfig == nil || oldConfig.AuthDir != newConfig.AuthDir
-	forceAuthRefresh := oldConfig != nil && oldConfig.ForceModelPrefix != newConfig.ForceModelPrefix
+	forceAuthRefresh := oldConfig != nil && (oldConfig.ForceModelPrefix != newConfig.ForceModelPrefix || !reflect.DeepEqual(oldConfig.OAuthModelMappings, newConfig.OAuthModelMappings))
 
 	log.Infof("config successfully reloaded, triggering client reload")
 	w.reloadClients(authDirChanged, affectedOAuthProviders, forceAuthRefresh)

internal/watcher/diff/config_diff.go

@@ -90,6 +90,11 @@ func BuildConfigChangeDetails(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config) []string {
 			if !equalStringMap(o.Headers, n.Headers) {
 				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("gemini[%d].headers: updated", i))
 			}
+			oldModels := SummarizeGeminiModels(o.Models)
+			newModels := SummarizeGeminiModels(n.Models)
+			if oldModels.hash != newModels.hash {
+				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("gemini[%d].models: updated (%d -> %d entries)", i, oldModels.count, newModels.count))
+			}
 			oldExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(o.ExcludedModels)
 			newExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(n.ExcludedModels)
 			if oldExcluded.hash != newExcluded.hash {
@@ -120,6 +125,11 @@ func BuildConfigChangeDetails(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config) []string {
 			if !equalStringMap(o.Headers, n.Headers) {
 				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("claude[%d].headers: updated", i))
 			}
+			oldModels := SummarizeClaudeModels(o.Models)
+			newModels := SummarizeClaudeModels(n.Models)
+			if oldModels.hash != newModels.hash {
+				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("claude[%d].models: updated (%d -> %d entries)", i, oldModels.count, newModels.count))
+			}
 			oldExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(o.ExcludedModels)
 			newExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(n.ExcludedModels)
 			if oldExcluded.hash != newExcluded.hash {
@@ -150,6 +160,11 @@ func BuildConfigChangeDetails(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config) []string {
 			if !equalStringMap(o.Headers, n.Headers) {
 				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("codex[%d].headers: updated", i))
 			}
+			oldModels := SummarizeCodexModels(o.Models)
+			newModels := SummarizeCodexModels(n.Models)
+			if oldModels.hash != newModels.hash {
+				changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("codex[%d].models: updated (%d -> %d entries)", i, oldModels.count, newModels.count))
+			}
 			oldExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(o.ExcludedModels)
 			newExcluded := SummarizeExcludedModels(n.ExcludedModels)
 			if oldExcluded.hash != newExcluded.hash {
@@ -185,10 +200,18 @@ func BuildConfigChangeDetails(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config) []string {
 	if oldCfg.AmpCode.ForceModelMappings != newCfg.AmpCode.ForceModelMappings {
 		changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("ampcode.force-model-mappings: %t -> %t", oldCfg.AmpCode.ForceModelMappings, newCfg.AmpCode.ForceModelMappings))
 	}
+	oldUpstreamAPIKeysCount := len(oldCfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys)
+	newUpstreamAPIKeysCount := len(newCfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys)
+	if !equalUpstreamAPIKeys(oldCfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys, newCfg.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys) {
+		changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("ampcode.upstream-api-keys: updated (%d -> %d entries)", oldUpstreamAPIKeysCount, newUpstreamAPIKeysCount))
+	}
 
 	if entries, _ := DiffOAuthExcludedModelChanges(oldCfg.OAuthExcludedModels, newCfg.OAuthExcludedModels); len(entries) > 0 {
 		changes = append(changes, entries...)
 	}
+	if entries, _ := DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldCfg.OAuthModelMappings, newCfg.OAuthModelMappings); len(entries) > 0 {
+		changes = append(changes, entries...)
+	}
 
 	// Remote management (never print the key)
 	if oldCfg.RemoteManagement.AllowRemote != newCfg.RemoteManagement.AllowRemote {
@@ -301,3 +324,43 @@ func formatProxyURL(raw string) string {
 	}
 	return scheme + "://" + host
 }
+
+func equalStringSet(a, b []string) bool {
+	if len(a) == 0 && len(b) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	aSet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a))
+	for _, k := range a {
+		aSet[strings.TrimSpace(k)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	bSet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(b))
+	for _, k := range b {
+		bSet[strings.TrimSpace(k)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if len(aSet) != len(bSet) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for k := range aSet {
+		if _, ok := bSet[k]; !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// equalUpstreamAPIKeys compares two slices of AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry for equality.
+// Comparison is done by count and content (upstream key and client keys).
+func equalUpstreamAPIKeys(a, b []config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry) bool {
+	if len(a) != len(b) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i := range a {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(a[i].UpstreamAPIKey) != strings.TrimSpace(b[i].UpstreamAPIKey) {
+			return false
+		}
+		if !equalStringSet(a[i].APIKeys, b[i].APIKeys) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

internal/watcher/diff/model_hash.go

@@ -56,6 +56,36 @@ func ComputeClaudeModelsHash(models []config.ClaudeModel) string {
 	return hashJoined(keys)
 }
 
+// ComputeCodexModelsHash returns a stable hash for Codex model aliases.
+func ComputeCodexModelsHash(models []config.CodexModel) string {
+	keys := normalizeModelPairs(func(out func(key string)) {
+		for _, model := range models {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+			if name == "" && alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			out(strings.ToLower(name) + "|" + strings.ToLower(alias))
+		}
+	})
+	return hashJoined(keys)
+}
+
+// ComputeGeminiModelsHash returns a stable hash for Gemini model aliases.
+func ComputeGeminiModelsHash(models []config.GeminiModel) string {
+	keys := normalizeModelPairs(func(out func(key string)) {
+		for _, model := range models {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+			if name == "" && alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			out(strings.ToLower(name) + "|" + strings.ToLower(alias))
+		}
+	})
+	return hashJoined(keys)
+}
+
 // ComputeExcludedModelsHash returns a normalized hash for excluded model lists.
 func ComputeExcludedModelsHash(excluded []string) string {
 	if len(excluded) == 0 {

