Fixed: #1109

feat(translator): enhance session ID derivation with user_id parsing in Claude

README.md

@@ -130,6 +130,10 @@ Windows-native CLIProxyAPI fork with TUI, system tray, and multi-provider OAuth
 
 VSCode extension for quick switching between Claude Code models, featuring integrated CLIProxyAPI as its backend with automatic background lifecycle management.
 
+### [ZeroLimit](https://github.com/0xtbug/zero-limit)
+
+Windows desktop app built with Tauri + React for monitoring AI coding assistant quotas via CLIProxyAPI. Track usage across Gemini, Claude, OpenAI Codex, and Antigravity accounts with real-time dashboard, system tray integration, and one-click proxy control - no API keys needed.
+
 > [!NOTE]  
 > If you developed a project based on CLIProxyAPI, please open a PR to add it to this list.
 

README_CN.md

@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ CLI 封装器，用于通过 CLIProxyAPI OAuth 即时切换多个 Claude 账户
 
 一款 VSCode 扩展，提供了在 VSCode 中快速切换 Claude Code 模型的功能，内置 CLIProxyAPI 作为其后端，支持后台自动启动和关闭。
 
+### [ZeroLimit](https://github.com/0xtbug/zero-limit)
+
+Windows 桌面应用，基于 Tauri + React 构建，用于通过 CLIProxyAPI 监控 AI 编程助手配额。支持跨 Gemini、Claude、OpenAI Codex 和 Antigravity 账户的使用量追踪，提供实时仪表盘、系统托盘集成和一键代理控制，无需 API 密钥。
+
 > [!NOTE]  
 > 如果你开发了基于 CLIProxyAPI 的项目，请提交一个 PR（拉取请求）将其添加到此列表中。
 

config.example.yaml

@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #   keepalive-seconds: 15   # Default: 0 (disabled). <= 0 disables keep-alives.
 #   bootstrap-retries: 1    # Default: 0 (disabled). Retries before first byte is sent.
 
+# When true, enable official Codex instructions injection for Codex API requests.
+# When false (default), CodexInstructionsForModel returns immediately without modification.
+codex-instructions-enabled: false
+
 # Gemini API keys
 # gemini-api-key:
 #   - api-key: "AIzaSy...01"
@@ -137,6 +141,15 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #       - "claude-3-*"               # wildcard matching prefix (e.g. claude-3-7-sonnet-20250219)
 #       - "*-thinking"               # wildcard matching suffix (e.g. claude-opus-4-5-thinking)
 #       - "*haiku*"                  # wildcard matching substring (e.g. claude-3-5-haiku-20241022)
+#     cloak:                         # optional: request cloaking for non-Claude-Code clients
+#       mode: "auto"                 # "auto" (default): cloak only when client is not Claude Code
+#                                    # "always": always apply cloaking
+#                                    # "never": never apply cloaking
+#       strict-mode: false           # false (default): prepend Claude Code prompt to user system messages
+#                                    # true: strip all user system messages, keep only Claude Code prompt
+#       sensitive-words:             # optional: words to obfuscate with zero-width characters
+#         - "API"
+#         - "proxy"
 
 # OpenAI compatibility providers
 # openai-compatibility:
@@ -201,12 +214,27 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #     - from: "claude-haiku-4-5-20251001"
 #       to: "gemini-2.5-flash"
 
-# Global OAuth model name mappings (per channel)
-# These mappings rename model IDs for both model listing and request routing.
+# Global OAuth model name aliases (per channel)
+# These aliases rename model IDs for both model listing and request routing.
 # Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
-# NOTE: Mappings do not apply to gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, or ampcode.
+# NOTE: Aliases do not apply to gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, or ampcode.
 # You can repeat the same name with different aliases to expose multiple client model names.
-# oauth-model-mappings:
+oauth-model-alias:
+  antigravity:
+    - name: "rev19-uic3-1p"
+      alias: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"
+    - name: "gemini-3-pro-image"
+      alias: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"
+    - name: "gemini-3-pro-high"
+      alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
+    - name: "gemini-3-flash"
+      alias: "gemini-3-flash-preview"
+    - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5"
+      alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5"
+    - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
+      alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
+    - name: "claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
+      alias: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
 #   gemini-cli:
 #     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"          # original model name under this channel
 #       alias: "g2.5p"                  # client-visible alias
@@ -217,9 +245,6 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #   aistudio:
 #     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
 #       alias: "g2.5p"
-#   antigravity:
-#     - name: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
-#       alias: "g3p"
 #   claude:
 #     - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
 #       alias: "cs4.5"
@@ -263,9 +288,21 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #           protocol: "gemini" # restricts the rule to a specific protocol, options: openai, gemini, claude, codex
 #       params: # JSON path (gjson/sjson syntax) -> value
 #         "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget": 32768
+#   default-raw: # Default raw rules set parameters using raw JSON when missing (must be valid JSON).
+#     - models:
+#         - name: "gemini-2.5-pro" # Supports wildcards (e.g., "gemini-*")
+#           protocol: "gemini" # restricts the rule to a specific protocol, options: openai, gemini, claude, codex
+#       params: # JSON path (gjson/sjson syntax) -> raw JSON value (strings are used as-is, must be valid JSON)
+#         "generationConfig.responseJsonSchema": "{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"answer\":{\"type\":\"string\"}}}"
 #   override: # Override rules always set parameters, overwriting any existing values.
 #     - models:
 #         - name: "gpt-*" # Supports wildcards (e.g., "gpt-*")
 #           protocol: "codex" # restricts the rule to a specific protocol, options: openai, gemini, claude, codex
 #       params: # JSON path (gjson/sjson syntax) -> value
 #         "reasoning.effort": "high"
+#   override-raw: # Override raw rules always set parameters using raw JSON (must be valid JSON).
+#     - models:
+#         - name: "gpt-*" # Supports wildcards (e.g., "gpt-*")
+#           protocol: "codex" # restricts the rule to a specific protocol, options: openai, gemini, claude, codex
+#       params: # JSON path (gjson/sjson syntax) -> raw JSON value (strings are used as-is, must be valid JSON)
+#         "response_format": "{\"type\":\"json_schema\",\"json_schema\":{\"name\":\"answer\",\"schema\":{\"type\":\"object\"}}}"

docker-compose.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ services:
       - "51121:51121"
       - "11451:11451"
     volumes:
-      - ./config.yaml:/CLIProxyAPI/config.yaml
-      - ./auths:/root/.cli-proxy-api
-      - ./logs:/CLIProxyAPI/logs
+      - ${CLI_PROXY_CONFIG_PATH:-./config.yaml}:/CLIProxyAPI/config.yaml
+      - ${CLI_PROXY_AUTH_PATH:-./auths}:/root/.cli-proxy-api
+      - ${CLI_PROXY_LOG_PATH:-./logs}:/CLIProxyAPI/logs
     restart: unless-stopped

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package management
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -1383,9 +1385,16 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
 		claims, _ := codex.ParseJWTToken(tokenResp.IDToken)
 		email := ""
 		accountID := ""
+		planType := ""
 		if claims != nil {
 			email = claims.GetUserEmail()
 			accountID = claims.GetAccountID()
+			planType = strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptPlanType)
+		}
+		hashAccountID := ""
+		if accountID != "" {
+			digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte(accountID))
+			hashAccountID = hex.EncodeToString(digest[:])[:8]
 		}
 		// Build bundle compatible with existing storage
 		bundle := &codex.CodexAuthBundle{
@@ -1402,10 +1411,11 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		// Create token storage and persist
 		tokenStorage := openaiAuth.CreateTokenStorage(bundle)
+		fileName := codex.CredentialFileName(tokenStorage.Email, planType, hashAccountID, true)
 		record := &coreauth.Auth{
-			ID:       fmt.Sprintf("codex-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
+			ID:       fileName,
 			Provider: "codex",
-			FileName: fmt.Sprintf("codex-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
+			FileName: fileName,
 			Storage:  tokenStorage,
 			Metadata: map[string]any{
 				"email":      tokenStorage.Email,
@@ -1703,7 +1713,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestQwenToken(c *gin.Context) {
 		// Create token storage
 		tokenStorage := qwenAuth.CreateTokenStorage(tokenData)
 
-		tokenStorage.Email = fmt.Sprintf("qwen-%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
+		tokenStorage.Email = fmt.Sprintf("%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
 		record := &coreauth.Auth{
 			ID:       fmt.Sprintf("qwen-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
 			Provider: "qwen",
@@ -1808,7 +1818,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestIFlowToken(c *gin.Context) {
 		tokenStorage := authSvc.CreateTokenStorage(tokenData)
 		identifier := strings.TrimSpace(tokenStorage.Email)
 		if identifier == "" {
-			identifier = fmt.Sprintf("iflow-%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
+			identifier = fmt.Sprintf("%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
 			tokenStorage.Email = identifier
 		}
 		record := &coreauth.Auth{
@@ -1893,15 +1903,17 @@ func (h *Handler) RequestIFlowCookieToken(c *gin.Context) {
 	fileName := iflowauth.SanitizeIFlowFileName(email)
 	if fileName == "" {
 		fileName = fmt.Sprintf("iflow-%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
+	} else {
+		fileName = fmt.Sprintf("iflow-%s", fileName)
 	}
 
 	tokenStorage.Email = email
 	timestamp := time.Now().Unix()
 
 	record := &coreauth.Auth{
-		ID:       fmt.Sprintf("iflow-%s-%d.json", fileName, timestamp),
+		ID:       fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d.json", fileName, timestamp),
 		Provider: "iflow",
-		FileName: fmt.Sprintf("iflow-%s-%d.json", fileName, timestamp),
+		FileName: fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d.json", fileName, timestamp),
 		Storage:  tokenStorage,
 		Metadata: map[string]any{
 			"email":        email,
@@ -2108,7 +2120,20 @@ func performGeminiCLISetup(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, storage
 			finalProjectID := projectID
 			if responseProjectID != "" {
 				if explicitProject && !strings.EqualFold(responseProjectID, projectID) {
-					log.Warnf("Gemini onboarding returned project %s instead of requested %s; keeping requested project ID.", responseProjectID, projectID)
+					// Check if this is a free user (gen-lang-client projects or free/legacy tier)
+					isFreeUser := strings.HasPrefix(projectID, "gen-lang-client-") ||
+						strings.EqualFold(tierID, "FREE") ||
+						strings.EqualFold(tierID, "LEGACY")
+
+					if isFreeUser {
+						// For free users, use backend project ID for preview model access
+						log.Infof("Gemini onboarding: frontend project %s maps to backend project %s", projectID, responseProjectID)
+						log.Infof("Using backend project ID: %s (recommended for preview model access)", responseProjectID)
+						finalProjectID = responseProjectID
+					} else {
+						// Pro users: keep requested project ID (original behavior)
+						log.Warnf("Gemini onboarding returned project %s instead of requested %s; keeping requested project ID.", responseProjectID, projectID)
+					}
 				} else {
 					finalProjectID = responseProjectID
 				}

internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go

@@ -703,21 +703,21 @@ func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthExcludedModels(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.persist(c)
 }
 
-// oauth-model-mappings: map[string][]ModelNameMapping
-func (h *Handler) GetOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
-	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"oauth-model-mappings": sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings)})
+// oauth-model-alias: map[string][]OAuthModelAlias
+func (h *Handler) GetOAuthModelAlias(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"oauth-model-alias": sanitizedOAuthModelAlias(h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias)})
 }
 
-func (h *Handler) PutOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+func (h *Handler) PutOAuthModelAlias(c *gin.Context) {
 	data, err := c.GetRawData()
 	if err != nil {
 		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
 		return
 	}
-	var entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping
+	var entries map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias
 	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &entries); err != nil {
 		var wrapper struct {
-			Items map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping `json:"items"`
+			Items map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias `json:"items"`
 		}
 		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &wrapper); err2 != nil {
 			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
@@ -725,15 +725,15 @@ func (h *Handler) PutOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 		entries = wrapper.Items
 	}
-	h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(entries)
+	h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias = sanitizedOAuthModelAlias(entries)
 	h.persist(c)
 }
 
-func (h *Handler) PatchOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+func (h *Handler) PatchOAuthModelAlias(c *gin.Context) {
 	var body struct {
-		Provider *string                   `json:"provider"`
-		Channel  *string                   `json:"channel"`
-		Mappings []config.ModelNameMapping `json:"mappings"`
+		Provider *string                  `json:"provider"`
+		Channel  *string                  `json:"channel"`
+		Aliases  []config.OAuthModelAlias `json:"aliases"`
 	}
 	if errBindJSON := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); errBindJSON != nil {
 		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
@@ -751,32 +751,32 @@ func (h *Handler) PatchOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	normalizedMap := sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{channel: body.Mappings})
+	normalizedMap := sanitizedOAuthModelAlias(map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias{channel: body.Aliases})
 	normalized := normalizedMap[channel]
 	if len(normalized) == 0 {
-		if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
+		if h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias == nil {
 			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
 			return
 		}
-		if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]; !ok {
+		if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias[channel]; !ok {
 			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
 			return
 		}
-		delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings, channel)
-		if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
-			h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = nil
+		delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias, channel)
+		if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias) == 0 {
+			h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias = nil
 		}
 		h.persist(c)
 		return
 	}
-	if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
-		h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = make(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping)
+	if h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias == nil {
+		h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias = make(map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias)
 	}
-	h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel] = normalized
+	h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias[channel] = normalized
 	h.persist(c)
 }
 
-func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
+func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthModelAlias(c *gin.Context) {
 	channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("channel")))
 	if channel == "" {
 		channel = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("provider")))
@@ -785,17 +785,17 @@ func (h *Handler) DeleteOAuthModelMappings(c *gin.Context) {
 		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing channel"})
 		return
 	}
-	if h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings == nil {
+	if h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias == nil {
 		c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
 		return
 	}
-	if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]; !ok {
+	if _, ok := h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias[channel]; !ok {
 		c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "channel not found"})
 		return
 	}
-	delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings, channel)
-	if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
-		h.cfg.OAuthModelMappings = nil
+	delete(h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias, channel)
+	if len(h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias) == 0 {
+		h.cfg.OAuthModelAlias = nil
 	}
 	h.persist(c)
 }
@@ -1042,26 +1042,26 @@ func normalizeVertexCompatKey(entry *config.VertexCompatKey) {
 	entry.Models = normalized
 }
 
-func sanitizedOAuthModelMappings(entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping {
+func sanitizedOAuthModelAlias(entries map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias) map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias {
 	if len(entries) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	copied := make(map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping, len(entries))
-	for channel, mappings := range entries {
-		if len(mappings) == 0 {
+	copied := make(map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias, len(entries))
+	for channel, aliases := range entries {
+		if len(aliases) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
-		copied[channel] = append([]config.ModelNameMapping(nil), mappings...)
+		copied[channel] = append([]config.OAuthModelAlias(nil), aliases...)
 	}
 	if len(copied) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	cfg := config.Config{OAuthModelMappings: copied}
-	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
-	if len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+	cfg := config.Config{OAuthModelAlias: copied}
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelAlias()
+	if len(cfg.OAuthModelAlias) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return cfg.OAuthModelMappings
+	return cfg.OAuthModelAlias
 }
 
 // GetAmpCode returns the complete ampcode configuration.

internal/api/handlers/management/logs.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -360,16 +360,7 @@ func (h *Handler) logDirectory() string {
 	if h.logDir != "" {
 		return h.logDir
 	}
-	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
-		return filepath.Join(base, "logs")
-	}
-	if h.configFilePath != "" {
-		dir := filepath.Dir(h.configFilePath)
-		if dir != "" && dir != "." {
-			return filepath.Join(dir, "logs")
-		}
-	}
-	return "logs"
+	return logging.ResolveLogDirectory(h.cfg)
 }
 
 func (h *Handler) collectLogFiles(dir string) ([]string, error) {

internal/api/modules/amp/fallback_handlers.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -134,10 +135,11 @@ func (fh *FallbackHandler) WrapHandler(handler gin.HandlerFunc) gin.HandlerFunc
 		}
 
 		// Normalize model (handles dynamic thinking suffixes)
-		normalizedModel, thinkingMetadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(modelName)
+		suffixResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(modelName)
+		normalizedModel := suffixResult.ModelName
 		thinkingSuffix := ""
-		if thinkingMetadata != nil && strings.HasPrefix(modelName, normalizedModel) {
-			thinkingSuffix = modelName[len(normalizedModel):]
+		if suffixResult.HasSuffix {
+			thinkingSuffix = "(" + suffixResult.RawSuffix + ")"
 		}
 
 		resolveMappedModel := func() (string, []string) {
@@ -157,13 +159,13 @@ func (fh *FallbackHandler) WrapHandler(handler gin.HandlerFunc) gin.HandlerFunc
 			// Preserve dynamic thinking suffix (e.g. "(xhigh)") when mapping applies, unless the target
 			// already specifies its own thinking suffix.
 			if thinkingSuffix != "" {
-				_, mappedThinkingMetadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(mappedModel)
-				if mappedThinkingMetadata == nil {
+				mappedSuffixResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(mappedModel)
+				if !mappedSuffixResult.HasSuffix {
 					mappedModel += thinkingSuffix
 				}
 			}
 
-			mappedBaseModel, _ := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(mappedModel)
+			mappedBaseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(mappedModel).ModelName
 			mappedProviders := util.GetProviderName(mappedBaseModel)
 			if len(mappedProviders) == 0 {
 				return "", nil

internal/api/modules/amp/model_mapping.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
@@ -44,6 +45,11 @@ func NewModelMapper(mappings []config.AmpModelMapping) *DefaultModelMapper {
 // MapModel checks if a mapping exists for the requested model and if the
 // target model has available local providers. Returns the mapped model name
 // or empty string if no valid mapping exists.
+//
+// If the requested model contains a thinking suffix (e.g., "g25p(8192)"),
+// the suffix is preserved in the returned model name (e.g., "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)").
+// However, if the mapping target already contains a suffix, the config suffix
+// takes priority over the user's suffix.
 func (m *DefaultModelMapper) MapModel(requestedModel string) string {
 	if requestedModel == "" {
 		return ""
@@ -52,16 +58,20 @@ func (m *DefaultModelMapper) MapModel(requestedModel string) string {
 	m.mu.RLock()
 	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	// Normalize the requested model for lookup
-	normalizedRequest := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel))
+	// Extract thinking suffix from requested model using ParseSuffix
+	requestResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(requestedModel)
+	baseModel := requestResult.ModelName
 
-	// Check for direct mapping
-	targetModel, exists := m.mappings[normalizedRequest]
+	// Normalize the base model for lookup (case-insensitive)
+	normalizedBase := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(baseModel))
+
+	// Check for direct mapping using base model name
+	targetModel, exists := m.mappings[normalizedBase]
 	if !exists {
-		// Try regex mappings in order
-		base, _ := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(requestedModel)
+		// Try regex mappings in order using base model only
+		// (suffix is handled separately via ParseSuffix)
 		for _, rm := range m.regexps {
-			if rm.re.MatchString(requestedModel) || (base != "" && rm.re.MatchString(base)) {
+			if rm.re.MatchString(baseModel) {
 				targetModel = rm.to
 				exists = true
 				break
@@ -72,14 +82,28 @@ func (m *DefaultModelMapper) MapModel(requestedModel string) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Verify target model has available providers
-	normalizedTarget, _ := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(targetModel)
-	providers := util.GetProviderName(normalizedTarget)
+	// Check if target model already has a thinking suffix (config priority)
+	targetResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(targetModel)
+
+	// Verify target model has available providers (use base model for lookup)
+	providers := util.GetProviderName(targetResult.ModelName)
 	if len(providers) == 0 {
 		log.Debugf("amp model mapping: target model %s has no available providers, skipping mapping", targetModel)
 		return ""
 	}
 
+	// Suffix handling: config suffix takes priority, otherwise preserve user suffix
+	if targetResult.HasSuffix {
+		// Config's "to" already contains a suffix - use it as-is (config priority)
+		return targetModel
+	}
+
+	// Preserve user's thinking suffix on the mapped model
+	// (skip empty suffixes to avoid returning "model()")
+	if requestResult.HasSuffix && requestResult.RawSuffix != "" {
+		return targetModel + "(" + requestResult.RawSuffix + ")"
+	}
+
 	// Note: Detailed routing log is handled by logAmpRouting in fallback_handlers.go
 	return targetModel
 }

internal/api/modules/amp/model_mapping_test.go

@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ func TestModelMapper_Regex_MatchBaseWithoutParens(t *testing.T) {
 
 	mapper := NewModelMapper(mappings)
 
-	// Incoming model has reasoning suffix but should match base via regex
+	// Incoming model has reasoning suffix, regex matches base, suffix is preserved
 	result := mapper.MapModel("gpt-5(high)")
-	if result != "gemini-2.5-pro" {
-		t.Errorf("Expected gemini-2.5-pro, got %s", result)
+	if result != "gemini-2.5-pro(high)" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected gemini-2.5-pro(high), got %s", result)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -281,3 +281,95 @@ func TestModelMapper_Regex_CaseInsensitive(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected claude-sonnet-4, got %s", result)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestModelMapper_SuffixPreservation(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+
+	// Register test models
+	reg.RegisterClient("test-client-suffix", "gemini", []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro", OwnedBy: "google", Type: "gemini"},
+	})
+	reg.RegisterClient("test-client-suffix-2", "claude", []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4", OwnedBy: "anthropic", Type: "claude"},
+	})
+	defer reg.UnregisterClient("test-client-suffix")
+	defer reg.UnregisterClient("test-client-suffix-2")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		mappings []config.AmpModelMapping
+		input    string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "numeric suffix preserved",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(8192)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "level suffix preserved",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(high)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(high)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "no suffix unchanged",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "config suffix takes priority",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "alias", To: "gemini-2.5-pro(medium)"}},
+			input:    "alias(high)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(medium)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "regex with suffix preserved",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "^g25.*", To: "gemini-2.5-pro", Regex: true}},
+			input:    "g25p(8192)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "auto suffix preserved",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(auto)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(auto)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "none suffix preserved",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(none)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(none)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "case insensitive base lookup with suffix",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "G25P", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(high)",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro(high)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty suffix filtered out",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p()",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "incomplete suffix treated as no suffix",
+			mappings: []config.AmpModelMapping{{From: "g25p(high", To: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			input:    "g25p(high",
+			want:     "gemini-2.5-pro",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			mapper := NewModelMapper(tt.mappings)
+			got := mapper.MapModel(tt.input)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("MapModel(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/api/server.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/managementasset"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/usage"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
@@ -254,15 +255,13 @@ func NewServer(cfg *config.Config, authManager *auth.Manager, accessManager *sdk
 	}
 	managementasset.SetCurrentConfig(cfg)
 	auth.SetQuotaCooldownDisabled(cfg.DisableCooling)
+	misc.SetCodexInstructionsEnabled(cfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled)
 	// Initialize management handler
 	s.mgmt = managementHandlers.NewHandler(cfg, configFilePath, authManager)
 	if optionState.localPassword != "" {
 		s.mgmt.SetLocalPassword(optionState.localPassword)
 	}
-	logDir := filepath.Join(s.currentPath, "logs")
-	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
-		logDir = filepath.Join(base, "logs")
-	}
+	logDir := logging.ResolveLogDirectory(cfg)
 	s.mgmt.SetLogDirectory(logDir)
 	s.localPassword = optionState.localPassword
 
@@ -601,10 +600,10 @@ func (s *Server) registerManagementRoutes() {
 		mgmt.PATCH("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.PatchOAuthExcludedModels)
 		mgmt.DELETE("/oauth-excluded-models", s.mgmt.DeleteOAuthExcludedModels)
 
-		mgmt.GET("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.GetOAuthModelMappings)
-		mgmt.PUT("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PutOAuthModelMappings)
-		mgmt.PATCH("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.PatchOAuthModelMappings)
-		mgmt.DELETE("/oauth-model-mappings", s.mgmt.DeleteOAuthModelMappings)
+		mgmt.GET("/oauth-model-alias", s.mgmt.GetOAuthModelAlias)
+		mgmt.PUT("/oauth-model-alias", s.mgmt.PutOAuthModelAlias)
+		mgmt.PATCH("/oauth-model-alias", s.mgmt.PatchOAuthModelAlias)
+		mgmt.DELETE("/oauth-model-alias", s.mgmt.DeleteOAuthModelAlias)
 
 		mgmt.GET("/auth-files", s.mgmt.ListAuthFiles)
 		mgmt.GET("/auth-files/models", s.mgmt.GetAuthFileModels)
@@ -912,6 +911,16 @@ func (s *Server) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) {
 			log.Debugf("disable_cooling toggled to %t", cfg.DisableCooling)
 		}
 	}
+
+	if oldCfg == nil || oldCfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled != cfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled {
+		misc.SetCodexInstructionsEnabled(cfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled)
+		if oldCfg != nil {
+			log.Debugf("codex_instructions_enabled updated from %t to %t", oldCfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled, cfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled)
+		} else {
+			log.Debugf("codex_instructions_enabled toggled to %t", cfg.CodexInstructionsEnabled)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if s.handlers != nil && s.handlers.AuthManager != nil {
 		s.handlers.AuthManager.SetRetryConfig(cfg.RequestRetry, time.Duration(cfg.MaxRetryInterval)*time.Second)
 	}

internal/auth/codex/filename.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package codex
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
+	"golang.org/x/text/language"
+)
+
+// CredentialFileName returns the filename used to persist Codex OAuth credentials.
+// When planType is available (e.g. "plus", "team"), it is appended after the email
+// as a suffix to disambiguate subscriptions.
+func CredentialFileName(email, planType, hashAccountID string, includeProviderPrefix bool) string {
+	email = strings.TrimSpace(email)
+	plan := normalizePlanTypeForFilename(planType)
+
+	prefix := ""
+	if includeProviderPrefix {
+		prefix = "codex"
+	}
+
+	if plan == "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s.json", prefix, email)
+	} else if plan == "team" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s-%s-%s.json", prefix, hashAccountID, email, plan)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s-%s.json", prefix, email, plan)
+}
+
+func normalizePlanTypeForFilename(planType string) string {
+	planType = strings.TrimSpace(planType)
+	if planType == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	parts := strings.FieldsFunc(planType, func(r rune) bool {
+		return !unicode.IsLetter(r) && !unicode.IsDigit(r)
+	})
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	for i, part := range parts {
+		parts[i] = titleToken(part)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "-")
+}
+
+func titleToken(token string) string {
+	token = strings.TrimSpace(token)
+	if token == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return cases.Title(language.English).String(token)
+}

internal/cmd/login.go

@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ func DoLogin(cfg *config.Config, projectID string, options *LoginOptions) {
 	}
 
 	activatedProjects := make([]string, 0, len(projectSelections))
+	seenProjects := make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, candidateID := range projectSelections {
 		log.Infof("Activating project %s", candidateID)
 		if errSetup := performGeminiCLISetup(ctx, httpClient, storage, candidateID); errSetup != nil {
@@ -134,6 +135,13 @@ func DoLogin(cfg *config.Config, projectID string, options *LoginOptions) {
 		if finalID == "" {
 			finalID = candidateID
 		}
+
+		// Skip duplicates
+		if seenProjects[finalID] {
+			log.Infof("Project %s already activated, skipping", finalID)
+			continue
+		}
+		seenProjects[finalID] = true
 		activatedProjects = append(activatedProjects, finalID)
 	}
 
@@ -261,7 +269,39 @@ func performGeminiCLISetup(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, storage
 			finalProjectID := projectID
 			if responseProjectID != "" {
 				if explicitProject && !strings.EqualFold(responseProjectID, projectID) {
-					log.Warnf("Gemini onboarding returned project %s instead of requested %s; keeping requested project ID.", responseProjectID, projectID)
+					// Check if this is a free user (gen-lang-client projects or free/legacy tier)
+					isFreeUser := strings.HasPrefix(projectID, "gen-lang-client-") ||
+						strings.EqualFold(tierID, "FREE") ||
+						strings.EqualFold(tierID, "LEGACY")
+
+					if isFreeUser {
+						// Interactive prompt for free users
+						fmt.Printf("\nGoogle returned a different project ID:\n")
+						fmt.Printf("  Requested (frontend): %s\n", projectID)
+						fmt.Printf("  Returned (backend):   %s\n\n", responseProjectID)
+						fmt.Printf("  Backend project IDs have access to preview models (gemini-3-*).\n")
+						fmt.Printf("  This is normal for free tier users.\n\n")
+						fmt.Printf("Which project ID would you like to use?\n")
+						fmt.Printf("  [1] Backend (recommended): %s\n", responseProjectID)
+						fmt.Printf("  [2] Frontend: %s\n\n", projectID)
+						fmt.Printf("Enter choice [1]: ")
+
+						reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
+						choice, _ := reader.ReadString('\n')
+						choice = strings.TrimSpace(choice)
+
+						if choice == "2" {
+							log.Infof("Using frontend project ID: %s", projectID)
+							fmt.Println(". Warning: Frontend project IDs may not have access to preview models.")
+							finalProjectID = projectID
+						} else {
+							log.Infof("Using backend project ID: %s (recommended)", responseProjectID)
+							finalProjectID = responseProjectID
+						}
+					} else {
+						// Pro users: keep requested project ID (original behavior)
+						log.Warnf("Gemini onboarding returned project %s instead of requested %s; keeping requested project ID.", responseProjectID, projectID)
+					}
 				} else {
 					finalProjectID = responseProjectID
 				}

internal/config/config.go

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ package config
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
@@ -69,6 +71,11 @@ type Config struct {
 	// WebsocketAuth enables or disables authentication for the WebSocket API.
 	WebsocketAuth bool `yaml:"ws-auth" json:"ws-auth"`
 
+	// CodexInstructionsEnabled controls whether official Codex instructions are injected.
+	// When false (default), CodexInstructionsForModel returns immediately without modification.
+	// When true, the original instruction injection logic is used.
+	CodexInstructionsEnabled bool `yaml:"codex-instructions-enabled" json:"codex-instructions-enabled"`
+
 	// GeminiKey defines Gemini API key configurations with optional routing overrides.
 	GeminiKey []GeminiKey `yaml:"gemini-api-key" json:"gemini-api-key"`
 
@@ -91,13 +98,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	// OAuthExcludedModels defines per-provider global model exclusions applied to OAuth/file-backed auth entries.
 	OAuthExcludedModels map[string][]string `yaml:"oauth-excluded-models,omitempty" json:"oauth-excluded-models,omitempty"`
 
-	// OAuthModelMappings defines global model name mappings for OAuth/file-backed auth channels.
-	// These mappings affect both model listing and model routing for supported channels:
+	// OAuthModelAlias defines global model name aliases for OAuth/file-backed auth channels.
+	// These aliases affect both model listing and model routing for supported channels:
 	// gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
 	//
 	// NOTE: This does not apply to existing per-credential model alias features under:
 	// gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, and ampcode.
-	OAuthModelMappings map[string][]ModelNameMapping `yaml:"oauth-model-mappings,omitempty" json:"oauth-model-mappings,omitempty"`
+	OAuthModelAlias map[string][]OAuthModelAlias `yaml:"oauth-model-alias,omitempty" json:"oauth-model-alias,omitempty"`
 