internal/watcher/diff/model_hash_test.go

@@ -81,6 +81,15 @@ func TestComputeClaudeModelsHash_Empty(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestComputeCodexModelsHash_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := ComputeCodexModelsHash(nil); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty hash for nil models, got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := ComputeCodexModelsHash([]config.CodexModel{}); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty hash for empty slice, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestComputeClaudeModelsHash_IgnoresBlankAndDedup(t *testing.T) {
 	a := []config.ClaudeModel{
 		{Name: "m1", Alias: "a1"},
@@ -95,6 +104,20 @@ func TestComputeClaudeModelsHash_IgnoresBlankAndDedup(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestComputeCodexModelsHash_IgnoresBlankAndDedup(t *testing.T) {
+	a := []config.CodexModel{
+		{Name: "m1", Alias: "a1"},
+		{Name: " "},
+		{Name: "M1", Alias: "A1"},
+	}
+	b := []config.CodexModel{
+		{Name: "m1", Alias: "a1"},
+	}
+	if h1, h2 := ComputeCodexModelsHash(a), ComputeCodexModelsHash(b); h1 == "" || h1 != h2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected same hash ignoring blanks/dupes, got %q / %q", h1, h2)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestComputeExcludedModelsHash_Normalizes(t *testing.T) {
 	hash1 := ComputeExcludedModelsHash([]string{" A ", "b", "a"})
 	hash2 := ComputeExcludedModelsHash([]string{"a", " b", "A"})
@@ -157,3 +180,15 @@ func TestComputeClaudeModelsHash_Deterministic(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected different hash when models change, got %s", h3)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestComputeCodexModelsHash_Deterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	models := []config.CodexModel{{Name: "a", Alias: "A"}, {Name: "b"}}
+	h1 := ComputeCodexModelsHash(models)
+	h2 := ComputeCodexModelsHash(models)
+	if h1 == "" || h1 != h2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected deterministic hash, got %s / %s", h1, h2)
+	}
+	if h3 := ComputeCodexModelsHash([]config.CodexModel{{Name: "a"}}); h3 == h1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected different hash when models change, got %s", h3)
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/diff/models_summary.go

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package diff
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+)
+
+type GeminiModelsSummary struct {
+	hash  string
+	count int
+}
+
+type ClaudeModelsSummary struct {
+	hash  string
+	count int
+}
+
+type CodexModelsSummary struct {
+	hash  string
+	count int
+}
+
+type VertexModelsSummary struct {
+	hash  string
+	count int
+}
+
+// SummarizeGeminiModels hashes Gemini model aliases for change detection.
+func SummarizeGeminiModels(models []config.GeminiModel) GeminiModelsSummary {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return GeminiModelsSummary{}
+	}
+	keys := normalizeModelPairs(func(out func(key string)) {
+		for _, model := range models {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+			if name == "" && alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			out(strings.ToLower(name) + "|" + strings.ToLower(alias))
+		}
+	})
+	return GeminiModelsSummary{
+		hash:  hashJoined(keys),
+		count: len(keys),
+	}
+}
+
+// SummarizeClaudeModels hashes Claude model aliases for change detection.
+func SummarizeClaudeModels(models []config.ClaudeModel) ClaudeModelsSummary {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return ClaudeModelsSummary{}
+	}
+	keys := normalizeModelPairs(func(out func(key string)) {
+		for _, model := range models {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+			if name == "" && alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			out(strings.ToLower(name) + "|" + strings.ToLower(alias))
+		}
+	})
+	return ClaudeModelsSummary{
+		hash:  hashJoined(keys),
+		count: len(keys),
+	}
+}
+
+// SummarizeCodexModels hashes Codex model aliases for change detection.
+func SummarizeCodexModels(models []config.CodexModel) CodexModelsSummary {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return CodexModelsSummary{}
+	}
+	keys := normalizeModelPairs(func(out func(key string)) {
+		for _, model := range models {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+			if name == "" && alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			out(strings.ToLower(name) + "|" + strings.ToLower(alias))
+		}
+	})
+	return CodexModelsSummary{
+		hash:  hashJoined(keys),
+		count: len(keys),
+	}
+}
+
+// SummarizeVertexModels hashes Vertex-compatible model aliases for change detection.
+func SummarizeVertexModels(models []config.VertexCompatModel) VertexModelsSummary {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return VertexModelsSummary{}
+	}
+	names := make([]string, 0, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+		if name == "" && alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if alias != "" {
+			name = alias
+		}
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+	if len(names) == 0 {
+		return VertexModelsSummary{}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strings.Join(names, "|")))
+	return VertexModelsSummary{
+		hash:  hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]),
+		count: len(names),
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/diff/oauth_excluded.go

@@ -116,36 +116,3 @@ func SummarizeAmpModelMappings(mappings []config.AmpModelMapping) AmpModelMappin
 		count: len(entries),
 	}
 }
-
-type VertexModelsSummary struct {
-	hash  string
-	count int
-}
-
-// SummarizeVertexModels hashes vertex-compatible models for change detection.
-func SummarizeVertexModels(models []config.VertexCompatModel) VertexModelsSummary {
-	if len(models) == 0 {
-		return VertexModelsSummary{}
-	}
-	names := make([]string, 0, len(models))
-	for _, m := range models {
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(m.Name)
-		alias := strings.TrimSpace(m.Alias)
-		if name == "" && alias == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if alias != "" {
-			name = alias
-		}
-		names = append(names, name)
-	}
-	if len(names) == 0 {
-		return VertexModelsSummary{}
-	}
-	sort.Strings(names)
-	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strings.Join(names, "|")))
-	return VertexModelsSummary{
-		hash:  hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]),
-		count: len(names),
-	}
-}

internal/watcher/diff/oauth_model_mappings.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package diff
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+)
+
+type OAuthModelMappingsSummary struct {
+	hash  string
+	count int
+}
+
+// SummarizeOAuthModelMappings summarizes OAuth model mappings per channel.
+func SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) map[string]OAuthModelMappingsSummary {
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]OAuthModelMappingsSummary, len(entries))
+	for k, v := range entries {
+		key := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(k))
+		if key == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out[key] = summarizeOAuthModelMappingList(v)
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges compares OAuth model mappings maps.
+func DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldMap, newMap map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) ([]string, []string) {
+	oldSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(oldMap)
+	newSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(newMap)
+	keys := make(map[string]struct{}, len(oldSummary)+len(newSummary))
+	for k := range oldSummary {
+		keys[k] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for k := range newSummary {
+		keys[k] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	changes := make([]string, 0, len(keys))
+	affected := make([]string, 0, len(keys))
+	for key := range keys {
+		oldInfo, okOld := oldSummary[key]
+		newInfo, okNew := newSummary[key]
+		switch {
+		case okOld && !okNew:
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: removed", key))
+			affected = append(affected, key)
+		case !okOld && okNew:
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: added (%d entries)", key, newInfo.count))
+			affected = append(affected, key)
+		case okOld && okNew && oldInfo.hash != newInfo.hash:
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: updated (%d -> %d entries)", key, oldInfo.count, newInfo.count))
+			affected = append(affected, key)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(changes)
+	sort.Strings(affected)
+	return changes, affected
+}
+
+func summarizeOAuthModelMappingList(list []config.ModelNameMapping) OAuthModelMappingsSummary {
+	if len(list) == 0 {
+		return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{}
+	}
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(list))
+	normalized := make([]string, 0, len(list))
+	for _, mapping := range list {
+		name := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Name))
+		alias := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Alias))
+		if name == "" || alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		key := name + "->" + alias
+		if mapping.Fork {
+			key += "|fork"
+		}
+		if _, exists := seen[key]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+		normalized = append(normalized, key)
+	}
+	if len(normalized) == 0 {
+		return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(normalized)
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strings.Join(normalized, "|")))
+	return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{
+		hash:  hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]),
+		count: len(normalized),
+	}
+}