 	// Payload defines default and override rules for provider payload parameters.
 	Payload PayloadConfig `yaml:"payload" json:"payload"`
@@ -145,11 +152,11 @@ type RoutingConfig struct {
 	Strategy string `yaml:"strategy,omitempty" json:"strategy,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// ModelNameMapping defines a model ID mapping for a specific channel.
+// OAuthModelAlias defines a model ID alias for a specific channel.
 // It maps the upstream model name (Name) to the client-visible alias (Alias).
 // When Fork is true, the alias is added as an additional model in listings while
 // keeping the original model ID available.
-type ModelNameMapping struct {
+type OAuthModelAlias struct {
 	Name  string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
 	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
 	Fork  bool   `yaml:"fork,omitempty" json:"fork,omitempty"`
@@ -216,8 +223,12 @@ type AmpUpstreamAPIKeyEntry struct {
 type PayloadConfig struct {
 	// Default defines rules that only set parameters when they are missing in the payload.
 	Default []PayloadRule `yaml:"default" json:"default"`
+	// DefaultRaw defines rules that set raw JSON values only when they are missing.
+	DefaultRaw []PayloadRule `yaml:"default-raw" json:"default-raw"`
 	// Override defines rules that always set parameters, overwriting any existing values.
 	Override []PayloadRule `yaml:"override" json:"override"`
+	// OverrideRaw defines rules that always set raw JSON values, overwriting any existing values.
+	OverrideRaw []PayloadRule `yaml:"override-raw" json:"override-raw"`
 }
 
 // PayloadRule describes a single rule targeting a list of models with parameter updates.
@@ -225,6 +236,7 @@ type PayloadRule struct {
 	// Models lists model entries with name pattern and protocol constraint.
 	Models []PayloadModelRule `yaml:"models" json:"models"`
 	// Params maps JSON paths (gjson/sjson syntax) to values written into the payload.
+	// For *-raw rules, values are treated as raw JSON fragments (strings are used as-is).
 	Params map[string]any `yaml:"params" json:"params"`
 }
 
@@ -236,6 +248,25 @@ type PayloadModelRule struct {
 	Protocol string `yaml:"protocol" json:"protocol"`
 }
 
+// CloakConfig configures request cloaking for non-Claude-Code clients.
+// Cloaking disguises API requests to appear as originating from the official Claude Code CLI.
+type CloakConfig struct {
+	// Mode controls cloaking behavior: "auto" (default), "always", or "never".
+	// - "auto": cloak only when client is not Claude Code (based on User-Agent)
+	// - "always": always apply cloaking regardless of client
+	// - "never": never apply cloaking
+	Mode string `yaml:"mode,omitempty" json:"mode,omitempty"`
+
+	// StrictMode controls how system prompts are handled when cloaking.
+	// - false (default): prepend Claude Code prompt to user system messages
+	// - true: strip all user system messages, keep only Claude Code prompt
+	StrictMode bool `yaml:"strict-mode,omitempty" json:"strict-mode,omitempty"`
+
+	// SensitiveWords is a list of words to obfuscate with zero-width characters.
+	// This can help bypass certain content filters.
+	SensitiveWords []string `yaml:"sensitive-words,omitempty" json:"sensitive-words,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // ClaudeKey represents the configuration for a Claude API key,
 // including the API key itself and an optional base URL for the API endpoint.
 type ClaudeKey struct {
@@ -264,8 +295,14 @@ type ClaudeKey struct {
 
 	// ExcludedModels lists model IDs that should be excluded for this provider.
 	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
+
+	// Cloak configures request cloaking for non-Claude-Code clients.
+	Cloak *CloakConfig `yaml:"cloak,omitempty" json:"cloak,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (k ClaudeKey) GetAPIKey() string  { return k.APIKey }
+func (k ClaudeKey) GetBaseURL() string { return k.BaseURL }
+
 // ClaudeModel describes a mapping between an alias and the actual upstream model name.
 type ClaudeModel struct {
 	// Name is the upstream model identifier used when issuing requests.
@@ -308,6 +345,9 @@ type CodexKey struct {
 	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (k CodexKey) GetAPIKey() string  { return k.APIKey }
+func (k CodexKey) GetBaseURL() string { return k.BaseURL }
+
 // CodexModel describes a mapping between an alias and the actual upstream model name.
 type CodexModel struct {
 	// Name is the upstream model identifier used when issuing requests.
@@ -349,6 +389,9 @@ type GeminiKey struct {
 	ExcludedModels []string `yaml:"excluded-models,omitempty" json:"excluded-models,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (k GeminiKey) GetAPIKey() string  { return k.APIKey }
+func (k GeminiKey) GetBaseURL() string { return k.BaseURL }
+
 // GeminiModel describes a mapping between an alias and the actual upstream model name.
 type GeminiModel struct {
 	// Name is the upstream model identifier used when issuing requests.
@@ -406,6 +449,9 @@ type OpenAICompatibilityModel struct {
 	Alias string `yaml:"alias" json:"alias"`
 }
 
+func (m OpenAICompatibilityModel) GetName() string  { return m.Name }
+func (m OpenAICompatibilityModel) GetAlias() string { return m.Alias }
+
 // LoadConfig reads a YAML configuration file from the given path,
 // unmarshals it into a Config struct, applies environment variable overrides,
 // and returns it.
@@ -424,6 +470,15 @@ func LoadConfig(configFile string) (*Config, error) {
 // If optional is true and the file is missing, it returns an empty Config.
 // If optional is true and the file is empty or invalid, it returns an empty Config.
 func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
+	// Perform oauth-model-alias migration before loading config.
+	// This migrates oauth-model-mappings to oauth-model-alias if needed.
+	if migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile); err != nil {
+		// Log warning but don't fail - config loading should still work
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: oauth-model-alias migration failed: %v\n", err)
+	} else if migrated {
+		fmt.Println("Migrated oauth-model-mappings to oauth-model-alias")
+	}
+
 	// Read the entire configuration file into memory.
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -516,8 +571,11 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 	// Normalize OAuth provider model exclusion map.
 	cfg.OAuthExcludedModels = NormalizeOAuthExcludedModels(cfg.OAuthExcludedModels)
 
-	// Normalize global OAuth model name mappings.
-	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
+	// Normalize global OAuth model name aliases.
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelAlias()
+
+	// Validate raw payload rules and drop invalid entries.
+	cfg.SanitizePayloadRules()
 
 	if cfg.legacyMigrationPending {
 		fmt.Println("Detected legacy configuration keys, attempting to persist the normalized config...")
@@ -535,24 +593,79 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 	return &cfg, nil
 }
 
-// SanitizeOAuthModelMappings normalizes and deduplicates global OAuth model name mappings.
-// It trims whitespace, normalizes channel keys to lower-case, drops empty entries,
-// allows multiple aliases per upstream name, and ensures aliases are unique within each channel.
-func (cfg *Config) SanitizeOAuthModelMappings() {
-	if cfg == nil || len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+// SanitizePayloadRules validates raw JSON payload rule params and drops invalid rules.
+func (cfg *Config) SanitizePayloadRules() {
+	if cfg == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	out := make(map[string][]ModelNameMapping, len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings))
-	for rawChannel, mappings := range cfg.OAuthModelMappings {
-		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
-		if channel == "" || len(mappings) == 0 {
+	cfg.Payload.DefaultRaw = sanitizePayloadRawRules(cfg.Payload.DefaultRaw, "default-raw")
+	cfg.Payload.OverrideRaw = sanitizePayloadRawRules(cfg.Payload.OverrideRaw, "override-raw")
+}
+
+func sanitizePayloadRawRules(rules []PayloadRule, section string) []PayloadRule {
+	if len(rules) == 0 {
+		return rules
+	}
+	out := make([]PayloadRule, 0, len(rules))
+	for i := range rules {
+		rule := rules[i]
+		if len(rule.Params) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
-		seenAlias := make(map[string]struct{}, len(mappings))
-		clean := make([]ModelNameMapping, 0, len(mappings))
-		for _, mapping := range mappings {
-			name := strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Name)
-			alias := strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Alias)
+		invalid := false
+		for path, value := range rule.Params {
+			raw, ok := payloadRawString(value)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			trimmed := bytes.TrimSpace(raw)
+			if len(trimmed) == 0 || !json.Valid(trimmed) {
+				log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+					"section":    section,
+					"rule_index": i + 1,
+					"param":      path,
+				}).Warn("payload rule dropped: invalid raw JSON")
+				invalid = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if invalid {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, rule)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func payloadRawString(value any) ([]byte, bool) {
+	switch typed := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return []byte(typed), true
+	case []byte:
+		return typed, true
+	default:
+		return nil, false
+	}
+}
+
+// SanitizeOAuthModelAlias normalizes and deduplicates global OAuth model name aliases.
+// It trims whitespace, normalizes channel keys to lower-case, drops empty entries,
+// allows multiple aliases per upstream name, and ensures aliases are unique within each channel.
+func (cfg *Config) SanitizeOAuthModelAlias() {
+	if cfg == nil || len(cfg.OAuthModelAlias) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	out := make(map[string][]OAuthModelAlias, len(cfg.OAuthModelAlias))
+	for rawChannel, aliases := range cfg.OAuthModelAlias {
+		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
+		if channel == "" || len(aliases) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		seenAlias := make(map[string]struct{}, len(aliases))
+		clean := make([]OAuthModelAlias, 0, len(aliases))
+		for _, entry := range aliases {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias)
 			if name == "" || alias == "" {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -564,13 +677,13 @@ func (cfg *Config) SanitizeOAuthModelMappings() {
 				continue
 			}
 			seenAlias[aliasKey] = struct{}{}
-			clean = append(clean, ModelNameMapping{Name: name, Alias: alias, Fork: mapping.Fork})
+			clean = append(clean, OAuthModelAlias{Name: name, Alias: alias, Fork: entry.Fork})
 		}
 		if len(clean) > 0 {
 			out[channel] = clean
 		}
 	}
-	cfg.OAuthModelMappings = out
+	cfg.OAuthModelAlias = out
 }
 
 // SanitizeOpenAICompatibility removes OpenAI-compatibility provider entries that are

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_migration.go

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// antigravityModelConversionTable maps old built-in aliases to actual model names
+// for the antigravity channel during migration.
+var antigravityModelConversionTable = map[string]string{
+	"gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025": "rev19-uic3-1p",
+	"gemini-3-pro-image-preview":              "gemini-3-pro-image",
+	"gemini-3-pro-preview":                    "gemini-3-pro-high",
+	"gemini-3-flash-preview":                  "gemini-3-flash",
+	"gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5":                "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+	"gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking":       "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
+	"gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking":         "claude-opus-4-5-thinking",
+}
+
+// defaultAntigravityAliases returns the default oauth-model-alias configuration
+// for the antigravity channel when neither field exists.
+func defaultAntigravityAliases() []OAuthModelAlias {
+	return []OAuthModelAlias{
+		{Name: "rev19-uic3-1p", Alias: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"},
+		{Name: "gemini-3-pro-image", Alias: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"},
+		{Name: "gemini-3-pro-high", Alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"},
+		{Name: "gemini-3-flash", Alias: "gemini-3-flash-preview"},
+		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5"},
+		{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", Alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"},
+		{Name: "claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"},
+	}
+}
+
+// MigrateOAuthModelAlias checks for and performs migration from oauth-model-mappings
+// to oauth-model-alias at startup. Returns true if migration was performed.
+//
+// Migration flow:
+// 1. Check if oauth-model-alias exists -> skip migration
+// 2. Check if oauth-model-mappings exists -> convert and migrate
+//   - For antigravity channel, convert old built-in aliases to actual model names
+//
+// 3. Neither exists -> add default antigravity config
+func MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile string) (bool, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse YAML into node tree to preserve structure
+	var root yaml.Node
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &root); err != nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	if root.Kind != yaml.DocumentNode || len(root.Content) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	rootMap := root.Content[0]
+	if rootMap == nil || rootMap.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if oauth-model-alias already exists
+	if findMapKeyIndex(rootMap, "oauth-model-alias") >= 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if oauth-model-mappings exists
+	oldIdx := findMapKeyIndex(rootMap, "oauth-model-mappings")
+	if oldIdx >= 0 {
+		// Migrate from old field
+		return migrateFromOldField(configFile, &root, rootMap, oldIdx)
+	}
+
+	// Neither field exists - add default antigravity config
+	return addDefaultAntigravityConfig(configFile, &root, rootMap)
+}
+
+// migrateFromOldField converts oauth-model-mappings to oauth-model-alias
+func migrateFromOldField(configFile string, root *yaml.Node, rootMap *yaml.Node, oldIdx int) (bool, error) {
+	if oldIdx+1 >= len(rootMap.Content) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	oldValue := rootMap.Content[oldIdx+1]
+	if oldValue == nil || oldValue.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse the old aliases
+	oldAliases := parseOldAliasNode(oldValue)
+	if len(oldAliases) == 0 {
+		// Remove the old field and write
+		removeMapKeyByIndex(rootMap, oldIdx)
+		return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
+	}
+
+	// Convert model names for antigravity channel
+	newAliases := make(map[string][]OAuthModelAlias, len(oldAliases))
+	for channel, entries := range oldAliases {
+		converted := make([]OAuthModelAlias, 0, len(entries))
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			newEntry := OAuthModelAlias{
+				Name:  entry.Name,
+				Alias: entry.Alias,
+				Fork:  entry.Fork,
+			}
+			// Convert model names for antigravity channel
+			if strings.EqualFold(channel, "antigravity") {
+				if actual, ok := antigravityModelConversionTable[entry.Name]; ok {
+					newEntry.Name = actual
+				}
+			}
+			converted = append(converted, newEntry)
+		}
+		newAliases[channel] = converted
+	}
+
+	// For antigravity channel, supplement missing default aliases
+	if antigravityEntries, exists := newAliases["antigravity"]; exists {
+		// Build a set of already configured model names (upstream names)
+		configuredModels := make(map[string]bool, len(antigravityEntries))
+		for _, entry := range antigravityEntries {
+			configuredModels[entry.Name] = true
+		}
+
+		// Add missing default aliases
+		for _, defaultAlias := range defaultAntigravityAliases() {
+			if !configuredModels[defaultAlias.Name] {
+				antigravityEntries = append(antigravityEntries, defaultAlias)
+			}
+		}
+		newAliases["antigravity"] = antigravityEntries
+	}
+
+	// Build new node
+	newNode := buildOAuthModelAliasNode(newAliases)
+
+	// Replace old key with new key and value
+	rootMap.Content[oldIdx].Value = "oauth-model-alias"
+	rootMap.Content[oldIdx+1] = newNode
+
+	return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
+}
+
+// addDefaultAntigravityConfig adds the default antigravity configuration
+func addDefaultAntigravityConfig(configFile string, root *yaml.Node, rootMap *yaml.Node) (bool, error) {
+	defaults := map[string][]OAuthModelAlias{
+		"antigravity": defaultAntigravityAliases(),
+	}
+	newNode := buildOAuthModelAliasNode(defaults)
+
+	// Add new key-value pair
+	keyNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "oauth-model-alias"}
+	rootMap.Content = append(rootMap.Content, keyNode, newNode)
+
+	return writeYAMLNode(configFile, root)
+}
+
+// parseOldAliasNode parses the old oauth-model-mappings node structure
+func parseOldAliasNode(node *yaml.Node) map[string][]OAuthModelAlias {
+	if node == nil || node.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result := make(map[string][]OAuthModelAlias)
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(node.Content); i += 2 {
+		channelNode := node.Content[i]
+		entriesNode := node.Content[i+1]
+		if channelNode == nil || entriesNode == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(channelNode.Value))
+		if channel == "" || entriesNode.Kind != yaml.SequenceNode {
+			continue
+		}
+		entries := make([]OAuthModelAlias, 0, len(entriesNode.Content))
+		for _, entryNode := range entriesNode.Content {
+			if entryNode == nil || entryNode.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+				continue
+			}
+			entry := parseAliasEntry(entryNode)
+			if entry.Name != "" && entry.Alias != "" {
+				entries = append(entries, entry)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(entries) > 0 {
+			result[channel] = entries
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// parseAliasEntry parses a single alias entry node
+func parseAliasEntry(node *yaml.Node) OAuthModelAlias {
+	var entry OAuthModelAlias
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(node.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := node.Content[i]
+		valNode := node.Content[i+1]
+		if keyNode == nil || valNode == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(keyNode.Value)) {
+		case "name":
+			entry.Name = strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)
+		case "alias":
+			entry.Alias = strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)
+		case "fork":
+			entry.Fork = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(valNode.Value)) == "true"
+		}
+	}
+	return entry
+}
+
+// buildOAuthModelAliasNode creates a YAML node for oauth-model-alias
+func buildOAuthModelAliasNode(aliases map[string][]OAuthModelAlias) *yaml.Node {
+	node := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.MappingNode, Tag: "!!map"}
+	for channel, entries := range aliases {
+		channelNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: channel}
+		entriesNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.SequenceNode, Tag: "!!seq"}
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			entryNode := &yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.MappingNode, Tag: "!!map"}
+			entryNode.Content = append(entryNode.Content,
+				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "name"},
+				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: entry.Name},
+				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "alias"},
+				&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: entry.Alias},
+			)
+			if entry.Fork {
+				entryNode.Content = append(entryNode.Content,
+					&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!str", Value: "fork"},
+					&yaml.Node{Kind: yaml.ScalarNode, Tag: "!!bool", Value: "true"},
+				)
+			}
+			entriesNode.Content = append(entriesNode.Content, entryNode)
+		}
+		node.Content = append(node.Content, channelNode, entriesNode)
+	}
+	return node
+}
+
+// removeMapKeyByIndex removes a key-value pair from a mapping node by index
+func removeMapKeyByIndex(mapNode *yaml.Node, keyIdx int) {
+	if mapNode == nil || mapNode.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return
+	}
+	if keyIdx < 0 || keyIdx+1 >= len(mapNode.Content) {
+		return
+	}
+	mapNode.Content = append(mapNode.Content[:keyIdx], mapNode.Content[keyIdx+2:]...)
+}
+
+// writeYAMLNode writes the YAML node tree back to file
+func writeYAMLNode(configFile string, root *yaml.Node) (bool, error) {
+	f, err := os.Create(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	enc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
+	enc.SetIndent(2)
+	if err := enc.Encode(root); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_migration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_SkipsIfNewFieldExists(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	content := `oauth-model-alias:
+  gemini-cli:
+    - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
+      alias: "g2.5p"
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected no migration when oauth-model-alias already exists")
+	}
+
+	// Verify file unchanged
+	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	if !strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-alias:") {
+		t.Fatal("file should still contain oauth-model-alias")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_MigratesOldField(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	content := `oauth-model-mappings:
+  gemini-cli:
+    - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
+      alias: "g2.5p"
+      fork: true
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
+	}
+
+	// Verify new field exists and old field removed
+	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	if strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-mappings:") {
+		t.Fatal("old field should be removed")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(data), "oauth-model-alias:") {
+		t.Fatal("new field should exist")
+	}
+
+	// Parse and verify structure
+	var root yaml.Node
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &root); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_ConvertsAntigravityModels(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	// Use old model names that should be converted
+	content := `oauth-model-mappings:
+  antigravity:
+    - name: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"
+      alias: "computer-use"
+    - name: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
+      alias: "g3p"
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
+	}
+
+	// Verify model names were converted
+	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	content = string(data)
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "rev19-uic3-1p") {
+		t.Fatal("expected gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025 to be converted to rev19-uic3-1p")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-pro-high") {
+		t.Fatal("expected gemini-3-pro-preview to be converted to gemini-3-pro-high")
+	}
+
+	// Verify missing default aliases were supplemented
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-pro-image") {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias gemini-3-pro-image to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "gemini-3-flash") {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias gemini-3-flash to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-sonnet-4-5") {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-sonnet-4-5 to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking") {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "claude-opus-4-5-thinking") {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing default alias claude-opus-4-5-thinking to be added")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_AddsDefaultIfNeitherExists(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	content := `debug: true
+port: 8080
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected migration to add default config")
+	}
+
+	// Verify default antigravity config was added
+	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	content = string(data)
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "oauth-model-alias:") {
+		t.Fatal("expected oauth-model-alias to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "antigravity:") {
+		t.Fatal("expected antigravity channel to be added")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "rev19-uic3-1p") {
+		t.Fatal("expected default antigravity aliases to include rev19-uic3-1p")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_PreservesOtherConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	content := `debug: true
+port: 8080
+oauth-model-mappings:
+  gemini-cli:
+    - name: "test"
+      alias: "t"
+api-keys:
+  - "key1"
+  - "key2"
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(content), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected migration to occur")
+	}
+
+	// Verify other config preserved
+	data, _ := os.ReadFile(configFile)
+	content = string(data)
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "debug: true") {
+		t.Fatal("expected debug field to be preserved")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "port: 8080") {
+		t.Fatal("expected port field to be preserved")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(content, "api-keys:") {
+		t.Fatal("expected api-keys field to be preserved")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_NonexistentFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias("/nonexistent/path/config.yaml")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error for nonexistent file: %v", err)
+	}
+	if migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected no migration for nonexistent file")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateOAuthModelAlias_EmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configFile, []byte(""), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	migrated, err := MigrateOAuthModelAlias(configFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if migrated {
+		t.Fatal("expected no migration for empty file")
+	}
+}

internal/config/oauth_model_alias_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package config
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestSanitizeOAuthModelAlias_PreservesForkFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		OAuthModelAlias: map[string][]OAuthModelAlias{
+			" CoDeX ": {
+				{Name: " gpt-5 ", Alias: " g5 ", Fork: true},
+				{Name: "gpt-6", Alias: "g6"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelAlias()
+
+	aliases := cfg.OAuthModelAlias["codex"]
+	if len(aliases) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 sanitized aliases, got %d", len(aliases))
+	}
+	if aliases[0].Name != "gpt-5" || aliases[0].Alias != "g5" || !aliases[0].Fork {
+		t.Fatalf("expected first alias to be gpt-5->g5 fork=true, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", aliases[0].Name, aliases[0].Alias, aliases[0].Fork)
+	}
+	if aliases[1].Name != "gpt-6" || aliases[1].Alias != "g6" || aliases[1].Fork {
+		t.Fatalf("expected second alias to be gpt-6->g6 fork=false, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", aliases[1].Name, aliases[1].Alias, aliases[1].Fork)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSanitizeOAuthModelAlias_AllowsMultipleAliasesForSameName(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		OAuthModelAlias: map[string][]OAuthModelAlias{
+			"antigravity": {
+				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
+				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101-thinking", Fork: true},
+				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelAlias()
+
+	aliases := cfg.OAuthModelAlias["antigravity"]
+	expected := []OAuthModelAlias{
+		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101-thinking", Fork: true},
+		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
+	}
+	if len(aliases) != len(expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d sanitized aliases, got %d", len(expected), len(aliases))
+	}
+	for i, exp := range expected {
+		if aliases[i].Name != exp.Name || aliases[i].Alias != exp.Alias || aliases[i].Fork != exp.Fork {
+			t.Fatalf("expected alias %d to be name=%q alias=%q fork=%v, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", i, exp.Name, exp.Alias, exp.Fork, aliases[i].Name, aliases[i].Alias, aliases[i].Fork)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/config/oauth_model_mappings_test.go

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package config
-
-import "testing"
-
-func TestSanitizeOAuthModelMappings_PreservesForkFlag(t *testing.T) {
-	cfg := &Config{
-		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]ModelNameMapping{
-			" CoDeX ": {
-				{Name: " gpt-5 ", Alias: " g5 ", Fork: true},
-				{Name: "gpt-6", Alias: "g6"},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
-
-	mappings := cfg.OAuthModelMappings["codex"]
-	if len(mappings) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected 2 sanitized mappings, got %d", len(mappings))
-	}
-	if mappings[0].Name != "gpt-5" || mappings[0].Alias != "g5" || !mappings[0].Fork {
-		t.Fatalf("expected first mapping to be gpt-5->g5 fork=true, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", mappings[0].Name, mappings[0].Alias, mappings[0].Fork)
-	}
-	if mappings[1].Name != "gpt-6" || mappings[1].Alias != "g6" || mappings[1].Fork {
-		t.Fatalf("expected second mapping to be gpt-6->g6 fork=false, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", mappings[1].Name, mappings[1].Alias, mappings[1].Fork)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSanitizeOAuthModelMappings_AllowsMultipleAliasesForSameName(t *testing.T) {
-	cfg := &Config{
-		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]ModelNameMapping{
-			"antigravity": {
-				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
-				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101-thinking", Fork: true},
-				{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	cfg.SanitizeOAuthModelMappings()
-
-	mappings := cfg.OAuthModelMappings["antigravity"]
-	expected := []ModelNameMapping{
-		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5-20251101-thinking", Fork: true},
-		{Name: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking", Alias: "claude-opus-4-5", Fork: true},
-	}
-	if len(mappings) != len(expected) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected %d sanitized mappings, got %d", len(expected), len(mappings))
-	}
-	for i, exp := range expected {
-		if mappings[i].Name != exp.Name || mappings[i].Alias != exp.Alias || mappings[i].Fork != exp.Fork {
-			t.Fatalf("expected mapping %d to be name=%q alias=%q fork=%v, got name=%q alias=%q fork=%v", i, exp.Name, exp.Alias, exp.Fork, mappings[i].Name, mappings[i].Alias, mappings[i].Fork)
-		}
-	}
-}

internal/config/vertex_compat.go

@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ type VertexCompatKey struct {
 	Models []VertexCompatModel `yaml:"models,omitempty" json:"models,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (k VertexCompatKey) GetAPIKey() string  { return k.APIKey }
+func (k VertexCompatKey) GetBaseURL() string { return k.BaseURL }
+
 // VertexCompatModel represents a model configuration for Vertex compatibility,
 // including the actual model name and its alias for API routing.
 type VertexCompatModel struct {

internal/logging/global_logger.go

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ var (
 // Format: [2025-12-23 20:14:04] [debug] [manager.go:524] | a1b2c3d4 | Use API key sk-9...0RHO for model gpt-5.2
 type LogFormatter struct{}
 
+// logFieldOrder defines the display order for common log fields.
+var logFieldOrder = []string{"provider", "model", "mode", "budget", "level", "original_mode", "original_value", "min", "max", "clamped_to", "error"}
+
 // Format renders a single log entry with custom formatting.
 func (m *LogFormatter) Format(entry *log.Entry) ([]byte, error) {
 	var buffer *bytes.Buffer
@@ -52,11 +55,25 @@ func (m *LogFormatter) Format(entry *log.Entry) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	levelStr := fmt.Sprintf("%-5s", level)
 
+	// Build fields string (only print fields in logFieldOrder)
+	var fieldsStr string
+	if len(entry.Data) > 0 {
+		var fields []string
+		for _, k := range logFieldOrder {
+			if v, ok := entry.Data[k]; ok {
+				fields = append(fields, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%v", k, v))
+			}
+		}
+		if len(fields) > 0 {
+			fieldsStr = " " + strings.Join(fields, " ")
+		}
+	}
+
 	var formatted string
 	if entry.Caller != nil {
-		formatted = fmt.Sprintf("[%s] [%s] [%s] [%s:%d] %s\n", timestamp, reqID, levelStr, filepath.Base(entry.Caller.File), entry.Caller.Line, message)
+		formatted = fmt.Sprintf("[%s] [%s] [%s] [%s:%d] %s%s\n", timestamp, reqID, levelStr, filepath.Base(entry.Caller.File), entry.Caller.Line, message, fieldsStr)
 	} else {
-		formatted = fmt.Sprintf("[%s] [%s] [%s] %s\n", timestamp, reqID, levelStr, message)
+		formatted = fmt.Sprintf("[%s] [%s] [%s] %s%s\n", timestamp, reqID, levelStr, message, fieldsStr)
 	}
 	buffer.WriteString(formatted)
 
@@ -104,6 +121,24 @@ func isDirWritable(dir string) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// ResolveLogDirectory determines the directory used for application logs.
+func ResolveLogDirectory(cfg *config.Config) string {
+	logDir := "logs"
+	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
+		return filepath.Join(base, "logs")
+	}
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return logDir
+	}
+	if !isDirWritable(logDir) {
+		authDir := strings.TrimSpace(cfg.AuthDir)
+		if authDir != "" {
+			logDir = filepath.Join(authDir, "logs")
+		}
+	}
+	return logDir
+}
+
 // ConfigureLogOutput switches the global log destination between rotating files and stdout.
 // When logsMaxTotalSizeMB > 0, a background cleaner removes the oldest log files in the logs directory
 // until the total size is within the limit.
@@ -113,12 +148,7 @@ func ConfigureLogOutput(cfg *config.Config) error {
 	writerMu.Lock()
 	defer writerMu.Unlock()
 
-	logDir := "logs"
-	if base := util.WritablePath(); base != "" {
-		logDir = filepath.Join(base, "logs")
-	} else if !isDirWritable(logDir) {
-		logDir = filepath.Join(cfg.AuthDir, "logs")
-	}
+	logDir := ResolveLogDirectory(cfg)
 
 	protectedPath := ""
 	if cfg.LoggingToFile {

internal/misc/codex_instructions.go

@@ -7,11 +7,27 @@ import (
 	"embed"
 	_ "embed"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
+// codexInstructionsEnabled controls whether CodexInstructionsForModel returns official instructions.
+// When false (default), CodexInstructionsForModel returns (true, "") immediately.
+// Set via SetCodexInstructionsEnabled from config.
+var codexInstructionsEnabled atomic.Bool
+
+// SetCodexInstructionsEnabled sets whether codex instructions processing is enabled.
+func SetCodexInstructionsEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	codexInstructionsEnabled.Store(enabled)
+}
+
+// GetCodexInstructionsEnabled returns whether codex instructions processing is enabled.
+func GetCodexInstructionsEnabled() bool {
+	return codexInstructionsEnabled.Load()
+}
+
 //go:embed codex_instructions
 var codexInstructionsDir embed.FS
 