internal/watcher/synthesizer/config.go

@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ func (s *ConfigSynthesizer) synthesizeGeminiKeys(ctx *SynthesisContext) []*corea
 		if base != "" {
 			attrs["base_url"] = base
 		}
+		if hash := diff.ComputeGeminiModelsHash(entry.Models); hash != "" {
+			attrs["models_hash"] = hash
+		}
 		addConfigHeadersToAttrs(entry.Headers, attrs)
 		a := &coreauth.Auth{
 			ID:         id,
@@ -147,6 +150,9 @@ func (s *ConfigSynthesizer) synthesizeCodexKeys(ctx *SynthesisContext) []*coreau
 		if ck.BaseURL != "" {
 			attrs["base_url"] = ck.BaseURL
 		}
+		if hash := diff.ComputeCodexModelsHash(ck.Models); hash != "" {
+			attrs["models_hash"] = hash
+		}
 		addConfigHeadersToAttrs(ck.Headers, attrs)
 		proxyURL := strings.TrimSpace(ck.ProxyURL)
 		a := &coreauth.Auth{

sdk/api/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -618,7 +618,22 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) WriteErrorResponse(c *gin.Context, msg *interfaces.Erro
 	}
 
 	body := BuildErrorResponseBody(status, errText)
-	c.Set("API_RESPONSE", bytes.Clone(body))
+	// Append first to preserve upstream response logs, then drop duplicate payloads if already recorded.
+	var previous []byte
+	if existing, exists := c.Get("API_RESPONSE"); exists {
+		if existingBytes, ok := existing.([]byte); ok && len(existingBytes) > 0 {
+			previous = bytes.Clone(existingBytes)
+		}
+	}
+	appendAPIResponse(c, body)
+	trimmedErrText := strings.TrimSpace(errText)
+	trimmedBody := bytes.TrimSpace(body)
+	if len(previous) > 0 {
+		if (trimmedErrText != "" && bytes.Contains(previous, []byte(trimmedErrText))) ||
+			(len(trimmedBody) > 0 && bytes.Contains(previous, trimmedBody)) {
+			c.Set("API_RESPONSE", previous)
+		}
+	}
 
 	if !c.Writer.Written() {
 		c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")

sdk/api/management.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Package api exposes helpers for embedding CLIProxyAPI.
+//
+// It wraps internal management handler types so external projects can integrate
+// management endpoints without importing internal packages.
+package api
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	internalmanagement "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers/management"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+// ManagementTokenRequester exposes a limited subset of management endpoints for requesting tokens.
+type ManagementTokenRequester interface {
+	RequestAnthropicToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestGeminiCLIToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestCodexToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestAntigravityToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestQwenToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestIFlowToken(*gin.Context)
+	RequestIFlowCookieToken(*gin.Context)
+	GetAuthStatus(c *gin.Context)
+	PostOAuthCallback(c *gin.Context)
+}
+
+type managementTokenRequester struct {
+	handler *internalmanagement.Handler
+}
+
+// NewManagementTokenRequester creates a limited management handler exposing only token request endpoints.
+func NewManagementTokenRequester(cfg *config.Config, manager *coreauth.Manager) ManagementTokenRequester {
+	return &managementTokenRequester{
+		handler: internalmanagement.NewHandlerWithoutConfigFilePath(cfg, manager),
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestAnthropicToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestAnthropicToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestGeminiCLIToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestCodexToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestAntigravityToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestAntigravityToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestQwenToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestQwenToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestIFlowToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestIFlowToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) RequestIFlowCookieToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.RequestIFlowCookieToken(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) GetAuthStatus(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.GetAuthStatus(c)
+}
+
+func (m *managementTokenRequester) PostOAuthCallback(c *gin.Context) {
+	m.handler.PostOAuthCallback(c)
+}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/conductor.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -111,6 +112,9 @@ type Manager struct {
 	requestRetry     atomic.Int32
 	maxRetryInterval atomic.Int64
 
+	// modelNameMappings stores global model name alias mappings (alias -> upstream name) keyed by channel.
+	modelNameMappings atomic.Value
+
 	// Optional HTTP RoundTripper provider injected by host.
 	rtProvider RoundTripperProvider
 
@@ -385,22 +389,8 @@ func (m *Manager) executeWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string, req
 			return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errPick
 		}
 
-		accountType, accountInfo := auth.AccountInfo()
-		proxyInfo := auth.ProxyInfo()
 		entry := logEntryWithRequestID(ctx)
-		if accountType == "api_key" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model)
-			}
-		} else if accountType == "oauth" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s %s", accountInfo, req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s", accountInfo, req.Model)
-			}
-		}
+		debugLogAuthSelection(entry, auth, provider, req.Model)
 
 		tried[auth.ID] = struct{}{}
 		execCtx := ctx
@@ -410,6 +400,7 @@ func (m *Manager) executeWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string, req
 		}
 		execReq := req
 		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
+		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
 		resp, errExec := executor.Execute(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -446,22 +437,8 @@ func (m *Manager) executeCountWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string,
 			return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errPick
 		}
 
-		accountType, accountInfo := auth.AccountInfo()
-		proxyInfo := auth.ProxyInfo()
 		entry := logEntryWithRequestID(ctx)
-		if accountType == "api_key" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model)
-			}
-		} else if accountType == "oauth" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s %s", accountInfo, req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s", accountInfo, req.Model)
-			}
-		}
+		debugLogAuthSelection(entry, auth, provider, req.Model)
 
 		tried[auth.ID] = struct{}{}
 		execCtx := ctx
@@ -471,6 +448,7 @@ func (m *Manager) executeCountWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string,
 		}
 		execReq := req
 		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
+		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
 		resp, errExec := executor.CountTokens(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -507,22 +485,8 @@ func (m *Manager) executeStreamWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string
 			return nil, errPick
 		}
 
-		accountType, accountInfo := auth.AccountInfo()
-		proxyInfo := auth.ProxyInfo()
 		entry := logEntryWithRequestID(ctx)
-		if accountType == "api_key" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), req.Model)
-			}
-		} else if accountType == "oauth" {
-			if proxyInfo != "" {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s %s", accountInfo, req.Model, proxyInfo)
-			} else {
-				entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s", accountInfo, req.Model)
-			}
-		}
+		debugLogAuthSelection(entry, auth, provider, req.Model)
 
 		tried[auth.ID] = struct{}{}
 		execCtx := ctx
@@ -532,6 +496,7 @@ func (m *Manager) executeStreamWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string
 		}
 		execReq := req
 		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
+		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
 		chunks, errStream := executor.ExecuteStream(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		if errStream != nil {
 			rerr := &Error{Message: errStream.Error()}
@@ -592,6 +557,7 @@ func stripPrefixFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any, needle string) map[string]
 	keys := []string{
 		util.ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey,
 		util.GeminiOriginalModelMetadataKey,
+		util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey,
 	}
 	var out map[string]any
 	for _, key := range keys {
@@ -1529,6 +1495,9 @@ func (m *Manager) markRefreshPending(id string, now time.Time) bool {
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) refreshAuth(ctx context.Context, id string) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
 	m.mu.RLock()
 	auth := m.auths[id]
 	var exec ProviderExecutor
@@ -1541,6 +1510,10 @@ func (m *Manager) refreshAuth(ctx context.Context, id string) {
 	}
 	cloned := auth.Clone()
 	updated, err := exec.Refresh(ctx, cloned)
+	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		log.Debugf("refresh canceled for %s, %s", auth.Provider, auth.ID)
+		return
+	}
 	log.Debugf("refreshed %s, %s, %v", auth.Provider, auth.ID, err)
 	now := time.Now()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1610,6 +1583,59 @@ func logEntryWithRequestID(ctx context.Context) *log.Entry {
 	return log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger())
 }
 
+func debugLogAuthSelection(entry *log.Entry, auth *Auth, provider string, model string) {
+	if !log.IsLevelEnabled(log.DebugLevel) {
+		return
+	}
+	if entry == nil || auth == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	accountType, accountInfo := auth.AccountInfo()
+	proxyInfo := auth.ProxyInfo()
+	suffix := ""
+	if proxyInfo != "" {
+		suffix = " " + proxyInfo
+	}
+	switch accountType {
+	case "api_key":
+		entry.Debugf("Use API key %s for model %s%s", util.HideAPIKey(accountInfo), model, suffix)
+	case "oauth":
+		ident := formatOauthIdentity(auth, provider, accountInfo)
+		entry.Debugf("Use OAuth %s for model %s%s", ident, model, suffix)
+	}
+}
+
+func formatOauthIdentity(auth *Auth, provider string, accountInfo string) string {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// Prefer the auth's provider when available.
+	providerName := strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider)
+	if providerName == "" {
+		providerName = strings.TrimSpace(provider)
+	}
+	// Only log the basename to avoid leaking host paths.
+	// FileName may be unset for some auth backends; fall back to ID.
+	authFile := strings.TrimSpace(auth.FileName)
+	if authFile == "" {
+		authFile = strings.TrimSpace(auth.ID)
+	}
+	if authFile != "" {
+		authFile = filepath.Base(authFile)
+	}
+	parts := make([]string, 0, 3)
+	if providerName != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "provider="+providerName)
+	}
+	if authFile != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "auth_file="+authFile)
+	}
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return accountInfo
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, " ")
+}
+
 // InjectCredentials delegates per-provider HTTP request preparation when supported.
 // If the registered executor for the auth provider implements RequestPreparer,
 // it will be invoked to modify the request (e.g., add headers).

sdk/cliproxy/auth/model_name_mappings.go

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+)
+
+type modelNameMappingTable struct {
+	// reverse maps channel -> alias (lower) -> original upstream model name.
+	reverse map[string]map[string]string
+}
+
+func compileModelNameMappingTable(mappings map[string][]internalconfig.ModelNameMapping) *modelNameMappingTable {
+	if len(mappings) == 0 {
+		return &modelNameMappingTable{}
+	}
+	out := &modelNameMappingTable{
+		reverse: make(map[string]map[string]string, len(mappings)),
+	}
+	for rawChannel, entries := range mappings {
+		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
+		if channel == "" || len(entries) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		rev := make(map[string]string, len(entries))
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias)
+			if name == "" || alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if strings.EqualFold(name, alias) {
+				continue
+			}
+			aliasKey := strings.ToLower(alias)
+			if _, exists := rev[aliasKey]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			rev[aliasKey] = name
+		}
+		if len(rev) > 0 {
+			out.reverse[channel] = rev
+		}
+	}
+	if len(out.reverse) == 0 {
+		out.reverse = nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// SetOAuthModelMappings updates the OAuth model name mapping table used during execution.
+// The mapping is applied per-auth channel to resolve the upstream model name while keeping the
+// client-visible model name unchanged for translation/response formatting.
+func (m *Manager) SetOAuthModelMappings(mappings map[string][]internalconfig.ModelNameMapping) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	table := compileModelNameMappingTable(mappings)
+	// atomic.Value requires non-nil store values.
+	if table == nil {
+		table = &modelNameMappingTable{}
+	}
+	m.modelNameMappings.Store(table)
+}
+
+// applyOAuthModelMapping resolves the upstream model from OAuth model mappings
+// and returns the resolved model along with updated metadata. If a mapping exists,
+// the returned model is the upstream model and metadata contains the original
+// requested model for response translation.
+func (m *Manager) applyOAuthModelMapping(auth *Auth, requestedModel string, metadata map[string]any) (string, map[string]any) {
+	upstreamModel := m.resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth, requestedModel)
+	if upstreamModel == "" {
+		return requestedModel, metadata
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]any, 1)
+	if len(metadata) > 0 {
+		out = make(map[string]any, len(metadata)+1)
+		for k, v := range metadata {
+			out[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	// Store the requested alias (e.g., "gp") so downstream can use it to look up
+	// model metadata from the global registry where it was registered under this alias.
+	out[util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey] = requestedModel
+	return upstreamModel, out
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	if m == nil || auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	channel := modelMappingChannel(auth)
+	if channel == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	key := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel))
+	if key == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	raw := m.modelNameMappings.Load()
+	table, _ := raw.(*modelNameMappingTable)
+	if table == nil || table.reverse == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	rev := table.reverse[channel]
+	if rev == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	original := strings.TrimSpace(rev[key])
+	if original == "" || strings.EqualFold(original, requestedModel) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return original
+}
+
+// modelMappingChannel extracts the OAuth model mapping channel from an Auth object.
+// It determines the provider and auth kind from the Auth's attributes and delegates
+// to OAuthModelMappingChannel for the actual channel resolution.
+func modelMappingChannel(auth *Auth) string {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+	authKind := ""
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["auth_kind"]))
+	}
+	if authKind == "" {
+		if kind, _ := auth.AccountInfo(); strings.EqualFold(kind, "api_key") {
+			authKind = "apikey"
+		}
+	}
+	return OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind)
+}
+
+// OAuthModelMappingChannel returns the OAuth model mapping channel name for a given provider
+// and auth kind. Returns empty string if the provider/authKind combination doesn't support
+// OAuth model mappings (e.g., API key authentication).
+//
+// Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
+func OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind string) string {
+	provider = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider))
+	authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(authKind))
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini":
+		// gemini provider uses gemini-api-key config, not oauth-model-mappings.
+		// OAuth-based gemini auth is converted to "gemini-cli" by the synthesizer.
+		return ""
+	case "vertex":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "vertex"
+	case "claude":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "claude"
+	case "codex":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "codex"
+	case "gemini-cli", "aistudio", "antigravity", "qwen", "iflow":
+		return provider
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}