@@ -124,6 +140,9 @@ func codexInstructionsForCodex(modelName, systemInstructions string) (bool, stri
 }
 
 func CodexInstructionsForModel(modelName, systemInstructions, userAgent string) (bool, string) {
+	if !GetCodexInstructionsEnabled() {
+		return true, ""
+	}
 	if IsOpenCodeUserAgent(userAgent) {
 		return codexInstructionsForOpenCode(systemInstructions)
 	}

internal/registry/model_definitions.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 4.5 Sonnet",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-opus-4-5-20251101",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			Description:         "Premium model combining maximum intelligence with practical performance",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-opus-4-1-20250805",
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 4.1 Opus",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 32000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-opus-4-20250514",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 4 Opus",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 32000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 4 Sonnet",
 			ContextLength:       200000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 64000,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-3-7-sonnet-20250219",
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func GetClaudeModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			DisplayName:         "Claude 3.7 Sonnet",
 			ContextLength:       128000,
 			MaxCompletionTokens: 8192,
-			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 100000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
+			Thinking:            &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: false},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                  "claude-3-5-haiku-20241022",
@@ -287,6 +287,67 @@ func GetGeminiVertexModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
 			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
 		},
+		// Imagen image generation models - use :predict action
+		{
+			ID:                         "imagen-4.0-generate-001",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1750000000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/imagen-4.0-generate-001",
+			Version:                    "4.0",
+			DisplayName:                "Imagen 4.0 Generate",
+			Description:                "Imagen 4.0 image generation model",
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"predict"},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "imagen-4.0-ultra-generate-001",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1750000000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/imagen-4.0-ultra-generate-001",
+			Version:                    "4.0",
+			DisplayName:                "Imagen 4.0 Ultra Generate",
+			Description:                "Imagen 4.0 Ultra high-quality image generation model",
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"predict"},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "imagen-3.0-generate-002",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1740000000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/imagen-3.0-generate-002",
+			Version:                    "3.0",
+			DisplayName:                "Imagen 3.0 Generate",
+			Description:                "Imagen 3.0 image generation model",
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"predict"},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "imagen-3.0-fast-generate-001",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1740000000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/imagen-3.0-fast-generate-001",
+			Version:                    "3.0",
+			DisplayName:                "Imagen 3.0 Fast Generate",
+			Description:                "Imagen 3.0 fast image generation model",
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"predict"},
+		},
+		{
+			ID:                         "imagen-4.0-fast-generate-001",
+			Object:                     "model",
+			Created:                    1750000000,
+			OwnedBy:                    "google",
+			Type:                       "gemini",
+			Name:                       "models/imagen-4.0-fast-generate-001",
+			Version:                    "4.0",
+			DisplayName:                "Imagen 4.0 Fast Generate",
+			Description:                "Imagen 4.0 fast image generation model",
+			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"predict"},
+		},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -432,7 +493,7 @@ func GetAIStudioModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
 			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
-			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-3-flash-preview",
@@ -447,7 +508,7 @@ func GetAIStudioModels() []*ModelInfo {
 			InputTokenLimit:            1048576,
 			OutputTokenLimit:           65536,
 			SupportedGenerationMethods: []string{"generateContent", "countTokens", "createCachedContent", "batchGenerateContent"},
-			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}},
+			Thinking:                   &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true},
 		},
 		{
 			ID:                         "gemini-pro-latest",
@@ -742,6 +803,7 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 		{ID: "qwen3-235b", DisplayName: "Qwen3-235B-A22B", Description: "Qwen3 235B A22B", Created: 1753401600},
 		{ID: "minimax-m2", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2", Description: "MiniMax M2", Created: 1758672000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
 		{ID: "minimax-m2.1", DisplayName: "MiniMax-M2.1", Description: "MiniMax M2.1", Created: 1766448000, Thinking: iFlowThinkingSupport},
+		{ID: "iflow-rome-30ba3b", DisplayName: "iFlow-ROME", Description: "iFlow Rome 30BA3B model", Created: 1736899200},
 	}
 	models := make([]*ModelInfo, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, entry := range entries {
@@ -764,21 +826,23 @@ func GetIFlowModels() []*ModelInfo {
 type AntigravityModelConfig struct {
 	Thinking            *ThinkingSupport
 	MaxCompletionTokens int
-	Name                string
 }
 
 // GetAntigravityModelConfig returns static configuration for antigravity models.
-// Keys use the ALIASED model names (after modelName2Alias conversion) for direct lookup.
+// Keys use upstream model names returned by the Antigravity models endpoint.
 func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 	return map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig{
-		"gemini-2.5-flash":                        {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash"},
-		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":                   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash-lite"},
-		"gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}, Name: "models/gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"},
-		"gemini-3-pro-preview":                    {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-preview"},
-		"gemini-3-pro-image-preview":              {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-image-preview"},
-		"gemini-3-flash-preview":                  {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}, Name: "models/gemini-3-flash-preview"},
-		"gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking":       {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 200000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 200000, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"gemini-2.5-flash":           {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
+		"gemini-2.5-flash-lite":      {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 0, Max: 24576, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}},
+		"rev19-uic3-1p":              {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true}},
+		"gemini-3-pro-high":          {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3-pro-image":         {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"low", "high"}}},
+		"gemini-3-flash":             {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}},
+		"claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"claude-opus-4-5-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"claude-sonnet-4-5":          {MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
+		"gpt-oss-120b-medium":        {},
+		"tab_flash_lite_preview":     {},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -788,6 +852,7 @@ func LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID string) *ModelInfo {
 	if modelID == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
+
 	allModels := [][]*ModelInfo{
 		GetClaudeModels(),
 		GetGeminiModels(),
@@ -805,5 +870,15 @@ func LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID string) *ModelInfo {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Check Antigravity static config
+	if cfg := GetAntigravityModelConfig()[modelID]; cfg != nil {
+		return &ModelInfo{
+			ID:                  modelID,
+			Thinking:            cfg.Thinking,
+			MaxCompletionTokens: cfg.MaxCompletionTokens,
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

internal/registry/model_registry.go

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ type ModelInfo struct {
 	// Thinking holds provider-specific reasoning/thinking budget capabilities.
 	// This is optional and currently used for Gemini thinking budget normalization.
 	Thinking *ThinkingSupport `json:"thinking,omitempty"`
+
+	// UserDefined indicates this model was defined through config file's models[]
+	// array (e.g., openai-compatibility.*.models[], *-api-key.models[]).
+	// UserDefined models have thinking configuration passed through without validation.
+	UserDefined bool `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // ThinkingSupport describes a model family's supported internal reasoning budget range.
@@ -73,6 +78,8 @@ type ThinkingSupport struct {
 type ModelRegistration struct {
 	// Info contains the model metadata
 	Info *ModelInfo
+	// InfoByProvider maps provider identifiers to specific ModelInfo to support differing capabilities.
+	InfoByProvider map[string]*ModelInfo
 	// Count is the number of active clients that can provide this model
 	Count int
 	// LastUpdated tracks when this registration was last modified
@@ -127,6 +134,24 @@ func GetGlobalRegistry() *ModelRegistry {
 	return globalRegistry
 }
 
+// LookupModelInfo searches dynamic registry (provider-specific > global) then static definitions.
+func LookupModelInfo(modelID string, provider ...string) *ModelInfo {
+	modelID = strings.TrimSpace(modelID)
+	if modelID == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	p := ""
+	if len(provider) > 0 {
+		p = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider[0]))
+	}
+
+	if info := GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(modelID, p); info != nil {
+		return info
+	}
+	return LookupStaticModelInfo(modelID)
+}
+
 // SetHook sets an optional hook for observing model registration changes.
 func (r *ModelRegistry) SetHook(hook ModelRegistryHook) {
 	if r == nil {
@@ -277,6 +302,9 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 				if count, okProv := reg.Providers[oldProvider]; okProv {
 					if count <= toRemove {
 						delete(reg.Providers, oldProvider)
+						if reg.InfoByProvider != nil {
+							delete(reg.InfoByProvider, oldProvider)
+						}
 					} else {
 						reg.Providers[oldProvider] = count - toRemove
 					}
@@ -326,6 +354,12 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) RegisterClient(clientID, clientProvider string, models [
 		model := newModels[id]
 		if reg, ok := r.models[id]; ok {
 			reg.Info = cloneModelInfo(model)
+			if provider != "" {
+				if reg.InfoByProvider == nil {
+					reg.InfoByProvider = make(map[string]*ModelInfo)
+				}
+				reg.InfoByProvider[provider] = cloneModelInfo(model)
+			}
 			reg.LastUpdated = now
 			if reg.QuotaExceededClients != nil {
 				delete(reg.QuotaExceededClients, clientID)
@@ -389,11 +423,15 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) addModelRegistration(modelID, provider string, model *Mo
 		if existing.SuspendedClients == nil {
 			existing.SuspendedClients = make(map[string]string)
 		}
+		if existing.InfoByProvider == nil {
+			existing.InfoByProvider = make(map[string]*ModelInfo)
+		}
 		if provider != "" {
 			if existing.Providers == nil {
 				existing.Providers = make(map[string]int)
 			}
 			existing.Providers[provider]++
+			existing.InfoByProvider[provider] = cloneModelInfo(model)
 		}
 		log.Debugf("Incremented count for model %s, now %d clients", modelID, existing.Count)
 		return
@@ -401,6 +439,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) addModelRegistration(modelID, provider string, model *Mo
 
 	registration := &ModelRegistration{
 		Info:                 cloneModelInfo(model),
+		InfoByProvider:       make(map[string]*ModelInfo),
 		Count:                1,
 		LastUpdated:          now,
 		QuotaExceededClients: make(map[string]*time.Time),
@@ -408,6 +447,7 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) addModelRegistration(modelID, provider string, model *Mo
 	}
 	if provider != "" {
 		registration.Providers = map[string]int{provider: 1}
+		registration.InfoByProvider[provider] = cloneModelInfo(model)
 	}
 	r.models[modelID] = registration
 	log.Debugf("Registered new model %s from provider %s", modelID, provider)
@@ -433,6 +473,9 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) removeModelRegistration(clientID, modelID, provider stri
 		if count, ok := registration.Providers[provider]; ok {
 			if count <= 1 {
 				delete(registration.Providers, provider)
+				if registration.InfoByProvider != nil {
+					delete(registration.InfoByProvider, provider)
+				}
 			} else {
 				registration.Providers[provider] = count - 1
 			}
@@ -514,6 +557,9 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) unregisterClientInternal(clientID string) {
 				if count, ok := registration.Providers[provider]; ok {
 					if count <= 1 {
 						delete(registration.Providers, provider)
+						if registration.InfoByProvider != nil {
+							delete(registration.InfoByProvider, provider)
+						}
 					} else {
 						registration.Providers[provider] = count - 1
 					}
@@ -920,12 +966,22 @@ func (r *ModelRegistry) GetModelProviders(modelID string) []string {
 	return result
 }
 
-// GetModelInfo returns the registered ModelInfo for the given model ID, if present.
-// Returns nil if the model is unknown to the registry.
-func (r *ModelRegistry) GetModelInfo(modelID string) *ModelInfo {
+// GetModelInfo returns ModelInfo, prioritizing provider-specific definition if available.
+func (r *ModelRegistry) GetModelInfo(modelID, provider string) *ModelInfo {
 	r.mutex.RLock()
 	defer r.mutex.RUnlock()
 	if reg, ok := r.models[modelID]; ok && reg != nil {
+		// Try provider specific definition first
+		if provider != "" && reg.InfoByProvider != nil {
+			if reg.Providers != nil {
+				if count, ok := reg.Providers[provider]; ok && count > 0 {
+					if info, ok := reg.InfoByProvider[provider]; ok && info != nil {
+						return info
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// Fallback to global info (last registered)
 		return reg.Info
 	}
 	return nil

internal/runtime/executor/aistudio_executor.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/wsrelay"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 
 // Execute performs a non-streaming request to the AI Studio API.
 func (e *AIStudioExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	translatedReq, body, err := e.translateRequest(req, opts, false)
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth,
 		return resp, err
 	}
 
-	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(req.Model, body.action, opts.Alt)
+	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(baseModel, body.action, opts.Alt)
 	wsReq := &wsrelay.HTTPRequest{
 		Method:  http.MethodPost,
 		URL:     endpoint,
@@ -166,7 +167,8 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth,
 
 // ExecuteStream performs a streaming request to the AI Studio API.
 func (e *AIStudioExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	translatedReq, body, err := e.translateRequest(req, opts, true)
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(req.Model, body.action, opts.Alt)
+	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(baseModel, body.action, opts.Alt)
 	wsReq := &wsrelay.HTTPRequest{
 		Method:  http.MethodPost,
 		URL:     endpoint,
@@ -315,6 +317,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth
 
 // CountTokens counts tokens for the given request using the AI Studio API.
 func (e *AIStudioExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 	_, body, err := e.translateRequest(req, opts, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
@@ -324,7 +327,7 @@ func (e *AIStudioExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	body.payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body.payload, "tools")
 	body.payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body.payload, "safetySettings")
 
-	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(req.Model, "countTokens", "")
+	endpoint := e.buildEndpoint(baseModel, "countTokens", "")
 	wsReq := &wsrelay.HTTPRequest{
 		Method:  http.MethodPost,
 		URL:     endpoint,
@@ -380,22 +383,22 @@ type translatedPayload struct {
 }
 
 func (e *AIStudioExecutor) translateRequest(req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, stream bool) ([]byte, translatedPayload, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, stream)
-	payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
-	payload = ApplyThinkingMetadata(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	payload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
-	payload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, payload)
-	payload = util.ConvertThinkingLevelToBudget(payload, req.Model, true)
-	payload = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, payload, true)
-	payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, payload)
-	payload = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, payload)
-	payload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", payload, originalTranslated)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, stream)
+	payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
+	payload, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(payload, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, translatedPayload{}, err
+	}
+	payload = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, payload)
+	payload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", payload, originalTranslated)
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.maxOutputTokens")
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.responseMimeType")
 	payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "generationConfig.responseJsonSchema")

internal/runtime/executor/antigravity_executor.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
@@ -108,8 +109,10 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 
 // Execute performs a non-streaming request to the Antigravity API.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
-	if isClaude || strings.Contains(req.Model, "gemini-3-pro") {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(baseModel), "claude")
+
+	if isClaude || strings.Contains(baseModel, "gemini-3-pro") {
 		return e.executeClaudeNonStream(ctx, auth, req, opts)
 	}
 
@@ -121,23 +124,25 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		auth = updatedAuth
 	}
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, isClaude)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
+	translated, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 	var lastErr error
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
-		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, req.Model, translated, false, opts.Alt, baseURL)
+		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, baseModel, translated, false, opts.Alt, baseURL)
 		if errReq != nil {
 			err = errReq
 			return resp, err
@@ -228,6 +233,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 // executeClaudeNonStream performs a claude non-streaming request to the Antigravity API.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := e.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
 	if errToken != nil {
 		return resp, errToken
@@ -236,23 +243,25 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 		auth = updatedAuth
 	}
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
-	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, true)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
+	translated, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -262,7 +271,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) executeClaudeNonStream(ctx context.Context, auth *
 	var lastErr error
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
-		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, req.Model, translated, true, opts.Alt, baseURL)
+		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, baseModel, translated, true, opts.Alt, baseURL)
 		if errReq != nil {
 			err = errReq
 			return resp, err
@@ -508,8 +517,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) convertStreamToNonStream(stream []byte) []byte {
 		}
 		if usageResult := responseNode.Get("usageMetadata"); usageResult.Exists() {
 			usageRaw = usageResult.Raw
-		} else if usageResult := root.Get("usageMetadata"); usageResult.Exists() {
-			usageRaw = usageResult.Raw
+		} else if usageMetadataResult := root.Get("usageMetadata"); usageMetadataResult.Exists() {
+			usageRaw = usageMetadataResult.Raw
 		}
 
 		if partsResult := responseNode.Get("candidates.0.content.parts"); partsResult.IsArray() {
@@ -588,6 +597,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) convertStreamToNonStream(stream []byte) []byte {
 
 // ExecuteStream performs a streaming request to the Antigravity API.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", "")
 
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := e.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
@@ -598,25 +609,25 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 		auth = updatedAuth
 	}
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
-
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
-	translated = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	translated = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, translated)
-	translated = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, translated, isClaude)
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
+	translated, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "antigravity", "request", translated, originalTranslated)
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -626,12 +637,11 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxya
 	var lastErr error
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
-		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, req.Model, translated, true, opts.Alt, baseURL)
+		httpReq, errReq := e.buildRequest(ctx, auth, token, baseModel, translated, true, opts.Alt, baseURL)
 		if errReq != nil {
 			err = errReq
 			return nil, err
 		}
-
 		httpResp, errDo := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 		if errDo != nil {
 			recordAPIResponseError(ctx, e.cfg, errDo)
@@ -772,6 +782,8 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) Refresh(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 
 // CountTokens counts tokens for the given request using the Antigravity API.
 func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	token, updatedAuth, errToken := e.ensureAccessToken(ctx, auth)
 	if errToken != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errToken
@@ -787,7 +799,17 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("antigravity")
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 
-	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(req.Model), "claude")
+	// Prepare payload once (doesn't depend on baseURL)
+	payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	payload, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(payload, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
+	}
+
+	payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "project")
+	payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "model")
+	payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
 
 	baseURLs := antigravityBaseURLFallbackOrder(auth)
 	httpClient := newProxyAwareHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -804,14 +826,6 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 	var lastErr error
 
 	for idx, baseURL := range baseURLs {
-		payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-		payload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-		payload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
-		payload = normalizeAntigravityThinking(req.Model, payload, isClaude)
-		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "project")
-		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "model")
-		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
-
 		base := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/")
 		if base == "" {
 			base = buildBaseURL(auth)
@@ -981,35 +995,37 @@ func FetchAntigravityModels(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, cfg *c
 		modelConfig := registry.GetAntigravityModelConfig()
 		models := make([]*registry.ModelInfo, 0, len(result.Map()))
 		for originalName := range result.Map() {
-			aliasName := modelName2Alias(originalName)
-			if aliasName != "" {
-				cfg := modelConfig[aliasName]
-				modelName := aliasName
-				if cfg != nil && cfg.Name != "" {
-					modelName = cfg.Name
-				}
-				modelInfo := &registry.ModelInfo{
-					ID:          aliasName,
-					Name:        modelName,
-					Description: aliasName,
-					DisplayName: aliasName,
-					Version:     aliasName,
-					Object:      "model",
-					Created:     now,
-					OwnedBy:     antigravityAuthType,
-					Type:        antigravityAuthType,
-				}
-				// Look up Thinking support from static config using alias name
-				if cfg != nil {
-					if cfg.Thinking != nil {
-						modelInfo.Thinking = cfg.Thinking
-					}
-					if cfg.MaxCompletionTokens > 0 {
-						modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens = cfg.MaxCompletionTokens
-					}
-				}
-				models = append(models, modelInfo)
+			modelID := strings.TrimSpace(originalName)
+			if modelID == "" {
+				continue
 			}
+			switch modelID {
+			case "chat_20706", "chat_23310", "gemini-2.5-flash-thinking", "gemini-3-pro-low", "gemini-2.5-pro":
+				continue
+			}
+			modelCfg := modelConfig[modelID]
+			modelName := modelID
+			modelInfo := &registry.ModelInfo{
+				ID:          modelID,
+				Name:        modelName,
+				Description: modelID,
+				DisplayName: modelID,
+				Version:     modelID,
+				Object:      "model",
+				Created:     now,
+				OwnedBy:     antigravityAuthType,
+				Type:        antigravityAuthType,
+			}
+			// Look up Thinking support from static config using upstream model name.
+			if modelCfg != nil {
+				if modelCfg.Thinking != nil {
+					modelInfo.Thinking = modelCfg.Thinking
+				}
+				if modelCfg.MaxCompletionTokens > 0 {
+					modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens = modelCfg.MaxCompletionTokens
+				}
+			}
+			models = append(models, modelInfo)
 		}
 		return models
 	}
@@ -1184,7 +1200,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 		}
 	}
 	payload = geminiToAntigravity(modelName, payload, projectID)
-	payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "model", alias2ModelName(modelName))
+	payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "model", modelName)
 
 	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") {
 		strJSON := string(payload)
@@ -1201,7 +1217,7 @@ func (e *AntigravityExecutor) buildRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 		payload = []byte(strJSON)
 	}
 
-	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3-pro-preview") {
+	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") || strings.Contains(modelName, "gemini-3-pro-high") {
 		systemInstructionPartsResult := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts")
 		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
 		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", systemInstruction)
@@ -1391,13 +1407,6 @@ func geminiToAntigravity(modelName string, payload []byte, projectID string) []b
 	template, _ = sjson.Delete(template, "request.safetySettings")
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "request.toolConfig.functionCallingConfig.mode", "VALIDATED")
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(modelName, "gemini-3-") {
-		if thinkingLevel := gjson.Get(template, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"); thinkingLevel.Exists() {
-			template, _ = sjson.Delete(template, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", -1)
-		}
-	}
-
 	if strings.Contains(modelName, "claude") {
 		gjson.Get(template, "request.tools").ForEach(func(key, tool gjson.Result) bool {
 			tool.Get("functionDeclarations").ForEach(func(funKey, funcDecl gjson.Result) bool {
@@ -1455,108 +1464,3 @@ func generateProjectID() string {
 	randomPart := strings.ToLower(uuid.NewString())[:5]
 	return adj + "-" + noun + "-" + randomPart
 }
-
-func modelName2Alias(modelName string) string {
-	switch modelName {
-	case "rev19-uic3-1p":
-		return "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"
-	case "gemini-3-pro-image":
-		return "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"
-	case "gemini-3-pro-high":
-		return "gemini-3-pro-preview"
-	case "gemini-3-flash":
-		return "gemini-3-flash-preview"
-	case "claude-sonnet-4-5":
-		return "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5"
-	case "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking":
-		return "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
-	case "claude-opus-4-5-thinking":
-		return "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
-	case "chat_20706", "chat_23310", "gemini-2.5-flash-thinking", "gemini-3-pro-low", "gemini-2.5-pro":
-		return ""
-	default:
-		return modelName
-	}
-}
-
-func alias2ModelName(modelName string) string {
-	switch modelName {
-	case "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025":
-		return "rev19-uic3-1p"
-	case "gemini-3-pro-image-preview":
-		return "gemini-3-pro-image"
-	case "gemini-3-pro-preview":
-		return "gemini-3-pro-high"
-	case "gemini-3-flash-preview":
-		return "gemini-3-flash"
-	case "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5":
-		return "claude-sonnet-4-5"
-	case "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking":
-		return "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
-	case "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking":
-		return "claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
-	default:
-		return modelName
-	}
-}
-
-// normalizeAntigravityThinking clamps or removes thinking config based on model support.
-// For Claude models, it additionally ensures thinking budget < max_tokens.
-func normalizeAntigravityThinking(model string, payload []byte, isClaude bool) []byte {
-	payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, payload)
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		return payload
-	}
-	budget := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
-	if !budget.Exists() {
-		return payload
-	}
-	raw := int(budget.Int())
-	normalized := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, raw)
-
-	if isClaude {
-		effectiveMax, setDefaultMax := antigravityEffectiveMaxTokens(model, payload)
-		if effectiveMax > 0 && normalized >= effectiveMax {
-			normalized = effectiveMax - 1
-		}
-		minBudget := antigravityMinThinkingBudget(model)
-		if minBudget > 0 && normalized >= 0 && normalized < minBudget {
-			// Budget is below minimum, remove thinking config entirely
-			payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-			return payload
-		}
-		if setDefaultMax {
-			if res, errSet := sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.maxOutputTokens", effectiveMax); errSet == nil {
-				payload = res
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", normalized)
-	if err != nil {
-		return payload
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-// antigravityEffectiveMaxTokens returns the max tokens to cap thinking:
-// prefer request-provided maxOutputTokens; otherwise fall back to model default.
-// The boolean indicates whether the value came from the model default (and thus should be written back).
-func antigravityEffectiveMaxTokens(model string, payload []byte) (max int, fromModel bool) {
-	if maxTok := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.maxOutputTokens"); maxTok.Exists() && maxTok.Int() > 0 {
-		return int(maxTok.Int()), false
-	}
-	if modelInfo := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens > 0 {
-		return modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens, true
-	}
-	return 0, false
-}
-
-// antigravityMinThinkingBudget returns the minimum thinking budget for a model.
-// Falls back to -1 if no model info is found.
-func antigravityMinThinkingBudget(model string) int {
-	if modelInfo := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.Thinking != nil {
-		return modelInfo.Thinking.Min
-	}
-	return -1
-}

internal/runtime/executor/claude_executor.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	claudeauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/claude"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -84,17 +84,15 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 }
 
 func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://api.anthropic.com"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
 	// Use streaming translation to preserve function calling, except for claude.
@@ -103,23 +101,24 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, stream)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
-	// Inject thinking config based on model metadata for thinking variants
-	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(model, req.Metadata, body)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, stream)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
-		body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+
+	// Apply cloaking (system prompt injection, fake user ID, sensitive word obfuscation)
+	// based on client type and configuration.
+	body = applyCloaking(ctx, e.cfg, auth, body, baseModel)
+
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	// Disable thinking if tool_choice forces tool use (Anthropic API constraint)
 	body = disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body)
 
-	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled
-	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(model, body)
-
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
@@ -218,37 +217,39 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 }
 
 func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://api.anthropic.com"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
-	// Inject thinking config based on model metadata for thinking variants
-	body = e.injectThinkingConfig(model, req.Metadata, body)
-	body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Apply cloaking (system prompt injection, fake user ID, sensitive word obfuscation)
+	// based on client type and configuration.
+	body = applyCloaking(ctx, e.cfg, auth, body, baseModel)
+
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	// Disable thinking if tool_choice forces tool use (Anthropic API constraint)
 	body = disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body)
 
-	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled
-	body = ensureMaxTokensForThinking(model, body)
-
 	// Extract betas from body and convert to header
 	var extraBetas []string
 	extraBetas, body = extractAndRemoveBetas(body)
@@ -381,8 +382,9 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 }
 
 func (e *ClaudeExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://api.anthropic.com"
 	}
@@ -391,14 +393,10 @@ func (e *ClaudeExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("claude")
 	// Use streaming translation to preserve function calling, except for claude.
 	stream := from != to
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), stream)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(baseModel, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
 		body = checkSystemInstructions(body)
 	}
 
@@ -527,17 +525,6 @@ func extractAndRemoveBetas(body []byte) ([]string, []byte) {
 	return betas, body
 }
 
-// injectThinkingConfig adds thinking configuration based on metadata using the unified flow.
-// It uses util.ResolveClaudeThinkingConfig which internally calls ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata
-// and NormalizeThinkingBudget, ensuring consistency with other executors like Gemini.
-func (e *ClaudeExecutor) injectThinkingConfig(modelName string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	budget, ok := util.ResolveClaudeThinkingConfig(modelName, metadata)
-	if !ok {
-		return body
-	}
-	return util.ApplyClaudeThinkingConfig(body, budget)
-}
-
 // disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced checks if tool_choice forces tool use and disables thinking.
 // Anthropic API does not allow thinking when tool_choice is set to "any" or a specific tool.
 // See: https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/build-with-claude/extended-thinking#important-considerations
@@ -551,126 +538,6 @@ func disableThinkingIfToolChoiceForced(body []byte) []byte {
 	return body
 }
 
-// ensureMaxTokensForThinking ensures max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens when thinking is enabled.
-// Anthropic API requires this constraint; violating it returns a 400 error.
-// This function should be called after all thinking configuration is finalized.
-// It looks up the model's MaxCompletionTokens from the registry to use as the cap.
-func ensureMaxTokensForThinking(modelName string, body []byte) []byte {
-	thinkingType := gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking.type").String()
-	if thinkingType != "enabled" {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budgetTokens := gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking.budget_tokens").Int()
-	if budgetTokens <= 0 {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	maxTokens := gjson.GetBytes(body, "max_tokens").Int()
-
-	// Look up the model's max completion tokens from the registry
-	maxCompletionTokens := 0
-	if modelInfo := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(modelName); modelInfo != nil {
-		maxCompletionTokens = modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens
-	}
-
-	// Fall back to budget + buffer if registry lookup fails or returns 0
-	const fallbackBuffer = 4000
-	requiredMaxTokens := budgetTokens + fallbackBuffer
-	if maxCompletionTokens > 0 {
-		requiredMaxTokens = int64(maxCompletionTokens)
-	}
-
-	if maxTokens < requiredMaxTokens {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "max_tokens", requiredMaxTokens)
-	}
-	return body
-}
-
-func (e *ClaudeExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
-	if trimmed == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	entry := e.resolveClaudeConfig(auth)
-	if entry == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
-
-	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
-	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
-	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
-	}
-	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, original)
-	}
-
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
-
-		for _, candidate := range candidates {
-			if candidate == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
-				if name != "" {
-					return name
-				}
-				return candidate
-			}
-			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
-				return name
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
-func (e *ClaudeExecutor) resolveClaudeConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.ClaudeKey {
-	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var attrKey, attrBase string
-	if auth.Attributes != nil {
-		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
-		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
-	}
-	for i := range e.cfg.ClaudeKey {
-		entry := &e.cfg.ClaudeKey[i]
-		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
-		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
-		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
-			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
-				return entry
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
-			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
-				return entry
-			}
-		}
-		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
-			return entry
-		}
-	}
-	if attrKey != "" {
-		for i := range e.cfg.ClaudeKey {
-			entry := &e.cfg.ClaudeKey[i]
-			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey), attrKey) {
-				return entry
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 type compositeReadCloser struct {
 	io.Reader
 	closers []func() error
@@ -956,3 +823,163 @@ func stripClaudeToolPrefixFromStreamLine(line []byte, prefix string) []byte {
 	}
 	return updated
 }
+
+// getClientUserAgent extracts the client User-Agent from the gin context.
+func getClientUserAgent(ctx context.Context) string {
+	if ginCtx, ok := ctx.Value("gin").(*gin.Context); ok && ginCtx != nil && ginCtx.Request != nil {
+		return ginCtx.GetHeader("User-Agent")
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// getCloakConfigFromAuth extracts cloak configuration from auth attributes.
+// Returns (cloakMode, strictMode, sensitiveWords).
+func getCloakConfigFromAuth(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (string, bool, []string) {
+	if auth == nil || auth.Attributes == nil {
+		return "auto", false, nil
+	}
+
+	cloakMode := auth.Attributes["cloak_mode"]
+	if cloakMode == "" {
+		cloakMode = "auto"
+	}
+
+	strictMode := strings.ToLower(auth.Attributes["cloak_strict_mode"]) == "true"
+
+	var sensitiveWords []string
+	if wordsStr := auth.Attributes["cloak_sensitive_words"]; wordsStr != "" {
+		sensitiveWords = strings.Split(wordsStr, ",")
+		for i := range sensitiveWords {
+			sensitiveWords[i] = strings.TrimSpace(sensitiveWords[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cloakMode, strictMode, sensitiveWords
+}
+
+// resolveClaudeKeyCloakConfig finds the matching ClaudeKey config and returns its CloakConfig.
+func resolveClaudeKeyCloakConfig(cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.CloakConfig {
+	if cfg == nil || auth == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	apiKey, baseURL := claudeCreds(auth)
+	if apiKey == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for i := range cfg.ClaudeKey {
+		entry := &cfg.ClaudeKey[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace(entry.APIKey)
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace(entry.BaseURL)
+
+		// Match by API key
+		if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, apiKey) {
+			// If baseURL is specified, also check it
+			if baseURL != "" && cfgBase != "" && !strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, baseURL) {
+				continue
+			}
+			return entry.Cloak
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// injectFakeUserID generates and injects a fake user ID into the request metadata.
+func injectFakeUserID(payload []byte) []byte {
+	metadata := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "metadata")
+	if !metadata.Exists() {
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "metadata.user_id", generateFakeUserID())
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	existingUserID := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "metadata.user_id").String()
+	if existingUserID == "" || !isValidUserID(existingUserID) {
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "metadata.user_id", generateFakeUserID())
+	}
+	return payload
+}
+
+// checkSystemInstructionsWithMode injects Claude Code system prompt.
+// In strict mode, it replaces all user system messages.
+// In non-strict mode (default), it prepends to existing system messages.
+func checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload []byte, strictMode bool) []byte {
+	system := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system")
+	claudeCodeInstructions := `[{"type":"text","text":"You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude."}]`
+
+	if strictMode {
+		// Strict mode: replace all system messages with Claude Code prompt only
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	// Non-strict mode (default): prepend Claude Code prompt to existing system messages
+	if system.IsArray() {
+		if gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system.0.text").String() != "You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude." {
+			system.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
+				if part.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+					claudeCodeInstructions, _ = sjson.SetRaw(claudeCodeInstructions, "-1", part.Raw)
+				}
+				return true
+			})
+			payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
+		}
+	} else {
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(payload, "system", []byte(claudeCodeInstructions))
+	}
+	return payload
+}
+
+// applyCloaking applies cloaking transformations to the payload based on config and client.
+// Cloaking includes: system prompt injection, fake user ID, and sensitive word obfuscation.
+func applyCloaking(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, payload []byte, model string) []byte {
+	clientUserAgent := getClientUserAgent(ctx)
+
+	// Get cloak config from ClaudeKey configuration
+	cloakCfg := resolveClaudeKeyCloakConfig(cfg, auth)
+
+	// Determine cloak settings
+	var cloakMode string
+	var strictMode bool
+	var sensitiveWords []string
+
+	if cloakCfg != nil {
+		cloakMode = cloakCfg.Mode
+		strictMode = cloakCfg.StrictMode
+		sensitiveWords = cloakCfg.SensitiveWords
+	}
+
+	// Fallback to auth attributes if no config found
+	if cloakMode == "" {
+		attrMode, attrStrict, attrWords := getCloakConfigFromAuth(auth)
+		cloakMode = attrMode
+		if !strictMode {
+			strictMode = attrStrict
+		}
+		if len(sensitiveWords) == 0 {
+			sensitiveWords = attrWords
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Determine if cloaking should be applied
+	if !shouldCloak(cloakMode, clientUserAgent) {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	// Skip system instructions for claude-3-5-haiku models
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, "claude-3-5-haiku") {
+		payload = checkSystemInstructionsWithMode(payload, strictMode)
+	}
+
+	// Inject fake user ID
+	payload = injectFakeUserID(payload)
+
+	// Apply sensitive word obfuscation
+	if len(sensitiveWords) > 0 {
+		matcher := buildSensitiveWordMatcher(sensitiveWords)
+		payload = obfuscateSensitiveWords(payload, matcher)
+	}
+
+	return payload
+}