sdk/cliproxy/builder.go

@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Build() (*Service, error) {
 	}
 	// Attach a default RoundTripper provider so providers can opt-in per-auth transports.
 	coreManager.SetRoundTripperProvider(newDefaultRoundTripperProvider())
+	coreManager.SetOAuthModelMappings(b.cfg.OAuthModelMappings)
 
 	service := &Service{
 		cfg:            b.cfg,

sdk/cliproxy/model_registry.go

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
 // ModelInfo re-exports the registry model info structure.
 type ModelInfo = registry.ModelInfo
 
+// ModelRegistryHook re-exports the registry hook interface for external integrations.
+type ModelRegistryHook = registry.ModelRegistryHook
+
 // ModelRegistry describes registry operations consumed by external callers.
 type ModelRegistry interface {
 	RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models []*ModelInfo)
@@ -13,9 +16,15 @@ type ModelRegistry interface {
 	ClearModelQuotaExceeded(clientID, modelID string)
 	ClientSupportsModel(clientID, modelID string) bool
 	GetAvailableModels(handlerType string) []map[string]any
+	GetAvailableModelsByProvider(provider string) []*ModelInfo
 }
 
 // GlobalModelRegistry returns the shared registry instance.
 func GlobalModelRegistry() ModelRegistry {
 	return registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
 }
+
+// SetGlobalModelRegistryHook registers an optional hook on the shared global registry instance.
+func SetGlobalModelRegistryHook(hook ModelRegistryHook) {
+	registry.GetGlobalRegistry().SetHook(hook)
+}

sdk/cliproxy/service.go

@@ -552,6 +552,9 @@ func (s *Service) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		s.cfgMu.Lock()
 		s.cfg = newCfg
 		s.cfgMu.Unlock()
+		if s.coreManager != nil {
+			s.coreManager.SetOAuthModelMappings(newCfg.OAuthModelMappings)
+		}
 		s.rebindExecutors()
 	}
 
@@ -677,6 +680,11 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 		return
 	}
 	authKind := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(a.Attributes["auth_kind"]))
+	if authKind == "" {
+		if kind, _ := a.AccountInfo(); strings.EqualFold(kind, "api_key") {
+			authKind = "apikey"
+		}
+	}
 	if a.Attributes != nil {
 		if v := strings.TrimSpace(a.Attributes["gemini_virtual_primary"]); strings.EqualFold(v, "true") {
 			GlobalModelRegistry().UnregisterClient(a.ID)
@@ -702,6 +710,9 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 	case "gemini":
 		models = registry.GetGeminiModels()
 		if entry := s.resolveConfigGeminiKey(a); entry != nil {
+			if len(entry.Models) > 0 {
+				models = buildGeminiConfigModels(entry)
+			}
 			if authKind == "apikey" {
 				excluded = entry.ExcludedModels
 			}
@@ -741,6 +752,9 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 	case "codex":
 		models = registry.GetOpenAIModels()
 		if entry := s.resolveConfigCodexKey(a); entry != nil {
+			if len(entry.Models) > 0 {
+				models = buildCodexConfigModels(entry)
+			}
 			if authKind == "apikey" {
 				excluded = entry.ExcludedModels
 			}
@@ -833,6 +847,7 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	models = applyOAuthModelMappings(s.cfg, provider, authKind, models)
 	if len(models) > 0 {
 		key := provider
 		if key == "" {
@@ -1104,17 +1119,22 @@ func matchWildcard(pattern, value string) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-func buildVertexCompatConfigModels(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) []*ModelInfo {
-	if entry == nil || len(entry.Models) == 0 {
+type modelEntry interface {
+	GetName() string
+	GetAlias() string
+}
+
+func buildConfigModels[T modelEntry](models []T, ownedBy, modelType string) []*ModelInfo {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 	now := time.Now().Unix()
-	out := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entry.Models))
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(entry.Models))
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
+	out := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(models))
+	for i := range models {
+		model := models[i]
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.GetName())
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.GetAlias())
 		if alias == "" {
 			alias = name
 		}
@@ -1130,52 +1150,176 @@ func buildVertexCompatConfigModels(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) []*ModelInfo {
 		if display == "" {
 			display = alias
 		}
-		out = append(out, &ModelInfo{
+		info := &ModelInfo{
 			ID:          alias,
 			Object:      "model",
 			Created:     now,
-			OwnedBy:     "vertex",
-			Type:        "vertex",
+			OwnedBy:     ownedBy,
+			Type:        modelType,
 			DisplayName: display,
-		})
+		}
+		if name != "" {
+			if upstream := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(name); upstream != nil && upstream.Thinking != nil {
+				info.Thinking = upstream.Thinking
+			}
+		}
+		out = append(out, info)
 	}
 	return out
 }
 
-func buildClaudeConfigModels(entry *config.ClaudeKey) []*ModelInfo {
-	if entry == nil || len(entry.Models) == 0 {
+func buildVertexCompatConfigModels(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) []*ModelInfo {
+	if entry == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	now := time.Now().Unix()
-	out := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entry.Models))
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(entry.Models))
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		alias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
-		if alias == "" {
-			alias = name
-		}
-		if alias == "" {
+	return buildConfigModels(entry.Models, "google", "vertex")
+}
+
+func buildGeminiConfigModels(entry *config.GeminiKey) []*ModelInfo {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return buildConfigModels(entry.Models, "google", "gemini")
+}
+
+func buildClaudeConfigModels(entry *config.ClaudeKey) []*ModelInfo {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return buildConfigModels(entry.Models, "anthropic", "claude")
+}
+
+func buildCodexConfigModels(entry *config.CodexKey) []*ModelInfo {
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return buildConfigModels(entry.Models, "openai", "openai")
+}
+
+func rewriteModelInfoName(name, oldID, newID string) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return name
+	}
+	oldID = strings.TrimSpace(oldID)
+	newID = strings.TrimSpace(newID)
+	if oldID == "" || newID == "" {
+		return name
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(oldID, newID) {
+		return name
+	}
+	if strings.HasSuffix(trimmed, "/"+oldID) {
+		prefix := strings.TrimSuffix(trimmed, oldID)
+		return prefix + newID
+	}
+	if trimmed == "models/"+oldID {
+		return "models/" + newID
+	}
+	return name
+}
+
+func applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg *config.Config, provider, authKind string, models []*ModelInfo) []*ModelInfo {
+	if cfg == nil || len(models) == 0 {
+		return models
+	}
+	channel := coreauth.OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind)
+	if channel == "" || len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+		return models
+	}
+	mappings := cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]
+	if len(mappings) == 0 {
+		return models
+	}
+
+	type mappingEntry struct {
+		alias string
+		fork  bool
+	}
+
+	forward := make(map[string]mappingEntry, len(mappings))
+	for i := range mappings {
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(mappings[i].Name)
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(mappings[i].Alias)
+		if name == "" || alias == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		key := strings.ToLower(alias)
-		if _, exists := seen[key]; exists {
+		if strings.EqualFold(name, alias) {
 			continue
 		}
-		seen[key] = struct{}{}
-		display := name
-		if display == "" {
-			display = alias
+		key := strings.ToLower(name)
+		if _, exists := forward[key]; exists {
+			continue
 		}
-		out = append(out, &ModelInfo{
-			ID:          alias,
-			Object:      "model",
-			Created:     now,
-			OwnedBy:     "claude",
-			Type:        "claude",
-			DisplayName: display,
-		})
+		forward[key] = mappingEntry{alias: alias, fork: mappings[i].Fork}
+	}
+	if len(forward) == 0 {
+		return models
+	}
+	out := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(models))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(models))
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		id := strings.TrimSpace(model.ID)
+		if id == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(id)
+		entry, ok := forward[key]
+		if !ok {
+			if _, exists := seen[key]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[key] = struct{}{}
+			out = append(out, model)
+			continue
+		}
+		mappedID := strings.TrimSpace(entry.alias)
+		if mappedID == "" {
+			if _, exists := seen[key]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[key] = struct{}{}
+			out = append(out, model)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if entry.fork {
+			if _, exists := seen[key]; !exists {
+				seen[key] = struct{}{}
+				out = append(out, model)
+			}
+			aliasKey := strings.ToLower(mappedID)
+			if _, exists := seen[aliasKey]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[aliasKey] = struct{}{}
+			clone := *model
+			clone.ID = mappedID
+			if clone.Name != "" {
+				clone.Name = rewriteModelInfoName(clone.Name, id, mappedID)
+			}
+			out = append(out, &clone)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		uniqueKey := strings.ToLower(mappedID)
+		if _, exists := seen[uniqueKey]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[uniqueKey] = struct{}{}
+		if mappedID == id {
+			out = append(out, model)
+			continue
+		}
+		clone := *model
+		clone.ID = mappedID
+		if clone.Name != "" {
+			clone.Name = rewriteModelInfoName(clone.Name, id, mappedID)
+		}
+		out = append(out, &clone)
 	}
 	return out
 }

sdk/cliproxy/service_oauth_model_mappings_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package cliproxy
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_Rename(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{
+			"codex": {
+				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	models := []*ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "gpt-5", Name: "models/gpt-5"},
+	}
+
+	out := applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 model, got %d", len(out))
+	}
+	if out[0].ID != "g5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model id %q, got %q", "g5", out[0].ID)
+	}
+	if out[0].Name != "models/g5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected model name %q, got %q", "models/g5", out[0].Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{
+			"codex": {
+				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5", Fork: true},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	models := []*ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "gpt-5", Name: "models/gpt-5"},
+	}
+
+	out := applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
+	if len(out) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 models, got %d", len(out))
+	}
+	if out[0].ID != "gpt-5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected first model id %q, got %q", "gpt-5", out[0].ID)
+	}
+	if out[1].ID != "g5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected second model id %q, got %q", "g5", out[1].ID)
+	}
+	if out[1].Name != "models/g5" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected forked model name %q, got %q", "models/g5", out[1].Name)
+	}
+}

sdk/config/config.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ type StreamingConfig = internalconfig.StreamingConfig
 type TLSConfig = internalconfig.TLSConfig
 type RemoteManagement = internalconfig.RemoteManagement
 type AmpCode = internalconfig.AmpCode
+type ModelNameMapping = internalconfig.ModelNameMapping
 type PayloadConfig = internalconfig.PayloadConfig
 type PayloadRule = internalconfig.PayloadRule
 type PayloadModelRule = internalconfig.PayloadModelRule