internal/runtime/executor/cloak_obfuscate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// zeroWidthSpace is the Unicode zero-width space character used for obfuscation.
+const zeroWidthSpace = "\u200B"
+
+// SensitiveWordMatcher holds the compiled regex for matching sensitive words.
+type SensitiveWordMatcher struct {
+	regex *regexp.Regexp
+}
+
+// buildSensitiveWordMatcher compiles a regex from the word list.
+// Words are sorted by length (longest first) for proper matching.
+func buildSensitiveWordMatcher(words []string) *SensitiveWordMatcher {
+	if len(words) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Filter and normalize words
+	var validWords []string
+	for _, w := range words {
+		w = strings.TrimSpace(w)
+		if utf8.RuneCountInString(w) >= 2 && !strings.Contains(w, zeroWidthSpace) {
+			validWords = append(validWords, w)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(validWords) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Sort by length (longest first) for proper matching
+	sort.Slice(validWords, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return len(validWords[i]) > len(validWords[j])
+	})
+
+	// Escape and join
+	escaped := make([]string, len(validWords))
+	for i, w := range validWords {
+		escaped[i] = regexp.QuoteMeta(w)
+	}
+
+	pattern := "(?i)" + strings.Join(escaped, "|")
+	re, err := regexp.Compile(pattern)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return &SensitiveWordMatcher{regex: re}
+}
+
+// obfuscateWord inserts a zero-width space after the first grapheme.
+func obfuscateWord(word string) string {
+	if strings.Contains(word, zeroWidthSpace) {
+		return word
+	}
+
+	// Get first rune
+	r, size := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(word)
+	if r == utf8.RuneError || size >= len(word) {
+		return word
+	}
+
+	return string(r) + zeroWidthSpace + word[size:]
+}
+
+// obfuscateText replaces all sensitive words in the text.
+func (m *SensitiveWordMatcher) obfuscateText(text string) string {
+	if m == nil || m.regex == nil {
+		return text
+	}
+	return m.regex.ReplaceAllStringFunc(text, obfuscateWord)
+}
+
+// obfuscateSensitiveWords processes the payload and obfuscates sensitive words
+// in system blocks and message content.
+func obfuscateSensitiveWords(payload []byte, matcher *SensitiveWordMatcher) []byte {
+	if matcher == nil || matcher.regex == nil {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	// Obfuscate in system blocks
+	payload = obfuscateSystemBlocks(payload, matcher)
+
+	// Obfuscate in messages
+	payload = obfuscateMessages(payload, matcher)
+
+	return payload
+}
+
+// obfuscateSystemBlocks obfuscates sensitive words in system blocks.
+func obfuscateSystemBlocks(payload []byte, matcher *SensitiveWordMatcher) []byte {
+	system := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "system")
+	if !system.Exists() {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	if system.IsArray() {
+		modified := false
+		system.ForEach(func(key, value gjson.Result) bool {
+			if value.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+				text := value.Get("text").String()
+				obfuscated := matcher.obfuscateText(text)
+				if obfuscated != text {
+					path := "system." + key.String() + ".text"
+					payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, path, obfuscated)
+					modified = true
+				}
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+		if modified {
+			return payload
+		}
+	} else if system.Type == gjson.String {
+		text := system.String()
+		obfuscated := matcher.obfuscateText(text)
+		if obfuscated != text {
+			payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "system", obfuscated)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return payload
+}
+
+// obfuscateMessages obfuscates sensitive words in message content.
+func obfuscateMessages(payload []byte, matcher *SensitiveWordMatcher) []byte {
+	messages := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "messages")
+	if !messages.Exists() || !messages.IsArray() {
+		return payload
+	}
+
+	messages.ForEach(func(msgKey, msg gjson.Result) bool {
+		content := msg.Get("content")
+		if !content.Exists() {
+			return true
+		}
+
+		msgPath := "messages." + msgKey.String()
+
+		if content.Type == gjson.String {
+			// Simple string content
+			text := content.String()
+			obfuscated := matcher.obfuscateText(text)
+			if obfuscated != text {
+				payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, msgPath+".content", obfuscated)
+			}
+		} else if content.IsArray() {
+			// Array of content blocks
+			content.ForEach(func(blockKey, block gjson.Result) bool {
+				if block.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+					text := block.Get("text").String()
+					obfuscated := matcher.obfuscateText(text)
+					if obfuscated != text {
+						path := msgPath + ".content." + blockKey.String() + ".text"
+						payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, path, obfuscated)
+					}
+				}
+				return true
+			})
+		}
+
+		return true
+	})
+
+	return payload
+}

internal/runtime/executor/cloak_utils.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// userIDPattern matches Claude Code format: user_[64-hex]_account__session_[uuid-v4]
+var userIDPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^user_[a-fA-F0-9]{64}_account__session_[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$`)
+
+// generateFakeUserID generates a fake user ID in Claude Code format.
+// Format: user_[64-hex-chars]_account__session_[UUID-v4]
+func generateFakeUserID() string {
+	hexBytes := make([]byte, 32)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(hexBytes)
+	hexPart := hex.EncodeToString(hexBytes)
+	uuidPart := uuid.New().String()
+	return "user_" + hexPart + "_account__session_" + uuidPart
+}
+
+// isValidUserID checks if a user ID matches Claude Code format.
+func isValidUserID(userID string) bool {
+	return userIDPattern.MatchString(userID)
+}
+
+// shouldCloak determines if request should be cloaked based on config and client User-Agent.
+// Returns true if cloaking should be applied.
+func shouldCloak(cloakMode string, userAgent string) bool {
+	switch strings.ToLower(cloakMode) {
+	case "always":
+		return true
+	case "never":
+		return false
+	default: // "auto" or empty
+		// If client is Claude Code, don't cloak
+		return !strings.HasPrefix(userAgent, "claude-cli")
+	}
+}
+
+// isClaudeCodeClient checks if the User-Agent indicates a Claude Code client.
+func isClaudeCodeClient(userAgent string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(userAgent, "claude-cli")
+}

internal/runtime/executor/codex_executor.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	codexauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/codex"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -72,18 +73,15 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 }
 
 func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	apiKey, baseURL := codexCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	apiKey, baseURL := codexCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
-	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
+	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
@@ -93,20 +91,25 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
 	originalPayload = misc.InjectCodexUserAgent(originalPayload, userAgent)
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
 	body := misc.InjectCodexUserAgent(bytes.Clone(req.Payload), userAgent)
-	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, body, false)
+	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, body, false)
 	body = misc.StripCodexUserAgent(body)
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, model); errValidate != nil {
-		return resp, errValidate
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream", true)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "prompt_cache_retention")
+	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "safety_identifier")
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(body, "instructions").Exists() {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "instructions", "")
+	}
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/responses"
 	httpReq, err := e.cacheHelper(ctx, from, url, req, body)
@@ -182,18 +185,15 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 }
 
 func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	apiKey, baseURL := codexCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	apiKey, baseURL := codexCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
-	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
+	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
@@ -203,20 +203,24 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
 	originalPayload = misc.InjectCodexUserAgent(originalPayload, userAgent)
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
 	body := misc.InjectCodexUserAgent(bytes.Clone(req.Payload), userAgent)
-	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, body, true)
+	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, body, true)
 	body = misc.StripCodexUserAgent(body)
 
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, model); errValidate != nil {
-		return nil, errValidate
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "prompt_cache_retention")
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "safety_identifier")
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(body, "instructions").Exists() {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "instructions", "")
+	}
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/responses"
 	httpReq, err := e.cacheHelper(ctx, from, url, req, body)
@@ -303,25 +307,30 @@ func (e *CodexExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 }
 
 func (e *CodexExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("codex")
 	userAgent := codexUserAgent(ctx)
 	body := misc.InjectCodexUserAgent(bytes.Clone(req.Payload), userAgent)
-	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, body, false)
+	body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, body, false)
 	body = misc.StripCodexUserAgent(body)
 
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model, "reasoning.effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	body, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
+	}
+
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "previous_response_id")
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "prompt_cache_retention")
+	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "safety_identifier")
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream", false)
+	if !gjson.GetBytes(body, "instructions").Exists() {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "instructions", "")
+	}
 
-	enc, err := tokenizerForCodexModel(model)
+	enc, err := tokenizerForCodexModel(baseModel)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, fmt.Errorf("codex executor: tokenizer init failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -593,51 +602,6 @@ func codexCreds(a *cliproxyauth.Auth) (apiKey, baseURL string) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (e *CodexExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
-	if trimmed == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	entry := e.resolveCodexConfig(auth)
-	if entry == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
-
-	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
-	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
-	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
-	}
-	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, original)
-	}
-
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
-
-		for _, candidate := range candidates {
-			if candidate == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
-				if name != "" {
-					return name
-				}
-				return candidate
-			}
-			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
-				return name
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
 func (e *CodexExecutor) resolveCodexConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.CodexKey {
 	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
 		return nil

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_cli_executor.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/runtime/geminicli"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -102,28 +103,33 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 
 // Execute performs a non-streaming request to the Gemini CLI API.
 func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	tokenSource, baseTokenData, err := prepareGeminiCLITokenSource(ctx, e.cfg, auth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return resp, err
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini-cli")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
-	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	basePayload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	basePayload, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(basePayload, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(baseModel, basePayload)
+	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -133,9 +139,9 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 	}
 
 	projectID := resolveGeminiProjectID(auth)
-	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(req.Model)
-	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != req.Model {
-		models = append([]string{req.Model}, models...)
+	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(baseModel)
+	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != baseModel {
+		models = append([]string{baseModel}, models...)
 	}
 
 	httpClient := newHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -246,34 +252,39 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 
 // ExecuteStream performs a streaming request to the Gemini CLI API.
 func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	tokenSource, baseTokenData, err := prepareGeminiCLITokenSource(ctx, e.cfg, auth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini-cli")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	basePayload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(basePayload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, basePayload)
-	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	basePayload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+
+	basePayload, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(basePayload, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	basePayload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(baseModel, basePayload)
+	basePayload = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, "gemini", "request", basePayload, originalTranslated)
 
 	projectID := resolveGeminiProjectID(auth)
 
-	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(req.Model)
-	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != req.Model {
-		models = append([]string{req.Model}, models...)
+	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(baseModel)
+	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != baseModel {
+		models = append([]string{baseModel}, models...)
 	}
 
 	httpClient := newHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -435,6 +446,8 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyaut
 
 // CountTokens counts tokens for the given request using the Gemini CLI API.
 func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	tokenSource, baseTokenData, err := prepareGeminiCLITokenSource(ctx, e.cfg, auth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
@@ -443,9 +456,9 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini-cli")
 
-	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(req.Model)
-	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != req.Model {
-		models = append([]string{req.Model}, models...)
+	models := cliPreviewFallbackOrder(baseModel)
+	if len(models) == 0 || models[0] != baseModel {
+		models = append([]string{baseModel}, models...)
 	}
 
 	httpClient := newHTTPClient(ctx, e.cfg, auth, 0)
@@ -463,15 +476,18 @@ func (e *GeminiCLIExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.
 
 	// The loop variable attemptModel is only used as the concrete model id sent to the upstream
 	// Gemini CLI endpoint when iterating fallback variants.
-	for _, attemptModel := range models {
-		payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, attemptModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-		payload = ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload, req.Metadata, req.Model)
-		payload = util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(req.Model, req.Metadata, payload)
+	for range models {
+		payload := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+		payload, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(payload, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+		if err != nil {
+			return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
+		}
+
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "project")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "model")
 		payload = deleteJSONField(payload, "request.safetySettings")
-		payload = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, payload)
-		payload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(req.Model, payload)
+		payload = fixGeminiCLIImageAspectRatio(baseModel, payload)
 
 		tok, errTok := tokenSource.Token()
 		if errTok != nil {

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_executor.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -102,16 +103,13 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 //   - cliproxyexecutor.Response: The response from the API
 //   - error: An error if the request fails
 func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	apiKey, bearer := geminiCreds(auth)
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
-
 	// Official Gemini API via API key or OAuth bearer
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
@@ -119,15 +117,17 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model)
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
 	action := "generateContent"
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 		}
 	}
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, baseModel, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -206,34 +206,33 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, r
 
 // ExecuteStream performs a streaming request to the Gemini API.
 func (e *GeminiExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	apiKey, bearer := geminiCreds(auth)
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
-
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	body = ApplyThinkingMetadata(body, req.Metadata, model)
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, "streamGenerateContent")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, baseModel, "streamGenerateContent")
 	if opts.Alt == "" {
 		url = url + "?alt=sse"
 	} else {
@@ -331,27 +330,28 @@ func (e *GeminiExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 
 // CountTokens counts tokens for the given request using the Gemini API.
 func (e *GeminiExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	apiKey, bearer := geminiCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	apiKey, bearer := geminiCreds(auth)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	translatedReq = ApplyThinkingMetadata(translatedReq, req.Metadata, model)
-	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	translatedReq, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(translatedReq, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
+	}
+
+	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, translatedReq)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "safetySettings")
-	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", model)
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", baseModel)
 
 	baseURL := resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, model, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/models/%s:%s", baseURL, glAPIVersion, baseModel, "countTokens")
 
 	requestBody := bytes.NewReader(translatedReq)
 
@@ -450,51 +450,6 @@ func resolveGeminiBaseURL(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
 	return base
 }
 
-func (e *GeminiExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
-	if trimmed == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	entry := e.resolveGeminiConfig(auth)
-	if entry == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
-
-	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
-	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
-	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
-	}
-	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, original)
-	}
-
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
-
-		for _, candidate := range candidates {
-			if candidate == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
-				if name != "" {
-					return name
-				}
-				return candidate
-			}
-			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
-				return name
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
 func (e *GeminiExecutor) resolveGeminiConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.GeminiKey {
 	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
 		return nil

internal/runtime/executor/gemini_vertex_executor.go

@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	vertexauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/vertex"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
 	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
@@ -31,6 +32,143 @@ const (
 	vertexAPIVersion = "v1"
 )
 
+// isImagenModel checks if the model name is an Imagen image generation model.
+// Imagen models use the :predict action instead of :generateContent.
+func isImagenModel(model string) bool {
+	lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
+	return strings.Contains(lowerModel, "imagen")
+}
+
+// getVertexAction returns the appropriate action for the given model.
+// Imagen models use "predict", while Gemini models use "generateContent".
+func getVertexAction(model string, isStream bool) string {
+	if isImagenModel(model) {
+		return "predict"
+	}
+	if isStream {
+		return "streamGenerateContent"
+	}
+	return "generateContent"
+}
+
+// convertImagenToGeminiResponse converts Imagen API response to Gemini format
+// so it can be processed by the standard translation pipeline.
+// This ensures Imagen models return responses in the same format as gemini-3-pro-image-preview.
+func convertImagenToGeminiResponse(data []byte, model string) []byte {
+	predictions := gjson.GetBytes(data, "predictions")
+	if !predictions.Exists() || !predictions.IsArray() {
+		return data
+	}
+
+	// Build Gemini-compatible response with inlineData
+	parts := make([]map[string]any, 0)
+	for _, pred := range predictions.Array() {
+		imageData := pred.Get("bytesBase64Encoded").String()
+		mimeType := pred.Get("mimeType").String()
+		if mimeType == "" {
+			mimeType = "image/png"
+		}
+		if imageData != "" {
+			parts = append(parts, map[string]any{
+				"inlineData": map[string]any{
+					"mimeType": mimeType,
+					"data":     imageData,
+				},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Generate unique response ID using timestamp
+	responseId := fmt.Sprintf("imagen-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
+
+	response := map[string]any{
+		"candidates": []map[string]any{{
+			"content": map[string]any{
+				"parts": parts,
+				"role":  "model",
+			},
+			"finishReason": "STOP",
+		}},
+		"responseId":   responseId,
+		"modelVersion": model,
+		// Imagen API doesn't return token counts, set to 0 for tracking purposes
+		"usageMetadata": map[string]any{
+			"promptTokenCount":     0,
+			"candidatesTokenCount": 0,
+			"totalTokenCount":      0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	result, err := json.Marshal(response)
+	if err != nil {
+		return data
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// convertToImagenRequest converts a Gemini-style request to Imagen API format.
+// Imagen API uses a different structure: instances[].prompt instead of contents[].
+func convertToImagenRequest(payload []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Extract prompt from Gemini-style contents
+	prompt := ""
+
+	// Try to get prompt from contents[0].parts[0].text
+	contentsText := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "contents.0.parts.0.text")
+	if contentsText.Exists() {
+		prompt = contentsText.String()
+	}
+
+	// If no contents, try messages format (OpenAI-compatible)
+	if prompt == "" {
+		messagesText := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "messages.#.content")
+		if messagesText.Exists() && messagesText.IsArray() {
+			for _, msg := range messagesText.Array() {
+				if msg.String() != "" {
+					prompt = msg.String()
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If still no prompt, try direct prompt field
+	if prompt == "" {
+		directPrompt := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "prompt")
+		if directPrompt.Exists() {
+			prompt = directPrompt.String()
+		}
+	}
+
+	if prompt == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("imagen: no prompt found in request")
+	}
+
+	// Build Imagen API request
+	imagenReq := map[string]any{
+		"instances": []map[string]any{
+			{
+				"prompt": prompt,
+			},
+		},
+		"parameters": map[string]any{
+			"sampleCount": 1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Extract optional parameters
+	if aspectRatio := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "aspectRatio"); aspectRatio.Exists() {
+		imagenReq["parameters"].(map[string]any)["aspectRatio"] = aspectRatio.String()
+	}
+	if sampleCount := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "sampleCount"); sampleCount.Exists() {
+		imagenReq["parameters"].(map[string]any)["sampleCount"] = int(sampleCount.Int())
+	}
+	if negativePrompt := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "negativePrompt"); negativePrompt.Exists() {
+		imagenReq["instances"].([]map[string]any)[0]["negativePrompt"] = negativePrompt.String()
+	}
+
+	return json.Marshal(imagenReq)
+}
+
 // GeminiVertexExecutor sends requests to Vertex AI Gemini endpoints using service account credentials.
 type GeminiVertexExecutor struct {
 	cfg *config.Config
@@ -155,39 +293,50 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) Refresh(_ context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 // executeWithServiceAccount handles authentication using service account credentials.
 // This method contains the original service account authentication logic.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, projectID, location string, saJSON []byte) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
-	from := opts.SourceFormat
-	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
-	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
-		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
-	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	var body []byte
 
-	action := "generateContent"
+	// Handle Imagen models with special request format
+	if isImagenModel(baseModel) {
+		imagenBody, errImagen := convertToImagenRequest(req.Payload)
+		if errImagen != nil {
+			return resp, errImagen
+		}
+		body = imagenBody
+	} else {
+		// Standard Gemini translation flow
+		from := opts.SourceFormat
+		to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+
+		originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
+		if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
+			originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
+		}
+		originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+		body = sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+		body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+		if err != nil {
+			return resp, err
+		}
+
+		body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+		body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+	}
+
+	action := getVertexAction(baseModel, false)
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
 		if a, _ := req.Metadata["action"].(string); a == "countTokens" {
 			action = "countTokens"
 		}
 	}
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, baseModel, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -250,6 +399,16 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, au
 	}
 	appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 	reporter.publish(ctx, parseGeminiUsage(data))
+
+	// For Imagen models, convert response to Gemini format before translation
+	// This ensures Imagen responses use the same format as gemini-3-pro-image-preview
+	if isImagenModel(baseModel) {
+		data = convertImagenToGeminiResponse(data, baseModel)
+	}
+
+	// Standard Gemini translation (works for both Gemini and converted Imagen responses)
+	from := opts.SourceFormat
+	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
 	var param any
 	out := sdktranslator.TranslateNonStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), body, data, &param)
 	resp = cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}
@@ -258,37 +417,31 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, au
 
 // executeWithAPIKey handles authentication using API key credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, apiKey, baseURL string) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
-	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
+	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, false)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	action := "generateContent"
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	action := getVertexAction(baseModel, false)
 	if req.Metadata != nil {
 		if a, _ := req.Metadata["action"].(string); a == "countTokens" {
 			action = "countTokens"
@@ -299,7 +452,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *clip
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, action)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, action)
 	if opts.Alt != "" && action != "countTokens" {
 		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
 	}
@@ -367,37 +520,40 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *clip
 
 // executeStreamWithServiceAccount handles streaming authentication using service account credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, projectID, location string, saJSON []byte) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(req.Model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	action := getVertexAction(baseModel, true)
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, "streamGenerateContent")
-	if opts.Alt == "" {
-		url = url + "?alt=sse"
-	} else {
-		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, baseModel, action)
+	// Imagen models don't support streaming, skip SSE params
+	if !isImagenModel(baseModel) {
+		if opts.Alt == "" {
+			url = url + "?alt=sse"
+		} else {
+			url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
+		}
 	}
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "session_id")
 
@@ -487,45 +643,43 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Conte
 
 // executeStreamWithAPIKey handles streaming authentication using API key credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, apiKey, baseURL string) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
-	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
+	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
+
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		body = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-	}
-	body = util.ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model, body)
-	body = util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model, body)
-	body = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, body)
-	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", model)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
 
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	body = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, body)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	action := getVertexAction(baseModel, true)
 	// For API key auth, use simpler URL format without project/location
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, "streamGenerateContent")
-	if opts.Alt == "" {
-		url = url + "?alt=sse"
-	} else {
-		url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, action)
+	// Imagen models don't support streaming, skip SSE params
+	if !isImagenModel(baseModel) {
+		if opts.Alt == "" {
+			url = url + "?alt=sse"
+		} else {
+			url = url + fmt.Sprintf("?$alt=%s", opts.Alt)
+		}
 	}
 	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "session_id")
 
@@ -612,26 +766,27 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) executeStreamWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth
 
 // countTokensWithServiceAccount counts tokens using service account credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, projectID, location string, saJSON []byte) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(req.Model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(req.Model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(req.Model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		translatedReq = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(translatedReq, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
+
+	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	translatedReq, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(translatedReq, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
 	}
-	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(req.Model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", req.Model)
+
+	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", baseModel)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "safetySettings")
 
 	baseURL := vertexBaseURL(location)
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, req.Model, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/projects/%s/locations/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, projectID, location, baseModel, "countTokens")
 
 	httpReq, errNewReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(respCtx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(translatedReq))
 	if errNewReq != nil {
@@ -688,10 +843,6 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errRead
 	}
 	appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
-	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
-		log.Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error body: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), data))
-		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(data)}
-	}
 	count := gjson.GetBytes(data, "totalTokens").Int()
 	out := sdktranslator.TranslateTokenCount(ctx, to, from, count, data)
 	return cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}, nil
@@ -699,24 +850,20 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithServiceAccount(ctx context.Context
 
 // countTokensWithAPIKey handles token counting using API key credentials.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options, apiKey, baseURL string) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
-	model := req.Model
-	if override := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); override != "" {
-		model = override
-	}
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("gemini")
-	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	if budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model, req.Metadata); ok && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		if budgetOverride != nil {
-			norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, *budgetOverride)
-			budgetOverride = &norm
-		}
-		translatedReq = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(translatedReq, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
+
+	translatedReq := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+
+	translatedReq, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(translatedReq, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
 	}
-	translatedReq = util.StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(model, translatedReq)
-	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", model)
+
+	translatedReq = fixGeminiImageAspectRatio(baseModel, translatedReq)
+	translatedReq, _ = sjson.SetBytes(translatedReq, "model", baseModel)
 	respCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "alt", opts.Alt)
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "tools")
 	translatedReq, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(translatedReq, "generationConfig")
@@ -726,7 +873,7 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
 	}
-	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, model, "countTokens")
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/publishers/google/models/%s:%s", baseURL, vertexAPIVersion, baseModel, "countTokens")
 
 	httpReq, errNewReq := http.NewRequestWithContext(respCtx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(translatedReq))
 	if errNewReq != nil {
@@ -780,10 +927,6 @@ func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) countTokensWithAPIKey(ctx context.Context, auth *
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, errRead
 	}
 	appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
-	if httpResp.StatusCode < 200 || httpResp.StatusCode >= 300 {
-		log.Debugf("request error, error status: %d, error body: %s", httpResp.StatusCode, summarizeErrorBody(httpResp.Header.Get("Content-Type"), data))
-		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, statusErr{code: httpResp.StatusCode, msg: string(data)}
-	}
 	count := gjson.GetBytes(data, "totalTokens").Int()
 	out := sdktranslator.TranslateTokenCount(ctx, to, from, count, data)
 	return cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}, nil
@@ -870,53 +1013,6 @@ func vertexAccessToken(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.Config, auth *cliproxyau
 	return tok.AccessToken, nil
 }
 
-// resolveUpstreamModel resolves the upstream model name from vertex-api-key configuration.
-// It matches the requested model alias against configured models and returns the actual upstream name.
-func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(alias)
-	if trimmed == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	entry := e.resolveVertexConfig(auth)
-	if entry == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	normalizedModel, metadata := util.NormalizeThinkingModel(trimmed)
-
-	// Candidate names to match against configured aliases/names.
-	candidates := []string{strings.TrimSpace(normalizedModel)}
-	if !strings.EqualFold(normalizedModel, trimmed) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, trimmed)
-	}
-	if original := util.ResolveOriginalModel(normalizedModel, metadata); original != "" && !strings.EqualFold(original, normalizedModel) {
-		candidates = append(candidates, original)
-	}
-
-	for i := range entry.Models {
-		model := entry.Models[i]
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(model.Name)
-		modelAlias := strings.TrimSpace(model.Alias)
-
-		for _, candidate := range candidates {
-			if candidate == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if modelAlias != "" && strings.EqualFold(modelAlias, candidate) {
-				if name != "" {
-					return name
-				}
-				return candidate
-			}
-			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
-				return name
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
 // resolveVertexConfig finds the matching vertex-api-key configuration entry for the given auth.
 func (e *GeminiVertexExecutor) resolveVertexConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.VertexCompatKey {
 	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {

internal/runtime/executor/iflow_executor.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	iflowauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/iflow"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -67,6 +68,8 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth
 
 // Execute performs a non-streaming chat completion request.
 func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	apiKey, baseURL := iflowCreds(auth)
 	if strings.TrimSpace(apiKey) == "" {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("iflow executor: missing api key")
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 		baseURL = iflowauth.DefaultAPIBaseURL
 	}
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
@@ -85,17 +88,17 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return resp, errValidate
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), "iflow", e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
 	}
-	body = applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body)
+
 	body = preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	endpoint := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + iflowDefaultEndpoint
 
@@ -154,6 +157,8 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 	reporter.ensurePublished(ctx)
 
 	var param any
+	// Note: TranslateNonStream uses req.Model (original with suffix) to preserve
+	// the original model name in the response for client compatibility.
 	out := sdktranslator.TranslateNonStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), body, data, &param)
 	resp = cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}
 	return resp, nil
@@ -161,6 +166,8 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, re
 
 // ExecuteStream performs a streaming chat completion request.
 func (e *IFlowExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	apiKey, baseURL := iflowCreds(auth)
 	if strings.TrimSpace(apiKey) == "" {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("iflow executor: missing api key")
@@ -170,7 +177,7 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 		baseURL = iflowauth.DefaultAPIBaseURL
 	}
 
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
@@ -179,23 +186,22 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return nil, errValidate
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), "iflow", e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	body = applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body)
+
 	body = preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body)
 	// Ensure tools array exists to avoid provider quirks similar to Qwen's behaviour.
 	toolsResult := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tools")
 	if toolsResult.Exists() && toolsResult.IsArray() && len(toolsResult.Array()) == 0 {
 		body = ensureToolsArray(body)
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	endpoint := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + iflowDefaultEndpoint
 