test/amp_management_test.go

@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ func setupAmpRouter(h *management.Handler) *gin.Engine {
 		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/upstream-api-key", h.GetAmpUpstreamAPIKey)
 		mgmt.PUT("/ampcode/upstream-api-key", h.PutAmpUpstreamAPIKey)
 		mgmt.DELETE("/ampcode/upstream-api-key", h.DeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKey)
+		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", h.GetAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.PUT("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", h.PutAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", h.PatchAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
+		mgmt.DELETE("/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", h.DeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKeys)
 		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/restrict-management-to-localhost", h.GetAmpRestrictManagementToLocalhost)
 		mgmt.PUT("/ampcode/restrict-management-to-localhost", h.PutAmpRestrictManagementToLocalhost)
 		mgmt.GET("/ampcode/model-mappings", h.GetAmpModelMappings)
@@ -188,6 +192,90 @@ func TestPutAmpUpstreamAPIKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestPutAmpUpstreamAPIKeys_PersistsAndReturns(t *testing.T) {
+	h, configPath := newAmpTestHandler(t)
+	r := setupAmpRouter(h)
+
+	body := `{"value":[{"upstream-api-key":"  u1  ","api-keys":["  k1  ","","k2"]}]}`
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, "/v0/management/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", bytes.NewBufferString(body))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d: %s", http.StatusOK, w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+
+	// Verify it was persisted to disk
+	loaded, err := config.LoadConfig(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load config from disk: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(loaded.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 upstream-api-keys entry, got %d", len(loaded.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys))
+	}
+	entry := loaded.AmpCode.UpstreamAPIKeys[0]
+	if entry.UpstreamAPIKey != "u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected upstream-api-key u1, got %q", entry.UpstreamAPIKey)
+	}
+	if len(entry.APIKeys) != 2 || entry.APIKeys[0] != "k1" || entry.APIKeys[1] != "k2" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected api-keys [k1 k2], got %#v", entry.APIKeys)
+	}
+
+	// Verify it is returned by GET /ampcode
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v0/management/ampcode", nil)
+	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d", http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	}
+	var resp map[string]config.AmpCode
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal response: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := resp["ampcode"].UpstreamAPIKeys; len(got) != 1 || got[0].UpstreamAPIKey != "u1" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected upstream-api-keys to be present after update, got %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKeys_ClearsAll(t *testing.T) {
+	h, _ := newAmpTestHandler(t)
+	r := setupAmpRouter(h)
+
+	// Seed with one entry
+	putBody := `{"value":[{"upstream-api-key":"u1","api-keys":["k1"]}]}`
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, "/v0/management/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", bytes.NewBufferString(putBody))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d: %s", http.StatusOK, w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+
+	deleteBody := `{"value":[]}`
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodDelete, "/v0/management/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", bytes.NewBufferString(deleteBody))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d", http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	}
+
+	req = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v0/management/ampcode/upstream-api-keys", nil)
+	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status %d, got %d", http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	}
+	var resp map[string][]config.AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal response: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resp["upstream-api-keys"] != nil && len(resp["upstream-api-keys"]) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cleared list, got %#v", resp["upstream-api-keys"])
+	}
+}
+
 // TestDeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKey verifies DELETE /v0/management/ampcode/upstream-api-key clears the API key.
 func TestDeleteAmpUpstreamAPIKey(t *testing.T) {
 	h, _ := newAmpTestHandler(t)

test/builtin_tools_translation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator"
+
+	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestOpenAIToCodex_PreservesBuiltinTools(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []byte(`{
+		"model":"gpt-5",
+		"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],
+		"tools":[{"type":"web_search","search_context_size":"high"}],
+		"tool_choice":{"type":"web_search"}
+	}`)
+
+	out := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(sdktranslator.FormatOpenAI, sdktranslator.FormatCodex, "gpt-5", in, false)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.#").Int(); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 tool, got %d: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.type").String(); got != "web_search" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected tools[0].type=web_search, got %q: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.search_context_size").String(); got != "high" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected tools[0].search_context_size=high, got %q: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tool_choice.type").String(); got != "web_search" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected tool_choice.type=web_search, got %q: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenAIResponsesToOpenAI_PreservesBuiltinTools(t *testing.T) {
+	in := []byte(`{
+		"model":"gpt-5",
+		"input":[{"role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"hi"}]}],
+		"tools":[{"type":"web_search","search_context_size":"low"}]
+	}`)
+
+	out := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(sdktranslator.FormatOpenAIResponse, sdktranslator.FormatOpenAI, "gpt-5", in, false)
+
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.#").Int(); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 tool, got %d: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.type").String(); got != "web_search" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected tools[0].type=web_search, got %q: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+	if got := gjson.GetBytes(out, "tools.0.search_context_size").String(); got != "low" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected tools[0].search_context_size=low, got %q: %s", got, string(out))
+	}
+}