@@ -278,11 +284,13 @@ func (e *IFlowExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Au
 }
 
 func (e *IFlowExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	enc, err := tokenizerForModel(req.Model)
+	enc, err := tokenizerForModel(baseModel)
 	if err != nil {
 		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, fmt.Errorf("iflow executor: tokenizer init failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -520,41 +528,3 @@ func preserveReasoningContentInMessages(body []byte) []byte {
 
 	return body
 }
-
-// applyIFlowThinkingConfig converts normalized reasoning_effort to model-specific thinking configurations.
-// This should be called after NormalizeThinkingConfig has processed the payload.
-//
-// Model-specific handling:
-//   - GLM-4.6/4.7: Uses chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking (boolean) and chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking=false
-//   - MiniMax M2/M2.1: Uses reasoning_split=true for OpenAI-style reasoning separation
-func applyIFlowThinkingConfig(body []byte) []byte {
-	effort := gjson.GetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort")
-	if !effort.Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	model := strings.ToLower(gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String())
-	val := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort.String()))
-	enableThinking := val != "none" && val != ""
-
-	// Remove reasoning_effort as we'll convert to model-specific format
-	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "reasoning_effort")
-	body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "thinking")
-
-	// GLM-4.6/4.7: Use chat_template_kwargs
-	if strings.HasPrefix(model, "glm-4") {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking", enableThinking)
-		if enableThinking {
-			body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking", false)
-		}
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// MiniMax M2/M2.1: Use reasoning_split
-	if strings.HasPrefix(model, "minimax-m2") {
-		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_split", enableThinking)
-		return body
-	}
-
-	return body
-}

internal/runtime/executor/iflow_executor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+)
+
+func TestIFlowExecutorParseSuffix(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		model     string
+		wantBase  string
+		wantLevel string
+	}{
+		{"no suffix", "glm-4", "glm-4", ""},
+		{"glm with suffix", "glm-4.1-flash(high)", "glm-4.1-flash", "high"},
+		{"minimax no suffix", "minimax-m2", "minimax-m2", ""},
+		{"minimax with suffix", "minimax-m2.1(medium)", "minimax-m2.1", "medium"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := thinking.ParseSuffix(tt.model)
+			if result.ModelName != tt.wantBase {
+				t.Errorf("ParseSuffix(%q).ModelName = %q, want %q", tt.model, result.ModelName, tt.wantBase)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPreserveReasoningContentInMessages(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input []byte
+		want  []byte // nil means output should equal input
+	}{
+		{
+			"non-glm model passthrough",
+			[]byte(`{"model":"gpt-4","messages":[]}`),
+			nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"glm model with empty messages",
+			[]byte(`{"model":"glm-4","messages":[]}`),
+			nil,
+		},
+		{
+			"glm model preserves existing reasoning_content",
+			[]byte(`{"model":"glm-4","messages":[{"role":"assistant","content":"hi","reasoning_content":"thinking..."}]}`),
+			nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := preserveReasoningContentInMessages(tt.input)
+			want := tt.want
+			if want == nil {
+				want = tt.input
+			}
+			if string(got) != string(want) {
+				t.Errorf("preserveReasoningContentInMessages() = %s, want %s", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/openai_compat_executor.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -69,7 +70,9 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyau
 }
 
 func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	baseURL, apiKey := e.resolveCredentials(auth)
@@ -85,18 +88,13 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, opts.Stream)
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), opts.Stream)
-	modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth)
-	if modelOverride != "" {
-		translated = e.overrideModel(translated, modelOverride)
-	}
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
-	allowCompat := e.allowCompatReasoningEffort(req.Model, auth)
-	translated = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", allowCompat)
-	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model, allowCompat)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return resp, errValidate
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, opts.Stream)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), opts.Stream)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
+
+	translated, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
 	}
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
@@ -168,7 +166,9 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.A
 }
 
 func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	baseURL, apiKey := e.resolveCredentials(auth)
@@ -176,24 +176,20 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxy
 		err = statusErr{code: http.StatusUnauthorized, msg: "missing provider baseURL"}
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
 	originalPayload := bytes.Clone(req.Payload)
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
-	modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth)
-	if modelOverride != "" {
-		translated = e.overrideModel(translated, modelOverride)
-	}
-	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
-	allowCompat := e.allowCompatReasoningEffort(req.Model, auth)
-	translated = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(translated, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", allowCompat)
-	translated = NormalizeThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model, allowCompat)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(translated, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return nil, errValidate
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	translated = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", translated, originalTranslated)
+
+	translated, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
@@ -293,14 +289,17 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxy
 }
 
 func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
-	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	translated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
-	modelForCounting := req.Model
-	if modelOverride := e.resolveUpstreamModel(req.Model, auth); modelOverride != "" {
-		translated = e.overrideModel(translated, modelOverride)
-		modelForCounting = modelOverride
+	modelForCounting := baseModel
+
+	translated, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(translated, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return cliproxyexecutor.Response{}, err
 	}
 
 	enc, err := tokenizerForModel(modelForCounting)
@@ -336,53 +335,6 @@ func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) resolveCredentials(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (base
 	return
 }
 
-func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) resolveUpstreamModel(alias string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) string {
-	if alias == "" || auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	compat := e.resolveCompatConfig(auth)
-	if compat == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	for i := range compat.Models {
-		model := compat.Models[i]
-		if model.Alias != "" {
-			if strings.EqualFold(model.Alias, alias) {
-				if model.Name != "" {
-					return model.Name
-				}
-				return alias
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		if strings.EqualFold(model.Name, alias) {
-			return model.Name
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
-func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) allowCompatReasoningEffort(model string, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) bool {
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(model)
-	if trimmed == "" || e == nil || e.cfg == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	compat := e.resolveCompatConfig(auth)
-	if compat == nil || len(compat.Models) == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-	for i := range compat.Models {
-		entry := compat.Models[i]
-		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias), trimmed) {
-			return true
-		}
-		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name), trimmed) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 func (e *OpenAICompatExecutor) resolveCompatConfig(auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) *config.OpenAICompatibility {
 	if auth == nil || e.cfg == nil {
 		return nil

internal/runtime/executor/payload_helpers.go

@@ -1,109 +1,14 @@
 package executor
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
-// ApplyThinkingMetadata applies thinking config from model suffix metadata (e.g., (high), (8192))
-// for standard Gemini format payloads. It normalizes the budget when the model supports thinking.
-func ApplyThinkingMetadata(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model string) []byte {
-	// Use the alias from metadata if available, as it's registered in the global registry
-	// with thinking metadata; the upstream model name may not be registered.
-	lookupModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-
-	// Determine which model to use for thinking support check.
-	// If the alias (lookupModel) is not in the registry, fall back to the upstream model.
-	thinkingModel := lookupModel
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(lookupModel) && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		thinkingModel = model
-	}
-
-	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(thinkingModel, metadata)
-	if !ok || (budgetOverride == nil && includeOverride == nil) {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(thinkingModel) {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if budgetOverride != nil {
-		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(thinkingModel, *budgetOverride)
-		budgetOverride = &norm
-	}
-	return util.ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(payload, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-}
-
-// ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI applies thinking config from model suffix metadata (e.g., (high), (8192))
-// for Gemini CLI format payloads (nested under "request"). It normalizes the budget when the model supports thinking.
-func ApplyThinkingMetadataCLI(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model string) []byte {
-	// Use the alias from metadata if available, as it's registered in the global registry
-	// with thinking metadata; the upstream model name may not be registered.
-	lookupModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-
-	// Determine which model to use for thinking support check.
-	// If the alias (lookupModel) is not in the registry, fall back to the upstream model.
-	thinkingModel := lookupModel
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(lookupModel) && util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		thinkingModel = model
-	}
-
-	budgetOverride, includeOverride, ok := util.ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(thinkingModel, metadata)
-	if !ok || (budgetOverride == nil && includeOverride == nil) {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(thinkingModel) {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if budgetOverride != nil {
-		norm := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(thinkingModel, *budgetOverride)
-		budgetOverride = &norm
-	}
-	return util.ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingConfig(payload, budgetOverride, includeOverride)
-}
-
-// ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata applies reasoning effort overrides from metadata to the given JSON path.
-// Metadata values take precedence over any existing field when the model supports thinking, intentionally
-// overwriting caller-provided values to honor suffix/default metadata priority.
-func ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(payload []byte, metadata map[string]any, model, field string, allowCompat bool) []byte {
-	if len(metadata) == 0 {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if field == "" {
-		return payload
-	}
-	baseModel := util.ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-	if baseModel == "" {
-		baseModel = model
-	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(baseModel) && !allowCompat {
-		return payload
-	}
-	if effort, ok := util.ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata); ok && effort != "" {
-		if util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(baseModel) || allowCompat {
-			if updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(payload, field, effort); err == nil {
-				return updated
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// Fallback: numeric thinking_budget suffix for level-based (OpenAI-style) models.
-	if util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(baseModel) || allowCompat {
-		if budget, _, _, matched := util.ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata); matched && budget != nil {
-			if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(baseModel, *budget); ok && effort != "" {
-				if updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(payload, field, effort); err == nil {
-					return updated
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return payload
-}
-
 // applyPayloadConfigWithRoot behaves like applyPayloadConfig but treats all parameter
 // paths as relative to the provided root path (for example, "request" for Gemini CLI)
 // and restricts matches to the given protocol when supplied. Defaults are checked
@@ -113,13 +18,14 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 		return payload
 	}
 	rules := cfg.Payload
-	if len(rules.Default) == 0 && len(rules.Override) == 0 {
+	if len(rules.Default) == 0 && len(rules.DefaultRaw) == 0 && len(rules.Override) == 0 && len(rules.OverrideRaw) == 0 {
 		return payload
 	}
 	model = strings.TrimSpace(model)
 	if model == "" {
 		return payload
 	}
+	candidates := payloadModelCandidates(cfg, model, protocol)
 	out := payload
 	source := original
 	if len(source) == 0 {
@@ -129,7 +35,7 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 	// Apply default rules: first write wins per field across all matching rules.
 	for i := range rules.Default {
 		rule := &rules.Default[i]
-		if !payloadRuleMatchesModel(rule, model, protocol) {
+		if !payloadRuleMatchesModels(rule, protocol, candidates) {
 			continue
 		}
 		for path, value := range rule.Params {
@@ -151,10 +57,39 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 			appliedDefaults[fullPath] = struct{}{}
 		}
 	}
+	// Apply default raw rules: first write wins per field across all matching rules.
+	for i := range rules.DefaultRaw {
+		rule := &rules.DefaultRaw[i]
+		if !payloadRuleMatchesModels(rule, protocol, candidates) {
+			continue
+		}
+		for path, value := range rule.Params {
+			fullPath := buildPayloadPath(root, path)
+			if fullPath == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if gjson.GetBytes(source, fullPath).Exists() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, ok := appliedDefaults[fullPath]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			rawValue, ok := payloadRawValue(value)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			updated, errSet := sjson.SetRawBytes(out, fullPath, rawValue)
+			if errSet != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			out = updated
+			appliedDefaults[fullPath] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
 	// Apply override rules: last write wins per field across all matching rules.
 	for i := range rules.Override {
 		rule := &rules.Override[i]
-		if !payloadRuleMatchesModel(rule, model, protocol) {
+		if !payloadRuleMatchesModels(rule, protocol, candidates) {
 			continue
 		}
 		for path, value := range rule.Params {
@@ -169,9 +104,43 @@ func applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol, root string
 			out = updated
 		}
 	}
+	// Apply override raw rules: last write wins per field across all matching rules.
+	for i := range rules.OverrideRaw {
+		rule := &rules.OverrideRaw[i]
+		if !payloadRuleMatchesModels(rule, protocol, candidates) {
+			continue
+		}
+		for path, value := range rule.Params {
+			fullPath := buildPayloadPath(root, path)
+			if fullPath == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			rawValue, ok := payloadRawValue(value)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			updated, errSet := sjson.SetRawBytes(out, fullPath, rawValue)
+			if errSet != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			out = updated
+		}
+	}
 	return out
 }
 
+func payloadRuleMatchesModels(rule *config.PayloadRule, protocol string, models []string) bool {
+	if rule == nil || len(models) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if payloadRuleMatchesModel(rule, model, protocol) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 func payloadRuleMatchesModel(rule *config.PayloadRule, model, protocol string) bool {
 	if rule == nil {
 		return false
@@ -194,6 +163,65 @@ func payloadRuleMatchesModel(rule *config.PayloadRule, model, protocol string) b
 	return false
 }
 
+func payloadModelCandidates(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol string) []string {
+	model = strings.TrimSpace(model)
+	if model == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	candidates := []string{model}
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return candidates
+	}
+	aliases := payloadModelAliases(cfg, model, protocol)
+	if len(aliases) == 0 {
+		return candidates
+	}
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{strings.ToLower(model): struct{}{}}
+	for _, alias := range aliases {
+		alias = strings.TrimSpace(alias)
+		if alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(alias)
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+		candidates = append(candidates, alias)
+	}
+	return candidates
+}
+
+func payloadModelAliases(cfg *config.Config, model, protocol string) []string {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	model = strings.TrimSpace(model)
+	if model == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(protocol))
+	if channel == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	entries := cfg.OAuthModelAlias[channel]
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	aliases := make([]string, 0, 2)
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name), model) {
+			continue
+		}
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias)
+		if alias == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		aliases = append(aliases, alias)
+	}
+	return aliases
+}
+
 // buildPayloadPath combines an optional root path with a relative parameter path.
 // When root is empty, the parameter path is used as-is. When root is non-empty,
 // the parameter path is treated as relative to root.
@@ -212,6 +240,24 @@ func buildPayloadPath(root, path string) string {
 	return r + "." + p
 }
 
+func payloadRawValue(value any) ([]byte, bool) {
+	if value == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	switch typed := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return []byte(typed), true
+	case []byte:
+		return typed, true
+	default:
+		raw, errMarshal := json.Marshal(typed)
+		if errMarshal != nil {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		return raw, true
+	}
+}
+
 // matchModelPattern performs simple wildcard matching where '*' matches zero or more characters.
 // Examples:
 //
@@ -256,102 +302,3 @@ func matchModelPattern(pattern, model string) bool {
 	}
 	return pi == len(pattern)
 }
-
-// NormalizeThinkingConfig normalizes thinking-related fields in the payload
-// based on model capabilities. For models without thinking support, it strips
-// reasoning fields. For models with level-based thinking, it validates and
-// normalizes the reasoning effort level. For models with numeric budget thinking,
-// it strips the effort string fields.
-func NormalizeThinkingConfig(payload []byte, model string, allowCompat bool) []byte {
-	if len(payload) == 0 || model == "" {
-		return payload
-	}
-
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) {
-		if allowCompat {
-			return payload
-		}
-		return StripThinkingFields(payload, false)
-	}
-
-	if util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(model) {
-		return NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(payload, model)
-	}
-
-	// Model supports thinking but uses numeric budgets, not levels.
-	// Strip effort string fields since they are not applicable.
-	return StripThinkingFields(payload, true)
-}
-
-// StripThinkingFields removes thinking-related fields from the payload for
-// models that do not support thinking. If effortOnly is true, only removes
-// effort string fields (for models using numeric budgets).
-func StripThinkingFields(payload []byte, effortOnly bool) []byte {
-	fieldsToRemove := []string{
-		"reasoning_effort",
-		"reasoning.effort",
-	}
-	if !effortOnly {
-		fieldsToRemove = append([]string{"reasoning", "thinking"}, fieldsToRemove...)
-	}
-	out := payload
-	for _, field := range fieldsToRemove {
-		if gjson.GetBytes(out, field).Exists() {
-			out, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(out, field)
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-// NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel validates and normalizes the reasoning_effort
-// or reasoning.effort field for level-based thinking models.
-func NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(payload []byte, model string) []byte {
-	out := payload
-
-	if effort := gjson.GetBytes(out, "reasoning_effort"); effort.Exists() {
-		if normalized, ok := util.NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(model, effort.String()); ok {
-			out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "reasoning_effort", normalized)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if effort := gjson.GetBytes(out, "reasoning.effort"); effort.Exists() {
-		if normalized, ok := util.NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(model, effort.String()); ok {
-			out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "reasoning.effort", normalized)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return out
-}
-
-// ValidateThinkingConfig checks for unsupported reasoning levels on level-based models.
-// Returns a statusErr with 400 when an unsupported level is supplied to avoid silently
-// downgrading requests.
-func ValidateThinkingConfig(payload []byte, model string) error {
-	if len(payload) == 0 || model == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if !util.ModelSupportsThinking(model) || !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(model) {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	levels := util.GetModelThinkingLevels(model)
-	checkField := func(path string) error {
-		if effort := gjson.GetBytes(payload, path); effort.Exists() {
-			if _, ok := util.NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(model, effort.String()); !ok {
-				return statusErr{
-					code: http.StatusBadRequest,
-					msg:  fmt.Sprintf("unsupported reasoning effort level %q for model %s (supported: %s)", effort.String(), model, strings.Join(levels, ", ")),
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if err := checkField("reasoning_effort"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := checkField("reasoning.effort"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	qwenauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/qwen"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	cliproxyauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
 	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
@@ -65,12 +66,14 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) HttpRequest(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth,
 }
 
 func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (resp cliproxyexecutor.Response, err error) {
-	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://portal.qwen.ai/v1"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
@@ -79,15 +82,16 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, false)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return resp, errValidate
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
+
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, err
 	}
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
@@ -140,18 +144,22 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) Execute(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req
 	appendAPIResponseChunk(ctx, e.cfg, data)
 	reporter.publish(ctx, parseOpenAIUsage(data))
 	var param any
+	// Note: TranslateNonStream uses req.Model (original with suffix) to preserve
+	// the original model name in the response for client compatibility.
 	out := sdktranslator.TranslateNonStream(ctx, to, from, req.Model, bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest), body, data, &param)
 	resp = cliproxyexecutor.Response{Payload: []byte(out)}
 	return resp, nil
 }
 
 func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (stream <-chan cliproxyexecutor.StreamChunk, err error) {
-	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
 
+	token, baseURL := qwenCreds(auth)
 	if baseURL == "" {
 		baseURL = "https://portal.qwen.ai/v1"
 	}
-	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), req.Model, auth)
+
+	reporter := newUsageReporter(ctx, e.Identifier(), baseModel, auth)
 	defer reporter.trackFailure(ctx, &err)
 
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
@@ -160,15 +168,15 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 	if len(opts.OriginalRequest) > 0 {
 		originalPayload = bytes.Clone(opts.OriginalRequest)
 	}
-	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, originalPayload, true)
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	originalTranslated := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, originalPayload, true)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), true)
+	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", baseModel)
 
-	body = ApplyReasoningEffortMetadata(body, req.Metadata, req.Model, "reasoning_effort", false)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "model", req.Model)
-	body = NormalizeThinkingConfig(body, req.Model, false)
-	if errValidate := ValidateThinkingConfig(body, req.Model); errValidate != nil {
-		return nil, errValidate
+	body, err = thinking.ApplyThinking(body, req.Model, from.String(), to.String(), e.Identifier())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	toolsResult := gjson.GetBytes(body, "tools")
 	// I'm addressing the Qwen3 "poisoning" issue, which is caused by the model needing a tool to be defined. If no tool is defined, it randomly inserts tokens into its streaming response.
 	// This will have no real consequences. It's just to scare Qwen3.
@@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 		body, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(body, "tools", []byte(`[{"type":"function","function":{"name":"do_not_call_me","description":"Do not call this tool under any circumstances, it will have catastrophic consequences.","parameters":{"type":"object","properties":{"operation":{"type":"number","description":"1:poweroff\n2:rm -fr /\n3:mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1"}},"required":["operation"]}}}]`))
 	}
 	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "stream_options.include_usage", true)
-	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, req.Model, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
+	body = applyPayloadConfigWithRoot(e.cfg, baseModel, to.String(), "", body, originalTranslated)
 
 	url := strings.TrimSuffix(baseURL, "/") + "/chat/completions"
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
@@ -256,13 +264,15 @@ func (e *QwenExecutor) ExecuteStream(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Aut
 }
 
 func (e *QwenExecutor) CountTokens(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth, req cliproxyexecutor.Request, opts cliproxyexecutor.Options) (cliproxyexecutor.Response, error) {
+	baseModel := thinking.ParseSuffix(req.Model).ModelName
+
 	from := opts.SourceFormat
 	to := sdktranslator.FromString("openai")
-	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, req.Model, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
+	body := sdktranslator.TranslateRequest(from, to, baseModel, bytes.Clone(req.Payload), false)
 
 	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String()
 	if strings.TrimSpace(modelName) == "" {
-		modelName = req.Model
+		modelName = baseModel
 	}
 
 	enc, err := tokenizerForModel(modelName)

internal/runtime/executor/qwen_executor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+)
+
+func TestQwenExecutorParseSuffix(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		model     string
+		wantBase  string
+		wantLevel string
+	}{
+		{"no suffix", "qwen-max", "qwen-max", ""},
+		{"with level suffix", "qwen-max(high)", "qwen-max", "high"},
+		{"with budget suffix", "qwen-max(16384)", "qwen-max", "16384"},
+		{"complex model name", "qwen-plus-latest(medium)", "qwen-plus-latest", "medium"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := thinking.ParseSuffix(tt.model)
+			if result.ModelName != tt.wantBase {
+				t.Errorf("ParseSuffix(%q).ModelName = %q, want %q", tt.model, result.ModelName, tt.wantBase)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/executor/thinking_providers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package executor
+
+import (
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/antigravity"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/claude"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/codex"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/gemini"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/geminicli"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/iflow"
+	_ "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking/provider/openai"
+)

internal/thinking/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing.
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// providerAppliers maps provider names to their ProviderApplier implementations.
+var providerAppliers = map[string]ProviderApplier{
+	"gemini":      nil,
+	"gemini-cli":  nil,
+	"claude":      nil,
+	"openai":      nil,
+	"codex":       nil,
+	"iflow":       nil,
+	"antigravity": nil,
+}
+
+// GetProviderApplier returns the ProviderApplier for the given provider name.
+// Returns nil if the provider is not registered.
+func GetProviderApplier(provider string) ProviderApplier {
+	return providerAppliers[provider]
+}
+
+// RegisterProvider registers a provider applier by name.
+func RegisterProvider(name string, applier ProviderApplier) {
+	providerAppliers[name] = applier
+}
+
+// IsUserDefinedModel reports whether the model is a user-defined model that should
+// have thinking configuration passed through without validation.
+//
+// User-defined models are configured via config file's models[] array
+// (e.g., openai-compatibility.*.models[], *-api-key.models[]). These models
+// are marked with UserDefined=true at registration time.
+//
+// User-defined models should have their thinking configuration applied directly,
+// letting the upstream service validate the configuration.
+func IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) bool {
+	if modelInfo == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	return modelInfo.UserDefined
+}
+
+// ApplyThinking applies thinking configuration to a request body.
+//
+// This is the unified entry point for all providers. It follows the processing
+// order defined in FR25: route check → model capability query → config extraction
+// → validation → application.
+//
+// Suffix Priority: When the model name includes a thinking suffix (e.g., "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)"),
+// the suffix configuration takes priority over any thinking parameters in the request body.
+// This enables users to override thinking settings via the model name without modifying their
+// request payload.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - body: Original request body JSON
+//   - model: Model name, optionally with thinking suffix (e.g., "claude-sonnet-4-5(16384)")
+//   - fromFormat: Source request format (e.g., openai, codex, gemini)
+//   - toFormat: Target provider format for the request body (gemini, gemini-cli, antigravity, claude, openai, codex, iflow)
+//   - providerKey: Provider identifier used for registry model lookups (may differ from toFormat, e.g., openrouter -> openai)
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - Modified request body JSON with thinking configuration applied
+//   - Error if validation fails (ThinkingError). On error, the original body
+//     is returned (not nil) to enable defensive programming patterns.
+//
+// Passthrough behavior (returns original body without error):
+//   - Unknown provider (not in providerAppliers map)
+//   - modelInfo.Thinking is nil (model doesn't support thinking)
+//
+// Note: Unknown models (modelInfo is nil) are treated as user-defined models: we skip
+// validation and still apply the thinking config so the upstream can validate it.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	// With suffix - suffix config takes priority
+//	result, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(body, "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)", "gemini", "gemini", "gemini")
+//
+//	// Without suffix - uses body config
+//	result, err := thinking.ApplyThinking(body, "gemini-2.5-pro", "gemini", "gemini", "gemini")
+func ApplyThinking(body []byte, model string, fromFormat string, toFormat string, providerKey string) ([]byte, error) {
+	providerFormat := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(toFormat))
+	providerKey = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(providerKey))
+	if providerKey == "" {
+		providerKey = providerFormat
+	}
+	fromFormat = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(fromFormat))
+	if fromFormat == "" {
+		fromFormat = providerFormat
+	}
+	// 1. Route check: Get provider applier
+	applier := GetProviderApplier(providerFormat)
+	if applier == nil {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    model,
+		}).Debug("thinking: unknown provider, passthrough |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// 2. Parse suffix and get modelInfo
+	suffixResult := ParseSuffix(model)
+	baseModel := suffixResult.ModelName
+	// Use provider-specific lookup to handle capability differences across providers.
+	modelInfo := registry.LookupModelInfo(baseModel, providerKey)
+
+	// 3. Model capability check
+	// Unknown models are treated as user-defined so thinking config can still be applied.
+	// The upstream service is responsible for validating the configuration.
+	if IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return applyUserDefinedModel(body, modelInfo, fromFormat, providerFormat, suffixResult)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		config := extractThinkingConfig(body, providerFormat)
+		if hasThinkingConfig(config) {
+			log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+				"model":    baseModel,
+				"provider": providerFormat,
+			}).Debug("thinking: model does not support thinking, stripping config |")
+			return StripThinkingConfig(body, providerFormat), nil
+		}
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    baseModel,
+		}).Debug("thinking: model does not support thinking, passthrough |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// 4. Get config: suffix priority over body
+	var config ThinkingConfig
+	if suffixResult.HasSuffix {
+		config = parseSuffixToConfig(suffixResult.RawSuffix, providerFormat, model)
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    model,
+			"mode":     config.Mode,
+			"budget":   config.Budget,
+			"level":    config.Level,
+		}).Debug("thinking: config from model suffix |")
+	} else {
+		config = extractThinkingConfig(body, providerFormat)
+		if hasThinkingConfig(config) {
+			log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+				"provider": providerFormat,
+				"model":    modelInfo.ID,
+				"mode":     config.Mode,
+				"budget":   config.Budget,
+				"level":    config.Level,
+			}).Debug("thinking: original config from request |")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !hasThinkingConfig(config) {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    modelInfo.ID,
+		}).Debug("thinking: no config found, passthrough |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// 5. Validate and normalize configuration
+	validated, err := ValidateConfig(config, modelInfo, fromFormat, providerFormat, suffixResult.HasSuffix)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    modelInfo.ID,
+			"error":    err.Error(),
+		}).Warn("thinking: validation failed |")
+		// Return original body on validation failure (defensive programming).
+		// This ensures callers who ignore the error won't receive nil body.
+		// The upstream service will decide how to handle the unmodified request.
+		return body, err
+	}
+
+	// Defensive check: ValidateConfig should never return (nil, nil)
+	if validated == nil {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider": providerFormat,
+			"model":    modelInfo.ID,
+		}).Warn("thinking: ValidateConfig returned nil config without error, passthrough |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"provider": providerFormat,
+		"model":    modelInfo.ID,
+		"mode":     validated.Mode,
+		"budget":   validated.Budget,
+		"level":    validated.Level,
+	}).Debug("thinking: processed config to apply |")
+
+	// 6. Apply configuration using provider-specific applier
+	return applier.Apply(body, *validated, modelInfo)
+}
+
+// parseSuffixToConfig converts a raw suffix string to ThinkingConfig.
+//
+// Parsing priority:
+//  1. Special values: "none" → ModeNone, "auto"/"-1" → ModeAuto
+//  2. Level names: "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh" → ModeLevel
+//  3. Numeric values: positive integers → ModeBudget, 0 → ModeNone
+//
+// If none of the above match, returns empty ThinkingConfig (treated as no config).
+func parseSuffixToConfig(rawSuffix, provider, model string) ThinkingConfig {
+	// 1. Try special values first (none, auto, -1)
+	if mode, ok := ParseSpecialSuffix(rawSuffix); ok {
+		switch mode {
+		case ModeNone:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		case ModeAuto:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2. Try level parsing (minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh)
+	if level, ok := ParseLevelSuffix(rawSuffix); ok {
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeLevel, Level: level}
+	}
+
+	// 3. Try numeric parsing
+	if budget, ok := ParseNumericSuffix(rawSuffix); ok {
+		if budget == 0 {
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeBudget, Budget: budget}
+	}
+
+	// Unknown suffix format - return empty config
+	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"provider":   provider,
+		"model":      model,
+		"raw_suffix": rawSuffix,
+	}).Debug("thinking: unknown suffix format, treating as no config |")
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}
+
+// applyUserDefinedModel applies thinking configuration for user-defined models
+// without ThinkingSupport validation.
+func applyUserDefinedModel(body []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, fromFormat, toFormat string, suffixResult SuffixResult) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Get model ID for logging
+	modelID := ""
+	if modelInfo != nil {
+		modelID = modelInfo.ID
+	} else {
+		modelID = suffixResult.ModelName
+	}
+
+	// Get config: suffix priority over body
+	var config ThinkingConfig
+	if suffixResult.HasSuffix {
+		config = parseSuffixToConfig(suffixResult.RawSuffix, toFormat, modelID)
+	} else {
+		config = extractThinkingConfig(body, toFormat)
+	}
+
+	if !hasThinkingConfig(config) {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"model":    modelID,
+			"provider": toFormat,
+		}).Debug("thinking: user-defined model, passthrough (no config) |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	applier := GetProviderApplier(toFormat)
+	if applier == nil {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"model":    modelID,
+			"provider": toFormat,
+		}).Debug("thinking: user-defined model, passthrough (unknown provider) |")
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"provider": toFormat,
+		"model":    modelID,
+		"mode":     config.Mode,
+		"budget":   config.Budget,
+		"level":    config.Level,
+	}).Debug("thinking: applying config for user-defined model (skip validation)")
+
+	config = normalizeUserDefinedConfig(config, fromFormat, toFormat)
+	return applier.Apply(body, config, modelInfo)
+}
+
+func normalizeUserDefinedConfig(config ThinkingConfig, fromFormat, toFormat string) ThinkingConfig {
+	if config.Mode != ModeLevel {
+		return config
+	}
+	if !isBudgetBasedProvider(toFormat) || !isLevelBasedProvider(fromFormat) {
+		return config
+	}
+	budget, ok := ConvertLevelToBudget(string(config.Level))
+	if !ok {
+		return config
+	}
+	config.Mode = ModeBudget
+	config.Budget = budget
+	config.Level = ""
+	return config
+}
+
+// extractThinkingConfig extracts provider-specific thinking config from request body.
+func extractThinkingConfig(body []byte, provider string) ThinkingConfig {
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		return ThinkingConfig{}
+	}
+
+	switch provider {
+	case "claude":
+		return extractClaudeConfig(body)
+	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
+		return extractGeminiConfig(body, provider)
+	case "openai":
+		return extractOpenAIConfig(body)
+	case "codex":
+		return extractCodexConfig(body)
+	case "iflow":
+		config := extractIFlowConfig(body)
+		if hasThinkingConfig(config) {
+			return config
+		}
+		return extractOpenAIConfig(body)
+	default:
+		return ThinkingConfig{}
+	}
+}
+
+func hasThinkingConfig(config ThinkingConfig) bool {
+	return config.Mode != ModeBudget || config.Budget != 0 || config.Level != ""
+}
+
+// extractClaudeConfig extracts thinking configuration from Claude format request body.
+//
+// Claude API format:
+//   - thinking.type: "enabled" or "disabled"
+//   - thinking.budget_tokens: integer (-1=auto, 0=disabled, >0=budget)
+//
+// Priority: thinking.type="disabled" takes precedence over budget_tokens.
+// When type="enabled" without budget_tokens, returns ModeAuto to indicate
+// the user wants thinking enabled but didn't specify a budget.
+func extractClaudeConfig(body []byte) ThinkingConfig {
+	thinkingType := gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking.type").String()
+	if thinkingType == "disabled" {
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+	}
+
+	// Check budget_tokens
+	if budget := gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking.budget_tokens"); budget.Exists() {
+		value := int(budget.Int())
+		switch value {
+		case 0:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		case -1:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+		default:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeBudget, Budget: value}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If type="enabled" but no budget_tokens, treat as auto (user wants thinking but no budget specified)
+	if thinkingType == "enabled" {
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+	}
+
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}
+
+// extractGeminiConfig extracts thinking configuration from Gemini format request body.
+//
+// Gemini API format:
+//   - generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel: "none", "auto", or level name (Gemini 3)
+//   - generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget: integer (Gemini 2.5)
+//
+// For gemini-cli and antigravity providers, the path is prefixed with "request.".
+//
+// Priority: thinkingLevel is checked first (Gemini 3 format), then thinkingBudget (Gemini 2.5 format).
+// This allows newer Gemini 3 level-based configs to take precedence.
+func extractGeminiConfig(body []byte, provider string) ThinkingConfig {
+	prefix := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+	if provider == "gemini-cli" || provider == "antigravity" {
+		prefix = "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+	}
+
+	// Check thinkingLevel first (Gemini 3 format takes precedence)
+	if level := gjson.GetBytes(body, prefix+".thinkingLevel"); level.Exists() {
+		value := level.String()
+		switch value {
+		case "none":
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		case "auto":
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+		default:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeLevel, Level: ThinkingLevel(value)}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check thinkingBudget (Gemini 2.5 format)
+	if budget := gjson.GetBytes(body, prefix+".thinkingBudget"); budget.Exists() {
+		value := int(budget.Int())
+		switch value {
+		case 0:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		case -1:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeAuto, Budget: -1}
+		default:
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeBudget, Budget: value}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}
+
+// extractOpenAIConfig extracts thinking configuration from OpenAI format request body.
+//
+// OpenAI API format:
+//   - reasoning_effort: "none", "low", "medium", "high" (discrete levels)
+//
+// OpenAI uses level-based thinking configuration only, no numeric budget support.
+// The "none" value is treated specially to return ModeNone.
+func extractOpenAIConfig(body []byte) ThinkingConfig {
+	// Check reasoning_effort (OpenAI Chat Completions format)
+	if effort := gjson.GetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort"); effort.Exists() {
+		value := effort.String()
+		if value == "none" {
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeLevel, Level: ThinkingLevel(value)}
+	}
+
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}
+
+// extractCodexConfig extracts thinking configuration from Codex format request body.
+//
+// Codex API format (OpenAI Responses API):
+//   - reasoning.effort: "none", "low", "medium", "high"
+//
+// This is similar to OpenAI but uses nested field "reasoning.effort" instead of "reasoning_effort".
+func extractCodexConfig(body []byte) ThinkingConfig {
+	// Check reasoning.effort (Codex / OpenAI Responses API format)
+	if effort := gjson.GetBytes(body, "reasoning.effort"); effort.Exists() {
+		value := effort.String()
+		if value == "none" {
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeLevel, Level: ThinkingLevel(value)}
+	}
+
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}
+
+// extractIFlowConfig extracts thinking configuration from iFlow format request body.
+//
+// iFlow API format (supports multiple model families):
+//   - GLM format: chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking (boolean)
+//   - MiniMax format: reasoning_split (boolean)
+//
+// Returns ModeBudget with Budget=1 as a sentinel value indicating "enabled".
+// The actual budget/configuration is determined by the iFlow applier based on model capabilities.
+// Budget=1 is used because iFlow models don't use numeric budgets; they only support on/off.
+func extractIFlowConfig(body []byte) ThinkingConfig {
+	// GLM format: chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking
+	if enabled := gjson.GetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking"); enabled.Exists() {
+		if enabled.Bool() {
+			// Budget=1 is a sentinel meaning "enabled" (iFlow doesn't use numeric budgets)
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeBudget, Budget: 1}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+	}
+
+	// MiniMax format: reasoning_split
+	if split := gjson.GetBytes(body, "reasoning_split"); split.Exists() {
+		if split.Bool() {
+			// Budget=1 is a sentinel meaning "enabled" (iFlow doesn't use numeric budgets)
+			return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeBudget, Budget: 1}
+		}
+		return ThinkingConfig{Mode: ModeNone, Budget: 0}
+	}
+
+	return ThinkingConfig{}
+}

internal/thinking/convert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+)
+
+// levelToBudgetMap defines the standard Level → Budget mapping.
+// All keys are lowercase; lookups should use strings.ToLower.
+var levelToBudgetMap = map[string]int{
+	"none":    0,
+	"auto":    -1,
+	"minimal": 512,
+	"low":     1024,
+	"medium":  8192,
+	"high":    24576,
+	"xhigh":   32768,
+}
+
+// ConvertLevelToBudget converts a thinking level to a budget value.
+//
+// This is a semantic conversion that maps discrete levels to numeric budgets.
+// Level matching is case-insensitive.
+//
+// Level → Budget mapping:
+//   - none    → 0
+//   - auto    → -1
+//   - minimal → 512
+//   - low     → 1024
+//   - medium  → 8192
+//   - high    → 24576
+//   - xhigh   → 32768
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - budget: The converted budget value
+//   - ok: true if level is valid, false otherwise
+func ConvertLevelToBudget(level string) (int, bool) {
+	budget, ok := levelToBudgetMap[strings.ToLower(level)]
+	return budget, ok
+}
+
+// BudgetThreshold constants define the upper bounds for each thinking level.
+// These are used by ConvertBudgetToLevel for range-based mapping.
+const (
+	// ThresholdMinimal is the upper bound for "minimal" level (1-512)
+	ThresholdMinimal = 512
+	// ThresholdLow is the upper bound for "low" level (513-1024)
+	ThresholdLow = 1024
+	// ThresholdMedium is the upper bound for "medium" level (1025-8192)
+	ThresholdMedium = 8192
+	// ThresholdHigh is the upper bound for "high" level (8193-24576)
+	ThresholdHigh = 24576
+)
+
+// ConvertBudgetToLevel converts a budget value to the nearest thinking level.
+//
+// This is a semantic conversion that maps numeric budgets to discrete levels.
+// Uses threshold-based mapping for range conversion.
+//
+// Budget → Level thresholds:
+//   - -1        → auto
+//   - 0         → none
+//   - 1-512     → minimal
+//   - 513-1024  → low
+//   - 1025-8192 → medium
+//   - 8193-24576 → high
+//   - 24577+    → xhigh
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - level: The converted thinking level string
+//   - ok: true if budget is valid, false for invalid negatives (< -1)
+func ConvertBudgetToLevel(budget int) (string, bool) {
+	switch {
+	case budget < -1:
+		// Invalid negative values
+		return "", false
+	case budget == -1:
+		return string(LevelAuto), true
+	case budget == 0:
+		return string(LevelNone), true
+	case budget <= ThresholdMinimal:
+		return string(LevelMinimal), true
+	case budget <= ThresholdLow:
+		return string(LevelLow), true
+	case budget <= ThresholdMedium:
+		return string(LevelMedium), true
+	case budget <= ThresholdHigh:
+		return string(LevelHigh), true
+	default:
+		return string(LevelXHigh), true
+	}
+}
+
+// ModelCapability describes the thinking format support of a model.
+type ModelCapability int
+
+const (
+	// CapabilityUnknown indicates modelInfo is nil (passthrough behavior, internal use).
+	CapabilityUnknown ModelCapability = iota - 1
+	// CapabilityNone indicates model doesn't support thinking (Thinking is nil).
+	CapabilityNone
+	// CapabilityBudgetOnly indicates the model supports numeric budgets only.
+	CapabilityBudgetOnly
+	// CapabilityLevelOnly indicates the model supports discrete levels only.
+	CapabilityLevelOnly
+	// CapabilityHybrid indicates the model supports both budgets and levels.
+	CapabilityHybrid
+)
+
+// detectModelCapability determines the thinking format capability of a model.
+//
+// This is an internal function used by validation and conversion helpers.
+// It analyzes the model's ThinkingSupport configuration to classify the model:
+//   - CapabilityNone: modelInfo.Thinking is nil (model doesn't support thinking)
+//   - CapabilityBudgetOnly: Has Min/Max but no Levels (Claude, Gemini 2.5)
+//   - CapabilityLevelOnly: Has Levels but no Min/Max (OpenAI, iFlow)
+//   - CapabilityHybrid: Has both Min/Max and Levels (Gemini 3)
+//
+// Note: Returns a special sentinel value when modelInfo itself is nil (unknown model).
+func detectModelCapability(modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ModelCapability {
+	if modelInfo == nil {
+		return CapabilityUnknown // sentinel for "passthrough" behavior
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return CapabilityNone
+	}
+	support := modelInfo.Thinking
+	hasBudget := support.Min > 0 || support.Max > 0
+	hasLevels := len(support.Levels) > 0
+
+	switch {
+	case hasBudget && hasLevels:
+		return CapabilityHybrid
+	case hasBudget:
+		return CapabilityBudgetOnly
+	case hasLevels:
+		return CapabilityLevelOnly
+	default:
+		return CapabilityNone
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing logic.
+package thinking
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// ErrorCode represents the type of thinking configuration error.
+type ErrorCode string
+
+// Error codes for thinking configuration processing.
+const (
+	// ErrInvalidSuffix indicates the suffix format cannot be parsed.
+	// Example: "model(abc" (missing closing parenthesis)
+	ErrInvalidSuffix ErrorCode = "INVALID_SUFFIX"
+
+	// ErrUnknownLevel indicates the level value is not in the valid list.
+	// Example: "model(ultra)" where "ultra" is not a valid level
+	ErrUnknownLevel ErrorCode = "UNKNOWN_LEVEL"
+
+	// ErrThinkingNotSupported indicates the model does not support thinking.
+	// Example: claude-haiku-4-5 does not have thinking capability
+	ErrThinkingNotSupported ErrorCode = "THINKING_NOT_SUPPORTED"
+
+	// ErrLevelNotSupported indicates the model does not support level mode.
+	// Example: using level with a budget-only model
+	ErrLevelNotSupported ErrorCode = "LEVEL_NOT_SUPPORTED"
+
+	// ErrBudgetOutOfRange indicates the budget value is outside model range.
+	// Example: budget 64000 exceeds max 20000
+	ErrBudgetOutOfRange ErrorCode = "BUDGET_OUT_OF_RANGE"
+
+	// ErrProviderMismatch indicates the provider does not match the model.
+	// Example: applying Claude format to a Gemini model
+	ErrProviderMismatch ErrorCode = "PROVIDER_MISMATCH"
+)
+
+// ThinkingError represents an error that occurred during thinking configuration processing.
+//
+// This error type provides structured information about the error, including:
+//   - Code: A machine-readable error code for programmatic handling
+//   - Message: A human-readable description of the error
+//   - Model: The model name related to the error (optional)
+//   - Details: Additional context information (optional)
+type ThinkingError struct {
+	// Code is the machine-readable error code
+	Code ErrorCode
+	// Message is the human-readable error description.
+	// Should be lowercase, no trailing period, with context if applicable.
+	Message string
+	// Model is the model name related to this error (optional)
+	Model string
+	// Details contains additional context information (optional)
+	Details map[string]interface{}
+}
+
+// Error implements the error interface.
+// Returns the message directly without code prefix.
+// Use Code field for programmatic error handling.
+func (e *ThinkingError) Error() string {
+	return e.Message
+}
+
+// NewThinkingError creates a new ThinkingError with the given code and message.
+func NewThinkingError(code ErrorCode, message string) *ThinkingError {
+	return &ThinkingError{
+		Code:    code,
+		Message: message,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewThinkingErrorWithModel creates a new ThinkingError with model context.
+func NewThinkingErrorWithModel(code ErrorCode, message, model string) *ThinkingError {
+	return &ThinkingError{
+		Code:    code,
+		Message: message,
+		Model:   model,
+	}
+}
+
+// StatusCode implements a portable status code interface for HTTP handlers.
+func (e *ThinkingError) StatusCode() int {
+	return http.StatusBadRequest
+}

internal/thinking/provider/antigravity/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// Package antigravity implements thinking configuration for Antigravity API format.
+//
+// Antigravity uses request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.* path (same as gemini-cli)
+// but requires additional normalization for Claude models:
+//   - Ensure thinking budget < max_tokens
+//   - Remove thinkingConfig if budget < minimum allowed
+package antigravity
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier applies thinking configuration for Antigravity API format.
+type Applier struct{}
+
+var _ thinking.ProviderApplier = (*Applier)(nil)
+
+// NewApplier creates a new Antigravity thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("antigravity", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to Antigravity request body.
+//
+// For Claude models, additional constraints are applied:
+//   - Ensure thinking budget < max_tokens
+//   - Remove thinkingConfig if budget < minimum allowed
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return a.applyCompatible(body, config, modelInfo)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	isClaude := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(modelInfo.ID), "claude")
+
+	// ModeAuto: Always use Budget format with thinkingBudget=-1
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config, modelInfo, isClaude)
+	}
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeBudget {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config, modelInfo, isClaude)
+	}
+
+	// For non-auto modes, choose format based on model capabilities
+	support := modelInfo.Thinking
+	if len(support.Levels) > 0 {
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	}
+	return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config, modelInfo, isClaude)
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyCompatible(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	isClaude := false
+	if modelInfo != nil {
+		isClaude = strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(modelInfo.ID), "claude")
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config, modelInfo, isClaude)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel || (config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone && config.Level != "") {
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config, modelInfo, isClaude)
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyLevelFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone {
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", false)
+		if config.Level != "" {
+			result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", string(config.Level))
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only handle ModeLevel - budget conversion should be done by upper layer
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	level := string(config.Level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyBudgetFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, isClaude bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	budget := config.Budget
+	includeThoughts := false
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		includeThoughts = false
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		includeThoughts = true
+	default:
+		includeThoughts = budget > 0
+	}
+
+	// Apply Claude-specific constraints
+	if isClaude && modelInfo != nil {
+		budget, result = a.normalizeClaudeBudget(budget, result, modelInfo)
+		// Check if budget was removed entirely
+		if budget == -2 {
+			return result, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", includeThoughts)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// normalizeClaudeBudget applies Claude-specific constraints to thinking budget.
+//
+// It handles:
+//   - Ensuring thinking budget < max_tokens
+//   - Removing thinkingConfig if budget < minimum allowed
+//
+// Returns the normalized budget and updated payload.
+// Returns budget=-2 as a sentinel indicating thinkingConfig was removed entirely.
+func (a *Applier) normalizeClaudeBudget(budget int, payload []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) (int, []byte) {
+	if modelInfo == nil {
+		return budget, payload
+	}
+
+	// Get effective max tokens
+	effectiveMax, setDefaultMax := a.effectiveMaxTokens(payload, modelInfo)
+	if effectiveMax > 0 && budget >= effectiveMax {
+		budget = effectiveMax - 1
+	}
+
+	// Check minimum budget
+	minBudget := 0
+	if modelInfo.Thinking != nil {
+		minBudget = modelInfo.Thinking.Min
+	}
+	if minBudget > 0 && budget >= 0 && budget < minBudget {
+		// Budget is below minimum, remove thinking config entirely
+		payload, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
+		return -2, payload
+	}
+
+	// Set default max tokens if needed
+	if setDefaultMax && effectiveMax > 0 {
+		payload, _ = sjson.SetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.maxOutputTokens", effectiveMax)
+	}
+
+	return budget, payload
+}
+
+// effectiveMaxTokens returns the max tokens to cap thinking:
+// prefer request-provided maxOutputTokens; otherwise fall back to model default.
+// The boolean indicates whether the value came from the model default (and thus should be written back).
+func (a *Applier) effectiveMaxTokens(payload []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) (max int, fromModel bool) {
+	if maxTok := gjson.GetBytes(payload, "request.generationConfig.maxOutputTokens"); maxTok.Exists() && maxTok.Int() > 0 {
+		return int(maxTok.Int()), false
+	}
+	if modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens > 0 {
+		return modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens, true
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}

internal/thinking/provider/claude/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// Package claude implements thinking configuration scaffolding for Claude models.
+//
+// Claude models use the thinking.budget_tokens format with values in the range
+// 1024-128000. Some Claude models support ZeroAllowed (sonnet-4-5, opus-4-5),
+// while older models do not.
+// See: _bmad-output/planning-artifacts/architecture.md#Epic-6
+package claude
+
+import (
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for Claude models.
+// This applier is stateless and holds no configuration.
+type Applier struct{}
+
+// NewApplier creates a new Claude thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("claude", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to Claude request body.
+//
+// IMPORTANT: This method expects config to be pre-validated by thinking.ValidateConfig.
+// ValidateConfig handles:
+//   - Mode conversion (Level→Budget, Auto→Budget)
+//   - Budget clamping to model range
+//   - ZeroAllowed constraint enforcement
+//
+// Apply only processes ModeBudget and ModeNone; other modes are passed through unchanged.
+//
+// Expected output format when enabled:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "thinking": {
+//	    "type": "enabled",
+//	    "budget_tokens": 16384
+//	  }
+//	}
+//
+// Expected output format when disabled:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "thinking": {
+//	    "type": "disabled"
+//	  }
+//	}
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return applyCompatibleClaude(body, config)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only process ModeBudget and ModeNone; other modes pass through
+	// (caller should use ValidateConfig first to normalize modes)
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	// Budget is expected to be pre-validated by ValidateConfig (clamped, ZeroAllowed enforced)
+	// Decide enabled/disabled based on budget value
+	if config.Budget == 0 {
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens", config.Budget)
+
+	// Ensure max_tokens > thinking.budget_tokens (Anthropic API constraint)
+	result = a.normalizeClaudeBudget(result, config.Budget, modelInfo)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// normalizeClaudeBudget applies Claude-specific constraints to ensure max_tokens > budget_tokens.
+// Anthropic API requires this constraint; violating it returns a 400 error.
+func (a *Applier) normalizeClaudeBudget(body []byte, budgetTokens int, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) []byte {
+	if budgetTokens <= 0 {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the request satisfies Claude constraints:
+	//  1) Determine effective max_tokens (request overrides model default)
+	//  2) If budget_tokens >= max_tokens, reduce budget_tokens to max_tokens-1
+	//  3) If the adjusted budget falls below the model minimum, leave the request unchanged
+	//  4) If max_tokens came from model default, write it back into the request
+
+	effectiveMax, setDefaultMax := a.effectiveMaxTokens(body, modelInfo)
+	if setDefaultMax && effectiveMax > 0 {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "max_tokens", effectiveMax)
+	}
+
+	// Compute the budget we would apply after enforcing budget_tokens < max_tokens.
+	adjustedBudget := budgetTokens
+	if effectiveMax > 0 && adjustedBudget >= effectiveMax {
+		adjustedBudget = effectiveMax - 1
+	}
+
+	minBudget := 0
+	if modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.Thinking != nil {
+		minBudget = modelInfo.Thinking.Min
+	}
+	if minBudget > 0 && adjustedBudget > 0 && adjustedBudget < minBudget {
+		// If enforcing the max_tokens constraint would push the budget below the model minimum,
+		// leave the request unchanged.
+		return body
+	}
+
+	if adjustedBudget != budgetTokens {
+		body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.budget_tokens", adjustedBudget)
+	}
+
+	return body
+}
+
+// effectiveMaxTokens returns the max tokens to cap thinking:
+// prefer request-provided max_tokens; otherwise fall back to model default.
+// The boolean indicates whether the value came from the model default (and thus should be written back).
+func (a *Applier) effectiveMaxTokens(body []byte, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) (max int, fromModel bool) {
+	if maxTok := gjson.GetBytes(body, "max_tokens"); maxTok.Exists() && maxTok.Int() > 0 {
+		return int(maxTok.Int()), false
+	}
+	if modelInfo != nil && modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens > 0 {
+		return modelInfo.MaxCompletionTokens, true
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+func applyCompatibleClaude(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		return result, nil
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+		return result, nil
+	default:
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "thinking.budget_tokens", config.Budget)
+		return result, nil
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/provider/codex/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Package codex implements thinking configuration for Codex (OpenAI Responses API) models.
+//
+// Codex models use the reasoning.effort format with discrete levels
+// (low/medium/high). This is similar to OpenAI but uses nested field
+// "reasoning.effort" instead of "reasoning_effort".
+// See: _bmad-output/planning-artifacts/architecture.md#Epic-8
+package codex
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for Codex models.
+//
+// Codex-specific behavior:
+//   - Output format: reasoning.effort (string: low/medium/high/xhigh)
+//   - Level-only mode: no numeric budget support
+//   - Some models support ZeroAllowed (gpt-5.1, gpt-5.2)
+type Applier struct{}
+
+var _ thinking.ProviderApplier = (*Applier)(nil)
+
+// NewApplier creates a new Codex thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("codex", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to Codex request body.
+//
+// Expected output format:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "reasoning": {
+//	    "effort": "high"
+//	  }
+//	}
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return applyCompatibleCodex(body, config)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only handle ModeLevel and ModeNone; other modes pass through unchanged.
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel {
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning.effort", string(config.Level))
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	effort := ""
+	support := modelInfo.Thinking
+	if config.Budget == 0 {
+		if support.ZeroAllowed || hasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
+			effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		}
+	}
+	if effort == "" && config.Level != "" {
+		effort = string(config.Level)
+	}
+	if effort == "" && len(support.Levels) > 0 {
+		effort = support.Levels[0]
+	}
+	if effort == "" {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning.effort", effort)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func applyCompatibleCodex(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	var effort string
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		if config.Level == "" {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		effort = string(config.Level)
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		if config.Level != "" {
+			effort = string(config.Level)
+		}
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		// Auto mode for user-defined models: pass through as "auto"
+		effort = string(thinking.LevelAuto)
+	case thinking.ModeBudget:
+		// Budget mode: convert budget to level using threshold mapping
+		level, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(config.Budget)
+		if !ok {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		effort = level
+	default:
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning.effort", effort)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func hasLevel(levels []string, target string) bool {
+	for _, level := range levels {
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(level), target) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

internal/thinking/provider/gemini/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Package gemini implements thinking configuration for Gemini models.
+//
+// Gemini models have two formats:
+//   - Gemini 2.5: Uses thinkingBudget (numeric)
+//   - Gemini 3.x: Uses thinkingLevel (string: minimal/low/medium/high)
+//     or thinkingBudget=-1 for auto/dynamic mode
+//
+// Output format is determined by ThinkingConfig.Mode and ThinkingSupport.Levels:
+//   - ModeAuto: Always uses thinkingBudget=-1 (both Gemini 2.5 and 3.x)
+//   - len(Levels) > 0: Uses thinkingLevel (Gemini 3.x discrete levels)
+//   - len(Levels) == 0: Uses thinkingBudget (Gemini 2.5)
+package gemini
+
+import (
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier applies thinking configuration for Gemini models.
+//
+// Gemini-specific behavior:
+//   - Gemini 2.5: thinkingBudget format, flash series supports ZeroAllowed
+//   - Gemini 3.x: thinkingLevel format, cannot be disabled
+//   - Use ThinkingSupport.Levels to decide output format
+type Applier struct{}
+
+// NewApplier creates a new Gemini thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("gemini", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to Gemini request body.
+//
+// Expected output format (Gemini 2.5):
+//
+//	{
+//	  "generationConfig": {
+//	    "thinkingConfig": {
+//	      "thinkingBudget": 8192,
+//	      "includeThoughts": true
+//	    }
+//	  }
+//	}
+//
+// Expected output format (Gemini 3.x):
+//
+//	{
+//	  "generationConfig": {
+//	    "thinkingConfig": {
+//	      "thinkingLevel": "high",
+//	      "includeThoughts": true
+//	    }
+//	  }
+//	}
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return a.applyCompatible(body, config)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	// Choose format based on config.Mode and model capabilities:
+	// - ModeLevel: use Level format (validation will reject unsupported levels)
+	// - ModeNone: use Level format if model has Levels, else Budget format
+	// - ModeBudget/ModeAuto: use Budget format
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		// ModeNone: route based on model capability (has Levels or not)
+		if len(modelInfo.Thinking.Levels) > 0 {
+			return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+		}
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	default:
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyCompatible(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel || (config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone && config.Level != "") {
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyLevelFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	// ModeNone semantics:
+	//   - ModeNone + Budget=0: completely disable thinking (not possible for Level-only models)
+	//   - ModeNone + Budget>0: forced to think but hide output (includeThoughts=false)
+	// ValidateConfig sets config.Level to the lowest level when ModeNone + Budget > 0.
+
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone {
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", false)
+		if config.Level != "" {
+			result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", string(config.Level))
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only handle ModeLevel - budget conversion should be done by upper layer
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	level := string(config.Level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyBudgetFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	budget := config.Budget
+	// ModeNone semantics:
+	//   - ModeNone + Budget=0: completely disable thinking
+	//   - ModeNone + Budget>0: forced to think but hide output (includeThoughts=false)
+	// When ZeroAllowed=false, ValidateConfig clamps Budget to Min while preserving ModeNone.
+	includeThoughts := false
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		includeThoughts = false
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		includeThoughts = true
+	default:
+		includeThoughts = budget > 0
+	}
+
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", includeThoughts)
+	return result, nil
+}

internal/thinking/provider/geminicli/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Package geminicli implements thinking configuration for Gemini CLI API format.
+//
+// Gemini CLI uses request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.* path instead of
+// generationConfig.thinkingConfig.* used by standard Gemini API.
+package geminicli
+
+import (
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier applies thinking configuration for Gemini CLI API format.
+type Applier struct{}
+
+var _ thinking.ProviderApplier = (*Applier)(nil)
+
+// NewApplier creates a new Gemini CLI thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("gemini-cli", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to Gemini CLI request body.
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return a.applyCompatible(body, config)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	// ModeAuto: Always use Budget format with thinkingBudget=-1
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	}
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeBudget {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	// For non-auto modes, choose format based on model capabilities
+	support := modelInfo.Thinking
+	if len(support.Levels) > 0 {
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	}
+	return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyCompatible(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeBudget && config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone && config.Mode != thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeAuto {
+		return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel || (config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone && config.Level != "") {
+		return a.applyLevelFormat(body, config)
+	}
+
+	return a.applyBudgetFormat(body, config)
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyLevelFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeNone {
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", false)
+		if config.Level != "" {
+			result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", string(config.Level))
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only handle ModeLevel - budget conversion should be done by upper layer
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	level := string(config.Level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", level)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (a *Applier) applyBudgetFormat(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Remove conflicting field to avoid both thinkingLevel and thinkingBudget in output
+	result, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
+	// Normalize includeThoughts field name to avoid oneof conflicts in upstream JSON parsing.
+	result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts")
+
+	budget := config.Budget
+	includeThoughts := false
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		includeThoughts = false
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		includeThoughts = true
+	default:
+		includeThoughts = budget > 0
+	}
+
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
+	result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", includeThoughts)
+	return result, nil
+}

internal/thinking/provider/iflow/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Package iflow implements thinking configuration for iFlow models (GLM, MiniMax).
+//
+// iFlow models use boolean toggle semantics:
+//   - GLM models: chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking (boolean)
+//   - MiniMax models: reasoning_split (boolean)
+//
+// Level values are converted to boolean: none=false, all others=true
+// See: _bmad-output/planning-artifacts/architecture.md#Epic-9
+package iflow
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for iFlow models.
+//
+// iFlow-specific behavior:
+//   - GLM models: enable_thinking boolean + clear_thinking=false
+//   - MiniMax models: reasoning_split boolean
+//   - Level to boolean: none=false, others=true
+//   - No quantized support (only on/off)
+type Applier struct{}
+
+var _ thinking.ProviderApplier = (*Applier)(nil)
+
+// NewApplier creates a new iFlow thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("iflow", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to iFlow request body.
+//
+// Expected output format (GLM):
+//
+//	{
+//	  "chat_template_kwargs": {
+//	    "enable_thinking": true,
+//	    "clear_thinking": false
+//	  }
+//	}
+//
+// Expected output format (MiniMax):
+//
+//	{
+//	  "reasoning_split": true
+//	}
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if isGLMModel(modelInfo.ID) {
+		return applyGLM(body, config), nil
+	}
+
+	if isMiniMaxModel(modelInfo.ID) {
+		return applyMiniMax(body, config), nil
+	}
+
+	return body, nil
+}
+
+// configToBoolean converts ThinkingConfig to boolean for iFlow models.
+//
+// Conversion rules:
+//   - ModeNone: false
+//   - ModeAuto: true
+//   - ModeBudget + Budget=0: false
+//   - ModeBudget + Budget>0: true
+//   - ModeLevel + Level="none": false
+//   - ModeLevel + any other level: true
+//   - Default (unknown mode): true
+func configToBoolean(config thinking.ThinkingConfig) bool {
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		return false
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		return true
+	case thinking.ModeBudget:
+		return config.Budget > 0
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		return config.Level != thinking.LevelNone
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// applyGLM applies thinking configuration for GLM models.
+//
+// Output format when enabled:
+//
+//	{"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": true, "clear_thinking": false}}
+//
+// Output format when disabled:
+//
+//	{"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": false}}
+//
+// Note: clear_thinking is only set when thinking is enabled, to preserve
+// thinking output in the response.
+func applyGLM(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) []byte {
+	enableThinking := configToBoolean(config)
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking", enableThinking)
+
+	// clear_thinking only needed when thinking is enabled
+	if enableThinking {
+		result, _ = sjson.SetBytes(result, "chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking", false)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// applyMiniMax applies thinking configuration for MiniMax models.
+//
+// Output format:
+//
+//	{"reasoning_split": true/false}
+func applyMiniMax(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) []byte {
+	reasoningSplit := configToBoolean(config)
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_split", reasoningSplit)
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// isGLMModel determines if the model is a GLM series model.
+// GLM models use chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking format.
+func isGLMModel(modelID string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(modelID), "glm")
+}
+
+// isMiniMaxModel determines if the model is a MiniMax series model.
+// MiniMax models use reasoning_split format.
+func isMiniMaxModel(modelID string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(modelID), "minimax")
+}