test/model_alias_thinking_suffix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+package test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/executor"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// TestModelAliasThinkingSuffix tests the 32 test cases defined in docs/thinking_suffix_test_cases.md
+// These tests verify the thinking suffix parsing and application logic across different providers.
+func TestModelAliasThinkingSuffix(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		id            int
+		name          string
+		provider      string
+		requestModel  string
+		suffixType    string
+		expectedField string // "thinkingBudget", "thinkingLevel", "budget_tokens", "reasoning_effort", "enable_thinking"
+		expectedValue any
+		upstreamModel string // The upstream model after alias resolution
+		isAlias       bool
+	}{
+		// === 1. Antigravity Provider ===
+		// 1.1 Budget-only models (Gemini 2.5)
+		{1, "antigravity_original_numeric", "antigravity", "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 1000, "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025", false},
+		{2, "antigravity_alias_numeric", "antigravity", "gp(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 1000, "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025", true},
+		// 1.2 Budget+Levels models (Gemini 3)
+		{3, "antigravity_original_numeric_to_level", "antigravity", "gemini-3-flash-preview(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{4, "antigravity_original_level", "antigravity", "gemini-3-flash-preview(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{5, "antigravity_alias_numeric_to_level", "antigravity", "gf(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+		{6, "antigravity_alias_level", "antigravity", "gf(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+
+		// === 2. Gemini CLI Provider ===
+		// 2.1 Budget-only models
+		{7, "gemini_cli_original_numeric", "gemini-cli", "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 8192, "gemini-2.5-pro", false},
+		{8, "gemini_cli_alias_numeric", "gemini-cli", "g25p(8192)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 8192, "gemini-2.5-pro", true},
+		// 2.2 Budget+Levels models
+		{9, "gemini_cli_original_numeric_to_level", "gemini-cli", "gemini-3-flash-preview(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{10, "gemini_cli_original_level", "gemini-cli", "gemini-3-flash-preview(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{11, "gemini_cli_alias_numeric_to_level", "gemini-cli", "gf(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+		{12, "gemini_cli_alias_level", "gemini-cli", "gf(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+
+		// === 3. Vertex Provider ===
+		// 3.1 Budget-only models
+		{13, "vertex_original_numeric", "vertex", "gemini-2.5-pro(16384)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 16384, "gemini-2.5-pro", false},
+		{14, "vertex_alias_numeric", "vertex", "vg25p(16384)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 16384, "gemini-2.5-pro", true},
+		// 3.2 Budget+Levels models
+		{15, "vertex_original_numeric_to_level", "vertex", "gemini-3-flash-preview(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{16, "vertex_original_level", "vertex", "gemini-3-flash-preview(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{17, "vertex_alias_numeric_to_level", "vertex", "vgf(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+		{18, "vertex_alias_level", "vertex", "vgf(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+
+		// === 4. AI Studio Provider ===
+		// 4.1 Budget-only models
+		{19, "aistudio_original_numeric", "aistudio", "gemini-2.5-pro(12000)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 12000, "gemini-2.5-pro", false},
+		{20, "aistudio_alias_numeric", "aistudio", "ag25p(12000)", "numeric", "thinkingBudget", 12000, "gemini-2.5-pro", true},
+		// 4.2 Budget+Levels models
+		{21, "aistudio_original_numeric_to_level", "aistudio", "gemini-3-flash-preview(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{22, "aistudio_original_level", "aistudio", "gemini-3-flash-preview(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
+		{23, "aistudio_alias_numeric_to_level", "aistudio", "agf(1000)", "numeric", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+		{24, "aistudio_alias_level", "aistudio", "agf(low)", "level", "thinkingLevel", "low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
+
+		// === 5. Claude Provider ===
+		{25, "claude_original_numeric", "claude", "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929(16384)", "numeric", "budget_tokens", 16384, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", false},
+		{26, "claude_alias_numeric", "claude", "cs45(16384)", "numeric", "budget_tokens", 16384, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", true},
+
+		// === 6. Codex Provider ===
+		{27, "codex_original_level", "codex", "gpt-5(high)", "level", "reasoning_effort", "high", "gpt-5", false},
+		{28, "codex_alias_level", "codex", "g5(high)", "level", "reasoning_effort", "high", "gpt-5", true},
+
+		// === 7. Qwen Provider ===
+		{29, "qwen_original_level", "qwen", "qwen3-coder-plus(high)", "level", "enable_thinking", true, "qwen3-coder-plus", false},
+		{30, "qwen_alias_level", "qwen", "qcp(high)", "level", "enable_thinking", true, "qwen3-coder-plus", true},
+
+		// === 8. iFlow Provider ===
+		{31, "iflow_original_level", "iflow", "glm-4.7(high)", "level", "reasoning_effort", "high", "glm-4.7", false},
+		{32, "iflow_alias_level", "iflow", "glm(high)", "level", "reasoning_effort", "high", "glm-4.7", true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Step 1: Parse model suffix (simulates SDK layer normalization)
+			// For "gp(1000)" -> requestedModel="gp", metadata={thinking_budget: 1000}
+			requestedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(tt.requestModel)
+
+			// Verify suffix was parsed
+			if metadata == nil && (tt.suffixType == "numeric" || tt.suffixType == "level") {
+				t.Errorf("Case #%d: NormalizeThinkingModel(%q) metadata is nil", tt.id, tt.requestModel)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Step 2: Simulate OAuth model mapping
+			// Real flow: applyOAuthModelMapping stores requestedModel (the alias) in metadata
+			if tt.isAlias {
+				if metadata == nil {
+					metadata = make(map[string]any)
+				}
+				metadata[util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey] = requestedModel
+			}
+
+			// Step 3: Verify metadata extraction
+			switch tt.suffixType {
+			case "numeric":
+				budget, _, _, matched := util.ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
+				if !matched {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: ThinkingFromMetadata did not match", tt.id)
+					return
+				}
+				if budget == nil {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: expected budget in metadata", tt.id)
+					return
+				}
+				// For thinkingBudget/budget_tokens, verify the parsed budget value
+				if tt.expectedField == "thinkingBudget" || tt.expectedField == "budget_tokens" {
+					expectedBudget := tt.expectedValue.(int)
+					if *budget != expectedBudget {
+						t.Errorf("Case #%d: budget = %d, want %d", tt.id, *budget, expectedBudget)
+					}
+				}
+				// For thinkingLevel (Gemini 3), verify conversion from budget to level
+				if tt.expectedField == "thinkingLevel" {
+					level, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(tt.upstreamModel, *budget)
+					if !ok {
+						t.Errorf("Case #%d: ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level failed", tt.id)
+						return
+					}
+					expectedLevel := tt.expectedValue.(string)
+					if level != expectedLevel {
+						t.Errorf("Case #%d: converted level = %q, want %q", tt.id, level, expectedLevel)
+					}
+				}
+
+			case "level":
+				_, _, effort, matched := util.ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
+				if !matched {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: ThinkingFromMetadata did not match", tt.id)
+					return
+				}
+				if effort == nil {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: expected effort in metadata", tt.id)
+					return
+				}
+				if tt.expectedField == "thinkingLevel" || tt.expectedField == "reasoning_effort" {
+					expectedEffort := tt.expectedValue.(string)
+					if *effort != expectedEffort {
+						t.Errorf("Case #%d: effort = %q, want %q", tt.id, *effort, expectedEffort)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Step 4: Test Gemini-specific thinkingLevel conversion for Gemini 3 models
+			if tt.expectedField == "thinkingLevel" && util.IsGemini3Model(tt.upstreamModel) {
+				body := []byte(`{"request":{"contents":[]}}`)
+
+				// Build metadata simulating real OAuth flow:
+				// - requestedModel (alias like "gf") is stored in model_mapping_original_model
+				// - upstreamModel is passed as the model parameter
+				testMetadata := make(map[string]any)
+				if tt.isAlias {
+					// Real flow: applyOAuthModelMapping stores requestedModel (the alias)
+					testMetadata[util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey] = requestedModel
+				}
+				// Copy parsed metadata (thinking_budget, reasoning_effort, etc.)
+				for k, v := range metadata {
+					testMetadata[k] = v
+				}
+
+				result := util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(tt.upstreamModel, testMetadata, body)
+				levelVal := gjson.GetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
+
+				expectedLevel := tt.expectedValue.(string)
+				if !levelVal.Exists() {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: expected thinkingLevel in result", tt.id)
+				} else if levelVal.String() != expectedLevel {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: thinkingLevel = %q, want %q", tt.id, levelVal.String(), expectedLevel)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Step 5: Test Gemini 2.5 thinkingBudget application using real ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI flow
+			if tt.expectedField == "thinkingBudget" && util.IsGemini25Model(tt.upstreamModel) {
+				body := []byte(`{"request":{"contents":[]}}`)
+
+				// Build metadata simulating real OAuth flow:
+				// - requestedModel (alias like "gp") is stored in model_mapping_original_model
+				// - upstreamModel is passed as the model parameter
+				testMetadata := make(map[string]any)
+				if tt.isAlias {
+					// Real flow: applyOAuthModelMapping stores requestedModel (the alias)
+					testMetadata[util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey] = requestedModel
+				}
+				// Copy parsed metadata (thinking_budget, reasoning_effort, etc.)
+				for k, v := range metadata {
+					testMetadata[k] = v
+				}
+
+				// Use the exported ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI which includes the fallback logic
+				result := executor.ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(body, testMetadata, tt.upstreamModel)
+				budgetVal := gjson.GetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
+
+				expectedBudget := tt.expectedValue.(int)
+				if !budgetVal.Exists() {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: expected thinkingBudget in result", tt.id)
+				} else if int(budgetVal.Int()) != expectedBudget {
+					t.Errorf("Case #%d: thinkingBudget = %d, want %d", tt.id, int(budgetVal.Int()), expectedBudget)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}