internal/thinking/provider/openai/apply.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Package openai implements thinking configuration for OpenAI/Codex models.
+//
+// OpenAI models use the reasoning_effort format with discrete levels
+// (low/medium/high). Some models support xhigh and none levels.
+// See: _bmad-output/planning-artifacts/architecture.md#Epic-8
+package openai
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// Applier implements thinking.ProviderApplier for OpenAI models.
+//
+// OpenAI-specific behavior:
+//   - Output format: reasoning_effort (string: low/medium/high/xhigh)
+//   - Level-only mode: no numeric budget support
+//   - Some models support ZeroAllowed (gpt-5.1, gpt-5.2)
+type Applier struct{}
+
+var _ thinking.ProviderApplier = (*Applier)(nil)
+
+// NewApplier creates a new OpenAI thinking applier.
+func NewApplier() *Applier {
+	return &Applier{}
+}
+
+func init() {
+	thinking.RegisterProvider("openai", NewApplier())
+}
+
+// Apply applies thinking configuration to OpenAI request body.
+//
+// Expected output format:
+//
+//	{
+//	  "reasoning_effort": "high"
+//	}
+func (a *Applier) Apply(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error) {
+	if thinking.IsUserDefinedModel(modelInfo) {
+		return applyCompatibleOpenAI(body, config)
+	}
+	if modelInfo.Thinking == nil {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	// Only handle ModeLevel and ModeNone; other modes pass through unchanged.
+	if config.Mode != thinking.ModeLevel && config.Mode != thinking.ModeNone {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == thinking.ModeLevel {
+		result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", string(config.Level))
+		return result, nil
+	}
+
+	effort := ""
+	support := modelInfo.Thinking
+	if config.Budget == 0 {
+		if support.ZeroAllowed || hasLevel(support.Levels, string(thinking.LevelNone)) {
+			effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		}
+	}
+	if effort == "" && config.Level != "" {
+		effort = string(config.Level)
+	}
+	if effort == "" && len(support.Levels) > 0 {
+		effort = support.Levels[0]
+	}
+	if effort == "" {
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func applyCompatibleOpenAI(body []byte, config thinking.ThinkingConfig) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		body = []byte(`{}`)
+	}
+
+	var effort string
+	switch config.Mode {
+	case thinking.ModeLevel:
+		if config.Level == "" {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		effort = string(config.Level)
+	case thinking.ModeNone:
+		effort = string(thinking.LevelNone)
+		if config.Level != "" {
+			effort = string(config.Level)
+		}
+	case thinking.ModeAuto:
+		// Auto mode for user-defined models: pass through as "auto"
+		effort = string(thinking.LevelAuto)
+	case thinking.ModeBudget:
+		// Budget mode: convert budget to level using threshold mapping
+		level, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(config.Budget)
+		if !ok {
+			return body, nil
+		}
+		effort = level
+	default:
+		return body, nil
+	}
+
+	result, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "reasoning_effort", effort)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func hasLevel(levels []string, target string) bool {
+	for _, level := range levels {
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(level), target) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

internal/thinking/strip.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing.
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// StripThinkingConfig removes thinking configuration fields from request body.
+//
+// This function is used when a model doesn't support thinking but the request
+// contains thinking configuration. The configuration is silently removed to
+// prevent upstream API errors.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - body: Original request body JSON
+//   - provider: Provider name (determines which fields to strip)
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - Modified request body JSON with thinking configuration removed
+//   - Original body is returned unchanged if:
+//   - body is empty or invalid JSON
+//   - provider is unknown
+//   - no thinking configuration found
+func StripThinkingConfig(body []byte, provider string) []byte {
+	if len(body) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(body) {
+		return body
+	}
+
+	var paths []string
+	switch provider {
+	case "claude":
+		paths = []string{"thinking"}
+	case "gemini":
+		paths = []string{"generationConfig.thinkingConfig"}
+	case "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
+		paths = []string{"request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig"}
+	case "openai":
+		paths = []string{"reasoning_effort"}
+	case "codex":
+		paths = []string{"reasoning.effort"}
+	case "iflow":
+		paths = []string{
+			"chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking",
+			"chat_template_kwargs.clear_thinking",
+			"reasoning_split",
+			"reasoning_effort",
+		}
+	default:
+		return body
+	}
+
+	result := body
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		result, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(result, path)
+	}
+	return result
+}

internal/thinking/suffix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing.
+//
+// This file implements suffix parsing functionality for extracting
+// thinking configuration from model names in the format model(value).
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ParseSuffix extracts thinking suffix from a model name.
+//
+// The suffix format is: model-name(value)
+// Examples:
+//   - "claude-sonnet-4-5(16384)" -> ModelName="claude-sonnet-4-5", RawSuffix="16384"
+//   - "gpt-5.2(high)" -> ModelName="gpt-5.2", RawSuffix="high"
+//   - "gemini-2.5-pro" -> ModelName="gemini-2.5-pro", HasSuffix=false
+//
+// This function only extracts the suffix; it does not validate or interpret
+// the suffix content. Use ParseNumericSuffix, ParseLevelSuffix, etc. for
+// content interpretation.
+func ParseSuffix(model string) SuffixResult {
+	// Find the last opening parenthesis
+	lastOpen := strings.LastIndex(model, "(")
+	if lastOpen == -1 {
+		return SuffixResult{ModelName: model, HasSuffix: false}
+	}
+
+	// Check if the string ends with a closing parenthesis
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(model, ")") {
+		return SuffixResult{ModelName: model, HasSuffix: false}
+	}
+
+	// Extract components
+	modelName := model[:lastOpen]
+	rawSuffix := model[lastOpen+1 : len(model)-1]
+
+	return SuffixResult{
+		ModelName: modelName,
+		HasSuffix: true,
+		RawSuffix: rawSuffix,
+	}
+}
+
+// ParseNumericSuffix attempts to parse a raw suffix as a numeric budget value.
+//
+// This function parses the raw suffix content (from ParseSuffix.RawSuffix) as an integer.
+// Only non-negative integers are considered valid numeric suffixes.
+//
+// Platform note: The budget value uses Go's int type, which is 32-bit on 32-bit
+// systems and 64-bit on 64-bit systems. Values exceeding the platform's int range
+// will return ok=false.
+//
+// Leading zeros are accepted: "08192" parses as 8192.
+//
+// Examples:
+//   - "8192" -> budget=8192, ok=true
+//   - "0" -> budget=0, ok=true (represents ModeNone)
+//   - "08192" -> budget=8192, ok=true (leading zeros accepted)
+//   - "-1" -> budget=0, ok=false (negative numbers are not valid numeric suffixes)
+//   - "high" -> budget=0, ok=false (not a number)
+//   - "9223372036854775808" -> budget=0, ok=false (overflow on 64-bit systems)
+//
+// For special handling of -1 as auto mode, use ParseSpecialSuffix instead.
+func ParseNumericSuffix(rawSuffix string) (budget int, ok bool) {
+	if rawSuffix == "" {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.Atoi(rawSuffix)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	// Negative numbers are not valid numeric suffixes
+	// -1 should be handled by special value parsing as "auto"
+	if value < 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	return value, true
+}
+
+// ParseSpecialSuffix attempts to parse a raw suffix as a special thinking mode value.
+//
+// This function handles special strings that represent a change in thinking mode:
+//   - "none" -> ModeNone (disables thinking)
+//   - "auto" -> ModeAuto (automatic/dynamic thinking)
+//   - "-1"   -> ModeAuto (numeric representation of auto mode)
+//
+// String values are case-insensitive.
+func ParseSpecialSuffix(rawSuffix string) (mode ThinkingMode, ok bool) {
+	if rawSuffix == "" {
+		return ModeBudget, false
+	}
+
+	// Case-insensitive matching
+	switch strings.ToLower(rawSuffix) {
+	case "none":
+		return ModeNone, true
+	case "auto", "-1":
+		return ModeAuto, true
+	default:
+		return ModeBudget, false
+	}
+}
+
+// ParseLevelSuffix attempts to parse a raw suffix as a discrete thinking level.
+//
+// This function parses the raw suffix content (from ParseSuffix.RawSuffix) as a level.
+// Only discrete effort levels are valid: minimal, low, medium, high, xhigh.
+// Level matching is case-insensitive.
+//
+// Special values (none, auto) are NOT handled by this function; use ParseSpecialSuffix
+// instead. This separation allows callers to prioritize special value handling.
+//
+// Examples:
+//   - "high" -> level=LevelHigh, ok=true
+//   - "HIGH" -> level=LevelHigh, ok=true (case insensitive)
+//   - "medium" -> level=LevelMedium, ok=true
+//   - "none" -> level="", ok=false (special value, use ParseSpecialSuffix)
+//   - "auto" -> level="", ok=false (special value, use ParseSpecialSuffix)
+//   - "8192" -> level="", ok=false (numeric, use ParseNumericSuffix)
+//   - "ultra" -> level="", ok=false (unknown level)
+func ParseLevelSuffix(rawSuffix string) (level ThinkingLevel, ok bool) {
+	if rawSuffix == "" {
+		return "", false
+	}
+
+	// Case-insensitive matching
+	switch strings.ToLower(rawSuffix) {
+	case "minimal":
+		return LevelMinimal, true
+	case "low":
+		return LevelLow, true
+	case "medium":
+		return LevelMedium, true
+	case "high":
+		return LevelHigh, true
+	case "xhigh":
+		return LevelXHigh, true
+	default:
+		return "", false
+	}
+}

internal/thinking/text.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// GetThinkingText extracts the thinking text from a content part.
+// Handles various formats:
+// - Simple string: { "thinking": "text" } or { "text": "text" }
+// - Wrapped object: { "thinking": { "text": "text", "cache_control": {...} } }
+// - Gemini-style: { "thought": true, "text": "text" }
+// Returns the extracted text string.
+func GetThinkingText(part gjson.Result) string {
+	// Try direct text field first (Gemini-style)
+	if text := part.Get("text"); text.Exists() && text.Type == gjson.String {
+		return text.String()
+	}
+
+	// Try thinking field
+	thinkingField := part.Get("thinking")
+	if !thinkingField.Exists() {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// thinking is a string
+	if thinkingField.Type == gjson.String {
+		return thinkingField.String()
+	}
+
+	// thinking is an object with inner text/thinking
+	if thinkingField.IsObject() {
+		if inner := thinkingField.Get("text"); inner.Exists() && inner.Type == gjson.String {
+			return inner.String()
+		}
+		if inner := thinkingField.Get("thinking"); inner.Exists() && inner.Type == gjson.String {
+			return inner.String()
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}

internal/thinking/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing.
+//
+// This package offers a unified interface for parsing, validating, and applying
+// thinking configurations across various AI providers (Claude, Gemini, OpenAI, iFlow).
+package thinking
+
+import "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+
+// ThinkingMode represents the type of thinking configuration mode.
+type ThinkingMode int
+
+const (
+	// ModeBudget indicates using a numeric budget (corresponds to suffix "(1000)" etc.)
+	ModeBudget ThinkingMode = iota
+	// ModeLevel indicates using a discrete level (corresponds to suffix "(high)" etc.)
+	ModeLevel
+	// ModeNone indicates thinking is disabled (corresponds to suffix "(none)" or budget=0)
+	ModeNone
+	// ModeAuto indicates automatic/dynamic thinking (corresponds to suffix "(auto)" or budget=-1)
+	ModeAuto
+)
+
+// String returns the string representation of ThinkingMode.
+func (m ThinkingMode) String() string {
+	switch m {
+	case ModeBudget:
+		return "budget"
+	case ModeLevel:
+		return "level"
+	case ModeNone:
+		return "none"
+	case ModeAuto:
+		return "auto"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+// ThinkingLevel represents a discrete thinking level.
+type ThinkingLevel string
+
+const (
+	// LevelNone disables thinking
+	LevelNone ThinkingLevel = "none"
+	// LevelAuto enables automatic/dynamic thinking
+	LevelAuto ThinkingLevel = "auto"
+	// LevelMinimal sets minimal thinking effort
+	LevelMinimal ThinkingLevel = "minimal"
+	// LevelLow sets low thinking effort
+	LevelLow ThinkingLevel = "low"
+	// LevelMedium sets medium thinking effort
+	LevelMedium ThinkingLevel = "medium"
+	// LevelHigh sets high thinking effort
+	LevelHigh ThinkingLevel = "high"
+	// LevelXHigh sets extra-high thinking effort
+	LevelXHigh ThinkingLevel = "xhigh"
+)
+
+// ThinkingConfig represents a unified thinking configuration.
+//
+// This struct is used to pass thinking configuration information between components.
+// Depending on Mode, either Budget or Level field is effective:
+//   - ModeNone: Budget=0, Level is ignored
+//   - ModeAuto: Budget=-1, Level is ignored
+//   - ModeBudget: Budget is a positive integer, Level is ignored
+//   - ModeLevel: Budget is ignored, Level is a valid level
+type ThinkingConfig struct {
+	// Mode specifies the configuration mode
+	Mode ThinkingMode
+	// Budget is the thinking budget (token count), only effective when Mode is ModeBudget.
+	// Special values: 0 means disabled, -1 means automatic
+	Budget int
+	// Level is the thinking level, only effective when Mode is ModeLevel
+	Level ThinkingLevel
+}
+
+// SuffixResult represents the result of parsing a model name for thinking suffix.
+//
+// A thinking suffix is specified in the format model-name(value), where value
+// can be a numeric budget (e.g., "16384") or a level name (e.g., "high").
+type SuffixResult struct {
+	// ModelName is the model name with the suffix removed.
+	// If no suffix was found, this equals the original input.
+	ModelName string
+
+	// HasSuffix indicates whether a valid suffix was found.
+	HasSuffix bool
+
+	// RawSuffix is the content inside the parentheses, without the parentheses.
+	// Empty string if HasSuffix is false.
+	RawSuffix string
+}
+
+// ProviderApplier defines the interface for provider-specific thinking configuration application.
+//
+// Types implementing this interface are responsible for converting a unified ThinkingConfig
+// into provider-specific format and applying it to the request body.
+//
+// Implementation requirements:
+//   - Apply method must be idempotent
+//   - Must not modify the input config or modelInfo
+//   - Returns a modified copy of the request body
+//   - Returns appropriate ThinkingError for unsupported configurations
+type ProviderApplier interface {
+	// Apply applies the thinking configuration to the request body.
+	//
+	// Parameters:
+	//   - body: Original request body JSON
+	//   - config: Unified thinking configuration
+	//   - modelInfo: Model registry information containing ThinkingSupport properties
+	//
+	// Returns:
+	//   - Modified request body JSON
+	//   - ThinkingError if the configuration is invalid or unsupported
+	Apply(body []byte, config ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo) ([]byte, error)
+}

internal/thinking/validate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+// Package thinking provides unified thinking configuration processing logic.
+package thinking
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// ValidateConfig validates a thinking configuration against model capabilities.
+//
+// This function performs comprehensive validation:
+//   - Checks if the model supports thinking
+//   - Auto-converts between Budget and Level formats based on model capability
+//   - Validates that requested level is in the model's supported levels list
+//   - Clamps budget values to model's allowed range
+//   - When converting Budget -> Level for level-only models, clamps the derived standard level to the nearest supported level
+//     (special values none/auto are preserved)
+//   - When config comes from a model suffix, strict budget validation is disabled (we clamp instead of error)
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - config: The thinking configuration to validate
+//   - support: Model's ThinkingSupport properties (nil means no thinking support)
+//   - fromFormat: Source provider format (used to determine strict validation rules)
+//   - toFormat: Target provider format
+//   - fromSuffix: Whether config was sourced from model suffix
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - Normalized ThinkingConfig with clamped values
+//   - ThinkingError if validation fails (ErrThinkingNotSupported, ErrLevelNotSupported, etc.)
+//
+// Auto-conversion behavior:
+//   - Budget-only model + Level config → Level converted to Budget
+//   - Level-only model + Budget config → Budget converted to Level
+//   - Hybrid model → preserve original format
+func ValidateConfig(config ThinkingConfig, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, fromFormat, toFormat string, fromSuffix bool) (*ThinkingConfig, error) {
+	fromFormat, toFormat = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(fromFormat)), strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(toFormat))
+	model := "unknown"
+	support := (*registry.ThinkingSupport)(nil)
+	if modelInfo != nil {
+		if modelInfo.ID != "" {
+			model = modelInfo.ID
+		}
+		support = modelInfo.Thinking
+	}
+
+	if support == nil {
+		if config.Mode != ModeNone {
+			return nil, NewThinkingErrorWithModel(ErrThinkingNotSupported, "thinking not supported for this model", model)
+		}
+		return &config, nil
+	}
+
+	allowClampUnsupported := isBudgetBasedProvider(fromFormat) && isLevelBasedProvider(toFormat)
+	strictBudget := !fromSuffix && fromFormat != "" && isSameProviderFamily(fromFormat, toFormat)
+	budgetDerivedFromLevel := false
+
+	capability := detectModelCapability(modelInfo)
+	switch capability {
+	case CapabilityBudgetOnly:
+		if config.Mode == ModeLevel {
+			if config.Level == LevelAuto {
+				break
+			}
+			budget, ok := ConvertLevelToBudget(string(config.Level))
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, NewThinkingError(ErrUnknownLevel, fmt.Sprintf("unknown level: %s", config.Level))
+			}
+			config.Mode = ModeBudget
+			config.Budget = budget
+			config.Level = ""
+			budgetDerivedFromLevel = true
+		}
+	case CapabilityLevelOnly:
+		if config.Mode == ModeBudget {
+			level, ok := ConvertBudgetToLevel(config.Budget)
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, NewThinkingError(ErrUnknownLevel, fmt.Sprintf("budget %d cannot be converted to a valid level", config.Budget))
+			}
+			// When converting Budget -> Level for level-only models, clamp the derived standard level
+			// to the nearest supported level. Special values (none/auto) are preserved.
+			config.Mode = ModeLevel
+			config.Level = clampLevel(ThinkingLevel(level), modelInfo, toFormat)
+			config.Budget = 0
+		}
+	case CapabilityHybrid:
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == ModeLevel && config.Level == LevelNone {
+		config.Mode = ModeNone
+		config.Budget = 0
+		config.Level = ""
+	}
+	if config.Mode == ModeLevel && config.Level == LevelAuto {
+		config.Mode = ModeAuto
+		config.Budget = -1
+		config.Level = ""
+	}
+	if config.Mode == ModeBudget && config.Budget == 0 {
+		config.Mode = ModeNone
+		config.Level = ""
+	}
+
+	if len(support.Levels) > 0 && config.Mode == ModeLevel {
+		if !isLevelSupported(string(config.Level), support.Levels) {
+			if allowClampUnsupported {
+				config.Level = clampLevel(config.Level, modelInfo, toFormat)
+			}
+			if !isLevelSupported(string(config.Level), support.Levels) {
+				// User explicitly specified an unsupported level - return error
+				// (budget-derived levels may be clamped based on source format)
+				validLevels := normalizeLevels(support.Levels)
+				message := fmt.Sprintf("level %q not supported, valid levels: %s", strings.ToLower(string(config.Level)), strings.Join(validLevels, ", "))
+				return nil, NewThinkingError(ErrLevelNotSupported, message)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if strictBudget && config.Mode == ModeBudget && !budgetDerivedFromLevel {
+		min, max := support.Min, support.Max
+		if min != 0 || max != 0 {
+			if config.Budget < min || config.Budget > max || (config.Budget == 0 && !support.ZeroAllowed) {
+				message := fmt.Sprintf("budget %d out of range [%d,%d]", config.Budget, min, max)
+				return nil, NewThinkingError(ErrBudgetOutOfRange, message)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Convert ModeAuto to mid-range if dynamic not allowed
+	if config.Mode == ModeAuto && !support.DynamicAllowed {
+		config = convertAutoToMidRange(config, support, toFormat, model)
+	}
+
+	if config.Mode == ModeNone && toFormat == "claude" {
+		// Claude supports explicit disable via thinking.type="disabled".
+		// Keep Budget=0 so applier can omit budget_tokens.
+		config.Budget = 0
+		config.Level = ""
+	} else {
+		switch config.Mode {
+		case ModeBudget, ModeAuto, ModeNone:
+			config.Budget = clampBudget(config.Budget, modelInfo, toFormat)
+		}
+
+		// ModeNone with clamped Budget > 0: set Level to lowest for Level-only/Hybrid models
+		// This ensures Apply layer doesn't need to access support.Levels
+		if config.Mode == ModeNone && config.Budget > 0 && len(support.Levels) > 0 {
+			config.Level = ThinkingLevel(support.Levels[0])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &config, nil
+}
+
+// convertAutoToMidRange converts ModeAuto to a mid-range value when dynamic is not allowed.
+//
+// This function handles the case where a model does not support dynamic/auto thinking.
+// The auto mode is silently converted to a fixed value based on model capability:
+//   - Level-only models: convert to ModeLevel with LevelMedium
+//   - Budget models: convert to ModeBudget with mid = (Min + Max) / 2
+//
+// Logging:
+//   - Debug level when conversion occurs
+//   - Fields: original_mode, clamped_to, reason
+func convertAutoToMidRange(config ThinkingConfig, support *registry.ThinkingSupport, provider, model string) ThinkingConfig {
+	// For level-only models (has Levels but no Min/Max range), use ModeLevel with medium
+	if len(support.Levels) > 0 && support.Min == 0 && support.Max == 0 {
+		config.Mode = ModeLevel
+		config.Level = LevelMedium
+		config.Budget = 0
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider":      provider,
+			"model":         model,
+			"original_mode": "auto",
+			"clamped_to":    string(LevelMedium),
+		}).Debug("thinking: mode converted, dynamic not allowed, using medium level |")
+		return config
+	}
+
+	// For budget models, use mid-range budget
+	mid := (support.Min + support.Max) / 2
+	if mid <= 0 && support.ZeroAllowed {
+		config.Mode = ModeNone
+		config.Budget = 0
+	} else if mid <= 0 {
+		config.Mode = ModeBudget
+		config.Budget = support.Min
+	} else {
+		config.Mode = ModeBudget
+		config.Budget = mid
+	}
+	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"provider":      provider,
+		"model":         model,
+		"original_mode": "auto",
+		"clamped_to":    config.Budget,
+	}).Debug("thinking: mode converted, dynamic not allowed |")
+	return config
+}
+
+// standardLevelOrder defines the canonical ordering of thinking levels from lowest to highest.
+var standardLevelOrder = []ThinkingLevel{LevelMinimal, LevelLow, LevelMedium, LevelHigh, LevelXHigh}
+
+// clampLevel clamps the given level to the nearest supported level.
+// On tie, prefers the lower level.
+func clampLevel(level ThinkingLevel, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, provider string) ThinkingLevel {
+	model := "unknown"
+	var supported []string
+	if modelInfo != nil {
+		if modelInfo.ID != "" {
+			model = modelInfo.ID
+		}
+		if modelInfo.Thinking != nil {
+			supported = modelInfo.Thinking.Levels
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(supported) == 0 || isLevelSupported(string(level), supported) {
+		return level
+	}
+
+	pos := levelIndex(string(level))
+	if pos == -1 {
+		return level
+	}
+	bestIdx, bestDist := -1, len(standardLevelOrder)+1
+
+	for _, s := range supported {
+		if idx := levelIndex(strings.TrimSpace(s)); idx != -1 {
+			if dist := abs(pos - idx); dist < bestDist || (dist == bestDist && idx < bestIdx) {
+				bestIdx, bestDist = idx, dist
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if bestIdx >= 0 {
+		clamped := standardLevelOrder[bestIdx]
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider":       provider,
+			"model":          model,
+			"original_value": string(level),
+			"clamped_to":     string(clamped),
+		}).Debug("thinking: level clamped |")
+		return clamped
+	}
+	return level
+}
+
+// clampBudget clamps a budget value to the model's supported range.
+func clampBudget(value int, modelInfo *registry.ModelInfo, provider string) int {
+	model := "unknown"
+	support := (*registry.ThinkingSupport)(nil)
+	if modelInfo != nil {
+		if modelInfo.ID != "" {
+			model = modelInfo.ID
+		}
+		support = modelInfo.Thinking
+	}
+	if support == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	// Auto value (-1) passes through without clamping.
+	if value == -1 {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	min, max := support.Min, support.Max
+	if value == 0 && !support.ZeroAllowed {
+		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+			"provider":       provider,
+			"model":          model,
+			"original_value": value,
+			"clamped_to":     min,
+			"min":            min,
+			"max":            max,
+		}).Warn("thinking: budget zero not allowed |")
+		return min
+	}
+
+	// Some models are level-only and do not define numeric budget ranges.
+	if min == 0 && max == 0 {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	if value < min {
+		if value == 0 && support.ZeroAllowed {
+			return 0
+		}
+		logClamp(provider, model, value, min, min, max)
+		return min
+	}
+	if value > max {
+		logClamp(provider, model, value, max, min, max)
+		return max
+	}
+	return value
+}
+
+func isLevelSupported(level string, supported []string) bool {
+	for _, s := range supported {
+		if strings.EqualFold(level, strings.TrimSpace(s)) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func levelIndex(level string) int {
+	for i, l := range standardLevelOrder {
+		if strings.EqualFold(level, string(l)) {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+func normalizeLevels(levels []string) []string {
+	out := make([]string, len(levels))
+	for i, l := range levels {
+		out[i] = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(l))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func isBudgetBasedProvider(provider string) bool {
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity", "claude":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func isLevelBasedProvider(provider string) bool {
+	switch provider {
+	case "openai", "openai-response", "codex":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func isGeminiFamily(provider string) bool {
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func isSameProviderFamily(from, to string) bool {
+	if from == to {
+		return true
+	}
+	return isGeminiFamily(from) && isGeminiFamily(to)
+}
+
+func abs(x int) int {
+	if x < 0 {
+		return -x
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+func logClamp(provider, model string, original, clampedTo, min, max int) {
+	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"provider":       provider,
+		"model":          model,
+		"original_value": original,
+		"min":            min,
+		"max":            max,
+		"clamped_to":     clampedTo,
+	}).Debug("thinking: budget clamped |")
+}

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/cache"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
@@ -21,6 +22,14 @@ import (
 // deriveSessionID generates a stable session ID from the request.
 // Uses the hash of the first user message to identify the conversation.
 func deriveSessionID(rawJSON []byte) string {
+	userIDResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "metadata.user_id")
+	if userIDResult.Exists() {
+		userID := userIDResult.String()
+		idx := strings.Index(userID, "session_")
+		if idx != -1 {
+			return userID[idx+8:]
+		}
+	}
 	messages := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "messages")
 	if !messages.IsArray() {
 		return ""
@@ -122,12 +131,12 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 					contentTypeResult := contentResult.Get("type")
 					if contentTypeResult.Type == gjson.String && contentTypeResult.String() == "thinking" {
 						// Use GetThinkingText to handle wrapped thinking objects
-						thinkingText := util.GetThinkingText(contentResult)
-						signatureResult := contentResult.Get("signature")
-						clientSignature := ""
-						if signatureResult.Exists() && signatureResult.String() != "" {
-							clientSignature = signatureResult.String()
-						}
+						thinkingText := thinking.GetThinkingText(contentResult)
+						// signatureResult := contentResult.Get("signature")
+						// clientSignature := ""
+						// if signatureResult.Exists() && signatureResult.String() != "" {
+						// 	clientSignature = signatureResult.String()
+						// }
 
 						// Always try cached signature first (more reliable than client-provided)
 						// Client may send stale or invalid signatures from different sessions
@@ -139,11 +148,11 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 							}
 						}
 
-						// Fallback to client signature only if cache miss and client signature is valid
-						if signature == "" && cache.HasValidSignature(clientSignature) {
-							signature = clientSignature
-							// log.Debugf("Using client-provided signature for thinking block")
-						}
+						// NOTE: We do NOT fallback to client signature anymore.
+						// Client signatures from Claude models are incompatible with Antigravity/Gemini API.
+						// When switching between models (e.g., Claude Opus -> Gemini Flash), the Claude
+						// signatures will cause "Corrupted thought signature" errors.
+						// If we have no cached signature, the thinking block will be skipped below.
 
 						// Store for subsequent tool_use in the same message
 						if cache.HasValidSignature(signature) {
@@ -385,12 +394,12 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 	}
 
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
-	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
+	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/cache"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 )
 
@@ -75,28 +76,42 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_RoleMapping(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ThinkingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	// Valid signature must be at least 50 characters
 	validSignature := "abc123validSignature1234567890123456789012345678901234567890"
+	thinkingText := "Let me think..."
+
+	// Pre-cache the signature (simulating a response from the same session)
+	// The session ID is derived from the first user message hash
+	// Since there's no user message in this test, we need to add one
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{
 		"model": "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
 		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Test user message"}]
+			},
 			{
 				"role": "assistant",
 				"content": [
-					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Let me think...", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"},
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "` + thinkingText + `", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"},
 					{"type": "text", "text": "Answer"}
 				]
 			}
 		]
 	}`)
 
+	// Derive session ID and cache the signature
+	sessionID := deriveSessionID(inputJSON)
+	cache.CacheSignature(sessionID, thinkingText, validSignature)
+	defer cache.ClearSignatureCache(sessionID)
+
 	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", inputJSON, false)
 	outputStr := string(output)
 
-	// Check thinking block conversion
-	firstPart := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.0")
+	// Check thinking block conversion (now in contents.1 due to user message)
+	firstPart := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.1.parts.0")
 	if !firstPart.Get("thought").Bool() {
 		t.Error("thinking block should have thought: true")
 	}
-	if firstPart.Get("text").String() != "Let me think..." {
+	if firstPart.Get("text").String() != thinkingText {
 		t.Error("thinking text mismatch")
 	}
 	if firstPart.Get("thoughtSignature").String() != validSignature {
@@ -227,13 +242,19 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolUse(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolUse_WithSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	validSignature := "abc123validSignature1234567890123456789012345678901234567890"
+	thinkingText := "Let me think..."
+
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{
 		"model": "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
 		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Test user message"}]
+			},
 			{
 				"role": "assistant",
 				"content": [
-					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Let me think...", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"},
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "` + thinkingText + `", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"},
 					{
 						"type": "tool_use",
 						"id": "call_123",
@@ -245,11 +266,16 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolUse_WithSignature(t *testing.T) {
 		]
 	}`)
 
+	// Derive session ID and cache the signature
+	sessionID := deriveSessionID(inputJSON)
+	cache.CacheSignature(sessionID, thinkingText, validSignature)
+	defer cache.ClearSignatureCache(sessionID)
+
 	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", inputJSON, false)
 	outputStr := string(output)
 
-	// Check function call has the signature from the preceding thinking block
-	part := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts.1")
+	// Check function call has the signature from the preceding thinking block (now in contents.1)
+	part := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.1.parts.1")
 	if part.Get("functionCall.name").String() != "get_weather" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected functionCall, got %s", part.Raw)
 	}
@@ -261,24 +287,35 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ToolUse_WithSignature(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ReorderThinking(t *testing.T) {
 	// Case: text block followed by thinking block -> should be reordered to thinking first
 	validSignature := "abc123validSignature1234567890123456789012345678901234567890"
+	thinkingText := "Planning..."
+
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{
 		"model": "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
 		"messages": [
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Test user message"}]
+			},
 			{
 				"role": "assistant",
 				"content": [
 					{"type": "text", "text": "Here is the plan."},
-					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Planning...", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"}
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "` + thinkingText + `", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"}
 				]
 			}
 		]
 	}`)
 
+	// Derive session ID and cache the signature
+	sessionID := deriveSessionID(inputJSON)
+	cache.CacheSignature(sessionID, thinkingText, validSignature)
+	defer cache.ClearSignatureCache(sessionID)
+
 	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", inputJSON, false)
 	outputStr := string(output)
 
-	// Verify order: Thinking block MUST be first
-	parts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.0.parts").Array()
+	// Verify order: Thinking block MUST be first (now in contents.1 due to user message)
+	parts := gjson.Get(outputStr, "request.contents.1.parts").Array()
 	if len(parts) != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 parts, got %d", len(parts))
 	}
@@ -343,8 +380,8 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_ThinkingConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		if thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget").Int() != 8000 {
 			t.Errorf("Expected thinkingBudget 8000, got %d", thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget").Int())
 		}
-		if !thinkingConfig.Get("include_thoughts").Bool() {
-			t.Error("include_thoughts should be true")
+		if !thinkingConfig.Get("includeThoughts").Bool() {
+			t.Error("includeThoughts should be true")
 		}
 	} else {
 		t.Log("thinkingConfig not present - model may not be registered in test registry")
@@ -460,6 +497,9 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_TrailingUnsignedThinking_Removed(t *t
 
 func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_TrailingSignedThinking_Kept(t *testing.T) {
 	// Last assistant message ends with signed thinking block - should be kept
+	validSignature := "abc123validSignature1234567890123456789012345678901234567890"
+	thinkingText := "Valid thinking..."
+
 	inputJSON := []byte(`{
 		"model": "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking",
 		"messages": [
@@ -471,12 +511,17 @@ func TestConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity_TrailingSignedThinking_Kept(t *testin
 				"role": "assistant",
 				"content": [
 					{"type": "text", "text": "Here is my answer"},
-					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "Valid thinking...", "signature": "abc123validSignature1234567890123456789012345678901234567890"}
+					{"type": "thinking", "thinking": "` + thinkingText + `", "signature": "` + validSignature + `"}
 				]
 			}
 		]
 	}`)
 
+	// Derive session ID and cache the signature
+	sessionID := deriveSessionID(inputJSON)
+	cache.CacheSignature(sessionID, thinkingText, validSignature)
+	defer cache.ClearSignatureCache(sessionID)
+
 	output := ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity("claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking", inputJSON, false)
 	outputStr := string(output)
 

internal/translator/antigravity/openai/chat-completions/antigravity_openai_request.go

@@ -35,66 +35,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
-	// Reasoning effort -> thinkingBudget/include_thoughts
-	// Note: OpenAI official fields take precedence over extra_body.google.thinking_config
+	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini CLI thinkingConfig.
+	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")
-	hasOfficialThinking := re.Exists()
-	if hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
+	if re.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(re.String()))
-		if util.IsGemini3Model(modelName) {
-			switch effort {
-			case "none":
-				out, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-			case "auto":
-				includeThoughts := true
-				out = util.ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(out, "", &includeThoughts)
-			default:
-				if level, ok := util.ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(modelName, effort); ok {
-					out = util.ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(out, level, nil)
-				}
-			}
-		} else if !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-			out = util.ApplyReasoningEffortToGeminiCLI(out, effort)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Cherry Studio extension extra_body.google.thinking_config (effective only when official fields are absent)
-	// Only apply for models that use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-	if !hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		if tc := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "extra_body.google.thinking_config"); tc.Exists() && tc.IsObject() {
-			var setBudget bool
-			var budget int
-
-			if v := tc.Get("thinkingBudget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			} else if v := tc.Get("thinking_budget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			}
-
-			if v := tc.Get("includeThoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if v := tc.Get("include_thoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if setBudget && budget != 0 {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Claude/Anthropic API format: thinking.type == "enabled" with budget_tokens
-	// This allows Claude Code and other Claude API clients to pass thinking configuration
-	if !gjson.GetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig").Exists() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
-		if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
-			if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
-				if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
-					budget := int(b.Int())
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
-				}
+		if effort != "" {
+			thinkingPath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+			if effort == "auto" {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingBudget", -1)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", true)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingLevel", effort)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", effort != "none")
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -113,6 +66,13 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 		out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.maxOutputTokens", maxTok.Num)
 	}
 
+	// Candidate count (OpenAI 'n' parameter)
+	if n := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "n"); n.Exists() && n.Type == gjson.Number {
+		if val := n.Int(); val > 1 {
+			out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.candidateCount", val)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Map OpenAI modalities -> Gemini CLI request.generationConfig.responseModalities
 	// e.g. "modalities": ["image", "text"] -> ["IMAGE", "TEXT"]
 	if mods := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "modalities"); mods.Exists() && mods.IsArray() {
@@ -179,6 +139,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 			}
 		}
 
+		systemPartIndex := 0
 		for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 			m := arr[i]
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
@@ -188,16 +149,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 				// system -> request.systemInstruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", content.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsObject() && content.Get("type").String() == "text" {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", content.Get("text").String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.Get("text").String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsArray() {
 					contents := content.Array()
 					if len(contents) > 0 {
 						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
 						for j := 0; j < len(contents); j++ {
-							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", j), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							systemPartIndex++
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -212,7 +176,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 					for _, item := range items {
 						switch item.Get("type").String() {
 						case "text":
-							node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", item.Get("text").String())
+							text := item.Get("text").String()
+							if text != "" {
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", text)
+							}
 							p++
 						case "image_url":
 							imageURL := item.Get("image_url.url").String()
@@ -256,6 +223,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 					for _, item := range content.Array() {
 						switch item.Get("type").String() {
 						case "text":
+							text := item.Get("text").String()
+							if text != "" {
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", text)
+							}
 							p++
 						case "image_url":
 							// If the assistant returned an inline data URL, preserve it for history fidelity.

internal/translator/claude/gemini/claude_gemini_request.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
@@ -114,15 +115,40 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 			}
 		}
 		// Include thoughts configuration for reasoning process visibility
-		// Only apply for models that support thinking and use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-		if thinkingConfig := genConfig.Get("thinkingConfig"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-			// Check for thinkingBudget first - if present, enable thinking with budget
-			if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() && thinkingBudget.Int() > 0 {
+		// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
+		if thinkingConfig := genConfig.Get("thinkingConfig"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
+			if thinkingLevel := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingLevel"); thinkingLevel.Exists() {
+				level := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(thinkingLevel.String()))
+				switch level {
+				case "":
+				case "none":
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+				case "auto":
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+				default:
+					if budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(level); ok {
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+					}
+				}
+			} else if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() {
+				budget := int(thinkingBudget.Int())
+				switch budget {
+				case 0:
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "disabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+				case -1:
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Delete(out, "thinking.budget_tokens")
+				default:
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", budget)
+				}
+			} else if includeThoughts := thinkingConfig.Get("includeThoughts"); includeThoughts.Exists() && includeThoughts.Type == gjson.True {
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-				normalizedBudget := util.NormalizeThinkingBudget(modelName, int(thinkingBudget.Int()))
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.budget_tokens", normalizedBudget)
 			} else if includeThoughts := thinkingConfig.Get("include_thoughts"); includeThoughts.Exists() && includeThoughts.Type == gjson.True {
-				// Fallback to include_thoughts if no budget specified
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "thinking.type", "enabled")
 			}
 		}

internal/translator/claude/openai/chat-completions/claude_openai_request.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -65,10 +65,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 
 	root := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
 
-	if v := root.Get("reasoning_effort"); v.Exists() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
+	// Convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Claude thinking config.
+	if v := root.Get("reasoning_effort"); v.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
 		if effort != "" {
-			budget, ok := util.ThinkingEffortToBudget(modelName, effort)
+			budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
 			if ok {
 				switch budget {
 				case 0:
@@ -137,17 +138,35 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 
 	// Process messages and transform them to Claude Code format
 	if messages := root.Get("messages"); messages.Exists() && messages.IsArray() {
+		messageIndex := 0
+		systemMessageIndex := -1
 		messages.ForEach(func(_, message gjson.Result) bool {
 			role := message.Get("role").String()
 			contentResult := message.Get("content")
 
 			switch role {
-			case "system", "user", "assistant":
-				// Create Claude Code message with appropriate role mapping
-				if role == "system" {
-					role = "user"
+			case "system":
+				if systemMessageIndex == -1 {
+					systemMsg := `{"role":"user","content":[]}`
+					out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "messages.-1", systemMsg)
+					systemMessageIndex = messageIndex
+					messageIndex++
 				}
-
+				if contentResult.Exists() && contentResult.Type == gjson.String && contentResult.String() != "" {
+					textPart := `{"type":"text","text":""}`
+					textPart, _ = sjson.Set(textPart, "text", contentResult.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, fmt.Sprintf("messages.%d.content.-1", systemMessageIndex), textPart)
+				} else if contentResult.Exists() && contentResult.IsArray() {
+					contentResult.ForEach(func(_, part gjson.Result) bool {
+						if part.Get("type").String() == "text" {
+							textPart := `{"type":"text","text":""}`
+							textPart, _ = sjson.Set(textPart, "text", part.Get("text").String())
+							out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, fmt.Sprintf("messages.%d.content.-1", systemMessageIndex), textPart)
+						}
+						return true
+					})
+				}
+			case "user", "assistant":
 				msg := `{"role":"","content":[]}`
 				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "role", role)
 
@@ -226,6 +245,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 				}
 
 				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "messages.-1", msg)
+				messageIndex++
 
 			case "tool":
 				// Handle tool result messages conversion
@@ -236,6 +256,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "content.0.tool_use_id", toolCallID)
 				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "content.0.content", content)
 				out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "messages.-1", msg)
+				messageIndex++
 			}
 			return true
 		})

internal/translator/claude/openai/responses/claude_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -53,10 +53,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToClaude(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 
 	root := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
 
-	if v := root.Get("reasoning.effort"); v.Exists() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
+	// Convert OpenAI Responses reasoning.effort to Claude thinking config.
+	if v := root.Get("reasoning.effort"); v.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(v.String()))
 		if effort != "" {
-			budget, ok := util.ThinkingEffortToBudget(modelName, effort)
+			budget, ok := thinking.ConvertLevelToBudget(effort)
 			if ok {
 				switch budget {
 				case 0:

internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	systemsResult := rootResult.Get("system")
 	if systemsResult.IsArray() {
 		systemResults := systemsResult.Array()
-		message := `{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[]}`
+		message := `{"type":"message","role":"developer","content":[]}`
 		for i := 0; i < len(systemResults); i++ {
 			systemResult := systemResults[i]
 			systemTypeResult := systemResult.Get("type")
@@ -217,21 +217,19 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// Add additional configuration parameters for the Codex API.
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "parallel_tool_calls", true)
 
-	// Convert thinking.budget_tokens to reasoning.effort for level-based models
-	reasoningEffort := "medium" // default
-	if thinking := rootResult.Get("thinking"); thinking.Exists() && thinking.IsObject() {
-		switch thinking.Get("type").String() {
+	// Convert thinking.budget_tokens to reasoning.effort.
+	reasoningEffort := "medium"
+	if thinkingConfig := rootResult.Get("thinking"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
+		switch thinkingConfig.Get("type").String() {
 		case "enabled":
-			if util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-				if budgetTokens := thinking.Get("budget_tokens"); budgetTokens.Exists() {
-					budget := int(budgetTokens.Int())
-					if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, budget); ok && effort != "" {
-						reasoningEffort = effort
-					}
+			if budgetTokens := thinkingConfig.Get("budget_tokens"); budgetTokens.Exists() {
+				budget := int(budgetTokens.Int())
+				if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(budget); ok && effort != "" {
+					reasoningEffort = effort
 				}
 			}
 		case "disabled":
-			if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, 0); ok && effort != "" {
+			if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(0); ok && effort != "" {
 				reasoningEffort = effort
 			}
 		}
@@ -243,21 +241,23 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "include", []string{"reasoning.encrypted_content"})
 
 	// Add a first message to ignore system instructions and ensure proper execution.
-	inputResult := gjson.Get(template, "input")
-	if inputResult.Exists() && inputResult.IsArray() {
-		inputResults := inputResult.Array()
-		newInput := "[]"
-		for i := 0; i < len(inputResults); i++ {
-			if i == 0 {
-				firstText := inputResults[i].Get("content.0.text")
-				firstInstructions := "EXECUTE ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS!!!"
-				if firstText.Exists() && firstText.String() != firstInstructions {
-					newInput, _ = sjson.SetRaw(newInput, "-1", `{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"EXECUTE ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS!!!"}]}`)
+	if misc.GetCodexInstructionsEnabled() {
+		inputResult := gjson.Get(template, "input")
+		if inputResult.Exists() && inputResult.IsArray() {
+			inputResults := inputResult.Array()
+			newInput := "[]"
+			for i := 0; i < len(inputResults); i++ {
+				if i == 0 {
+					firstText := inputResults[i].Get("content.0.text")
+					firstInstructions := "EXECUTE ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS!!!"
+					if firstText.Exists() && firstText.String() != firstInstructions {
+						newInput, _ = sjson.SetRaw(newInput, "-1", `{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"EXECUTE ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS!!!"}]}`)
+					}
 				}
+				newInput, _ = sjson.SetRaw(newInput, "-1", inputResults[i].Raw)
 			}
-			newInput, _ = sjson.SetRaw(newInput, "-1", inputResults[i].Raw)
+			template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "input", newInput)
 		}
-		template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "input", newInput)
 	}
 
 	return []byte(template)

internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_response.go

@@ -117,8 +117,12 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaude(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRa
 		} else {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "delta.stop_reason", "end_turn")
 		}
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.input_tokens", rootResult.Get("response.usage.input_tokens").Int())
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.output_tokens", rootResult.Get("response.usage.output_tokens").Int())
+		inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens := extractResponsesUsage(rootResult.Get("response.usage"))
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
+		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens)
+		}
 
 		output = "event: message_delta\n"
 		output += fmt.Sprintf("data: %s\n\n", template)
@@ -204,8 +208,12 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, original
 	out := `{"id":"","type":"message","role":"assistant","model":"","content":[],"stop_reason":null,"stop_sequence":null,"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "id", responseData.Get("id").String())
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "model", responseData.Get("model").String())
-	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", responseData.Get("usage.input_tokens").Int())
-	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", responseData.Get("usage.output_tokens").Int())
+	inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens := extractResponsesUsage(responseData.Get("usage"))
+	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
+	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+	if cachedTokens > 0 {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens)
+	}
 
 	hasToolCall := false
 
@@ -308,12 +316,27 @@ func ConvertCodexResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, original
 		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "stop_sequence", stopSequence.Raw)
 	}
 
-	if responseData.Get("usage.input_tokens").Exists() || responseData.Get("usage.output_tokens").Exists() {
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", responseData.Get("usage.input_tokens").Int())
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", responseData.Get("usage.output_tokens").Int())
+	return out
+}
+
+func extractResponsesUsage(usage gjson.Result) (int64, int64, int64) {
+	if !usage.Exists() || usage.Type == gjson.Null {
+		return 0, 0, 0
 	}
 
-	return out
+	inputTokens := usage.Get("input_tokens").Int()
+	outputTokens := usage.Get("output_tokens").Int()
+	cachedTokens := usage.Get("input_tokens_details.cached_tokens").Int()
+
+	if cachedTokens > 0 {
+		if inputTokens >= cachedTokens {
+			inputTokens -= cachedTokens
+		} else {
+			inputTokens = 0
+		}
+	}
+
+	return inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens
 }
 
 // buildReverseMapFromClaudeOriginalShortToOriginal builds a map[short]original from original Claude request tools.

internal/translator/codex/gemini/codex_gemini_request.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// System instruction -> as a user message with input_text parts
 	sysParts := root.Get("system_instruction.parts")
 	if sysParts.IsArray() {
-		msg := `{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[]}`
+		msg := `{"type":"message","role":"developer","content":[]}`
 		arr := sysParts.Array()
 		for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 			p := arr[i]
@@ -247,21 +248,28 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// Fixed flags aligning with Codex expectations
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "parallel_tool_calls", true)
 
-	// Convert thinkingBudget to reasoning.effort for level-based models
-	reasoningEffort := "medium" // default
+	// Convert Gemini thinkingConfig to Codex reasoning.effort.
+	effortSet := false
 	if genConfig := root.Get("generationConfig"); genConfig.Exists() {
 		if thinkingConfig := genConfig.Get("thinkingConfig"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
-			if util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-				if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() {
-					budget := int(thinkingBudget.Int())
-					if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, budget); ok && effort != "" {
-						reasoningEffort = effort
-					}
+			if thinkingLevel := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingLevel"); thinkingLevel.Exists() {
+				effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(thinkingLevel.String()))
+				if effort != "" {
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning.effort", effort)
+					effortSet = true
+				}
+			} else if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() {
+				if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(int(thinkingBudget.Int())); ok {
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning.effort", effort)
+					effortSet = true
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning.effort", reasoningEffort)
+	if !effortSet {
+		// No thinking config, set default effort
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning.effort", "medium")
+	}
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning.summary", "auto")
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "stream", true)
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "store", false)

internal/translator/codex/openai/chat-completions/codex_openai_request.go

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 	rawJSON := bytes.Clone(inputRawJSON)
 	userAgent := misc.ExtractCodexUserAgent(rawJSON)
 	// Start with empty JSON object
-	out := `{}`
+	out := `{"instructions":""}`
 
 	// Stream must be set to true
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "stream", stream)
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 	// Extract system instructions from first system message (string or text object)
 	messages := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "messages")
 	_, instructions := misc.CodexInstructionsForModel(modelName, "", userAgent)
-	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "instructions", instructions)
+	if misc.GetCodexInstructionsEnabled() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "instructions", instructions)
+	}
 	// if messages.IsArray() {
 	// 	arr := messages.Array()
 	// 	for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream b
 				msg := `{}`
 				msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "type", "message")
 				if role == "system" {
-					msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "role", "user")
+					msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "role", "developer")
 				} else {
 					msg, _ = sjson.Set(msg, "role", role)
 				}

internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -74,6 +74,11 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	}
 
 	if hasOfficialInstructions {
+		newInput := "[]"
+		for _, item := range inputResults {
+			newInput, _ = sjson.SetRaw(newInput, "-1", item.Raw)
+		}
+		rawJSON, _ = sjson.SetRawBytes(rawJSON, "input", []byte(newInput))
 		return rawJSON
 	}
 	// log.Debugf("instructions not matched, %s\n", originalInstructions)

internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -160,12 +159,12 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool) []
 	}
 
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
-	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
+	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/gemini-cli/openai/chat-completions/gemini-cli_openai_request.go

@@ -35,37 +35,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
-	// Reasoning effort -> thinkingBudget/include_thoughts
-	// Note: OpenAI official fields take precedence over extra_body.google.thinking_config
+	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini CLI thinkingConfig.
+	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")
-	hasOfficialThinking := re.Exists()
-	if hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		out = util.ApplyReasoningEffortToGeminiCLI(out, re.String())
-	}
-
-	// Cherry Studio extension extra_body.google.thinking_config (effective only when official fields are absent)
-	// Only apply for models that use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-	if !hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		if tc := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "extra_body.google.thinking_config"); tc.Exists() && tc.IsObject() {
-			var setBudget bool
-			var budget int
-
-			if v := tc.Get("thinkingBudget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			} else if v := tc.Get("thinking_budget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			}
-
-			if v := tc.Get("includeThoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if v := tc.Get("include_thoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if setBudget && budget != 0 {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
+	if re.Exists() {
+		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(re.String()))
+		if effort != "" {
+			thinkingPath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+			if effort == "auto" {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingBudget", -1)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", true)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingLevel", effort)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", effort != "none")
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -81,6 +63,13 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 		out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.topK", tkr.Num)
 	}
 
+	// Candidate count (OpenAI 'n' parameter)
+	if n := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "n"); n.Exists() && n.Type == gjson.Number {
+		if val := n.Int(); val > 1 {
+			out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.generationConfig.candidateCount", val)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Map OpenAI modalities -> Gemini CLI request.generationConfig.responseModalities
 	// e.g. "modalities": ["image", "text"] -> ["IMAGE", "TEXT"]
 	if mods := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "modalities"); mods.Exists() && mods.IsArray() {
@@ -147,6 +136,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 			}
 		}
 
+		systemPartIndex := 0
 		for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 			m := arr[i]
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
@@ -156,16 +146,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGeminiCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bo
 				// system -> request.systemInstruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", content.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsObject() && content.Get("type").String() == "text" {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.parts.0.text", content.Get("text").String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.Get("text").String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsArray() {
 					contents := content.Array()
 					if len(contents) > 0 {
 						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
 						for j := 0; j < len(contents); j++ {
-							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", j), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							systemPartIndex++
 						}
 					}
 				}

internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -153,13 +152,13 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	}
 
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when enabled
-	// Only apply for models that use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
+	// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
+	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
 		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/gemini/openai/chat-completions/gemini_openai_request.go

@@ -35,55 +35,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// Model
 	out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "model", modelName)
 
-	// Reasoning effort -> thinkingBudget/include_thoughts
-	// Note: OpenAI official fields take precedence over extra_body.google.thinking_config
-	// Only apply numeric budgets for models that use budgets (not discrete levels) to avoid
-	// incorrectly applying thinkingBudget for level-based models like gpt-5. Gemini 3 models
-	// use thinkingLevel/includeThoughts instead.
+	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini thinkingConfig.
+	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
 	re := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "reasoning_effort")
-	hasOfficialThinking := re.Exists()
-	if hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
+	if re.Exists() {
 		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(re.String()))
-		if util.IsGemini3Model(modelName) {
-			switch effort {
-			case "none":
-				out, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-			case "auto":
-				includeThoughts := true
-				out = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(out, "", &includeThoughts)
-			default:
-				if level, ok := util.ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(modelName, effort); ok {
-					out = util.ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(out, level, nil)
-				}
-			}
-		} else if !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-			out = util.ApplyReasoningEffortToGemini(out, effort)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Cherry Studio extension extra_body.google.thinking_config (effective only when official fields are absent)
-	// Only apply for models that use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-	if !hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		if tc := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "extra_body.google.thinking_config"); tc.Exists() && tc.IsObject() {
-			var setBudget bool
-			var budget int
-
-			if v := tc.Get("thinkingBudget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			} else if v := tc.Get("thinking_budget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			}
-
-			if v := tc.Get("includeThoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if v := tc.Get("include_thoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if setBudget && budget != 0 {
-				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
+		if effort != "" {
+			thinkingPath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+			if effort == "auto" {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingBudget", -1)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", true)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingLevel", effort)
+				out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", effort != "none")
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -99,6 +63,13 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 		out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.topK", tkr.Num)
 	}
 
+	// Candidate count (OpenAI 'n' parameter)
+	if n := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "n"); n.Exists() && n.Type == gjson.Number {
+		if val := n.Int(); val > 1 {
+			out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "generationConfig.candidateCount", val)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Map OpenAI modalities -> Gemini generationConfig.responseModalities
 	// e.g. "modalities": ["image", "text"] -> ["IMAGE", "TEXT"]
 	if mods := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "modalities"); mods.Exists() && mods.IsArray() {
@@ -165,6 +136,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 			}
 		}
 
+		systemPartIndex := 0
 		for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
 			m := arr[i]
 			role := m.Get("role").String()
@@ -174,16 +146,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 				// system -> system_instruction as a user message style
 				if content.Type == gjson.String {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.parts.0.text", content.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsObject() && content.Get("type").String() == "text" {
 					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
-					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.parts.0.text", content.Get("text").String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), content.Get("text").String())
+					systemPartIndex++
 				} else if content.IsArray() {
 					contents := content.Array()
 					if len(contents) > 0 {
-						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "request.systemInstruction.role", "user")
+						out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, "system_instruction.role", "user")
 						for j := 0; j < len(contents); j++ {
-							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("request.systemInstruction.parts.%d.text", j), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							out, _ = sjson.SetBytes(out, fmt.Sprintf("system_instruction.parts.%d.text", systemPartIndex), contents[j].Get("text").String())
+							systemPartIndex++
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -198,7 +173,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 					for _, item := range items {
 						switch item.Get("type").String() {
 						case "text":
-							node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", item.Get("text").String())
+							text := item.Get("text").String()
+							if text != "" {
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", text)
+							}
 							p++
 						case "image_url":
 							imageURL := item.Get("image_url.url").String()
@@ -243,6 +221,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 					for _, item := range content.Array() {
 						switch item.Get("type").String() {
 						case "text":
+							text := item.Get("text").String()
+							if text != "" {
+								node, _ = sjson.SetBytes(node, "parts."+itoa(p)+".text", text)
+							}
 							p++
 						case "image_url":
 							// If the assistant returned an inline data URL, preserve it for history fidelity.

internal/translator/gemini/openai/chat-completions/gemini_openai_response.go

@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ import (
 // convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams holds parameters for response conversion.
 type convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams struct {
 	UnixTimestamp int64
-	FunctionIndex int
+	// FunctionIndex tracks tool call indices per candidate index to support multiple candidates.
+	FunctionIndex map[int]int
 }
 
 // functionCallIDCounter provides a process-wide unique counter for function call identifiers.
@@ -42,13 +43,20 @@ var functionCallIDCounter uint64
 // Returns:
 //   - []string: A slice of strings, each containing an OpenAI-compatible JSON response
 func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, param *any) []string {
+	// Initialize parameters if nil.
 	if *param == nil {
 		*param = &convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams{
 			UnixTimestamp: 0,
-			FunctionIndex: 0,
+			FunctionIndex: make(map[int]int),
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Ensure the Map is initialized (handling cases where param might be reused from older context).
+	p := (*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams)
+	if p.FunctionIndex == nil {
+		p.FunctionIndex = make(map[int]int)
+	}
+
 	if bytes.HasPrefix(rawJSON, []byte("data:")) {
 		rawJSON = bytes.TrimSpace(rawJSON[5:])
 	}
@@ -57,151 +65,179 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 		return []string{}
 	}
 
-	// Initialize the OpenAI SSE template.
-	template := `{"id":"","object":"chat.completion.chunk","created":12345,"model":"model","choices":[{"index":0,"delta":{"role":null,"content":null,"reasoning_content":null,"tool_calls":null},"finish_reason":null,"native_finish_reason":null}]}`
+	// Initialize the OpenAI SSE base template.
+	// We use a base template and clone it for each candidate to support multiple candidates.
+	baseTemplate := `{"id":"","object":"chat.completion.chunk","created":12345,"model":"model","choices":[{"index":0,"delta":{"role":null,"content":null,"reasoning_content":null,"tool_calls":null},"finish_reason":null,"native_finish_reason":null}]}`
 
 	// Extract and set the model version.
 	if modelVersionResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "modelVersion"); modelVersionResult.Exists() {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "model", modelVersionResult.String())
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "model", modelVersionResult.String())
 	}
 
 	// Extract and set the creation timestamp.
 	if createTimeResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "createTime"); createTimeResult.Exists() {
 		t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, createTimeResult.String())
 		if err == nil {
-			(*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams).UnixTimestamp = t.Unix()
+			p.UnixTimestamp = t.Unix()
 		}
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "created", (*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams).UnixTimestamp)
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "created", p.UnixTimestamp)
 	} else {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "created", (*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams).UnixTimestamp)
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "created", p.UnixTimestamp)
 	}
 
 	// Extract and set the response ID.
 	if responseIDResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "responseId"); responseIDResult.Exists() {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "id", responseIDResult.String())
-	}
-
-	// Extract and set the finish reason.
-	if finishReasonResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates.0.finishReason"); finishReasonResult.Exists() {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "id", responseIDResult.String())
 	}
 
 	// Extract and set usage metadata (token counts).
+	// Usage is applied to the base template so it appears in the chunks.
 	if usageResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "usageMetadata"); usageResult.Exists() {
 		cachedTokenCount := usageResult.Get("cachedContentTokenCount").Int()
 		if candidatesTokenCountResult := usageResult.Get("candidatesTokenCount"); candidatesTokenCountResult.Exists() {
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens", candidatesTokenCountResult.Int())
+			baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.completion_tokens", candidatesTokenCountResult.Int())
 		}
 		if totalTokenCountResult := usageResult.Get("totalTokenCount"); totalTokenCountResult.Exists() {
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.total_tokens", totalTokenCountResult.Int())
+			baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.total_tokens", totalTokenCountResult.Int())
 		}
 		promptTokenCount := usageResult.Get("promptTokenCount").Int() - cachedTokenCount
 		thoughtsTokenCount := usageResult.Get("thoughtsTokenCount").Int()
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
+		baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokenCount+thoughtsTokenCount)
 		if thoughtsTokenCount > 0 {
-			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
+			baseTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens", thoughtsTokenCount)
 		}
 		// Include cached token count if present (indicates prompt caching is working)
 		if cachedTokenCount > 0 {
 			var err error
-			template, err = sjson.Set(template, "usage.prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens", cachedTokenCount)
+			baseTemplate, err = sjson.Set(baseTemplate, "usage.prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens", cachedTokenCount)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warnf("gemini openai response: failed to set cached_tokens in streaming: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Process the main content part of the response.
-	partsResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates.0.content.parts")
-	hasFunctionCall := false
-	if partsResult.IsArray() {
-		partResults := partsResult.Array()
-		for i := 0; i < len(partResults); i++ {
-			partResult := partResults[i]
-			partTextResult := partResult.Get("text")
-			functionCallResult := partResult.Get("functionCall")
-			inlineDataResult := partResult.Get("inlineData")
-			if !inlineDataResult.Exists() {
-				inlineDataResult = partResult.Get("inline_data")
-			}
-			thoughtSignatureResult := partResult.Get("thoughtSignature")
-			if !thoughtSignatureResult.Exists() {
-				thoughtSignatureResult = partResult.Get("thought_signature")
+	var responseStrings []string
+	candidates := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates")
+
+	// Iterate over all candidates to support candidate_count > 1.
+	if candidates.IsArray() {
+		candidates.ForEach(func(_, candidate gjson.Result) bool {
+			// Clone the template for the current candidate.
+			template := baseTemplate
+
+			// Set the specific index for this candidate.
+			candidateIndex := int(candidate.Get("index").Int())
+			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.index", candidateIndex)
+
+			// Extract and set the finish reason.
+			if finishReasonResult := candidate.Get("finishReason"); finishReasonResult.Exists() {
+				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
+				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
 			}
 
-			hasThoughtSignature := thoughtSignatureResult.Exists() && thoughtSignatureResult.String() != ""
-			hasContentPayload := partTextResult.Exists() || functionCallResult.Exists() || inlineDataResult.Exists()
+			partsResult := candidate.Get("content.parts")
+			hasFunctionCall := false
 
-			// Skip pure thoughtSignature parts but keep any actual payload in the same part.
-			if hasThoughtSignature && !hasContentPayload {
-				continue
+			if partsResult.IsArray() {
+				partResults := partsResult.Array()
+				for i := 0; i < len(partResults); i++ {
+					partResult := partResults[i]
+					partTextResult := partResult.Get("text")
+					functionCallResult := partResult.Get("functionCall")
+					inlineDataResult := partResult.Get("inlineData")
+					if !inlineDataResult.Exists() {
+						inlineDataResult = partResult.Get("inline_data")
+					}
+					thoughtSignatureResult := partResult.Get("thoughtSignature")
+					if !thoughtSignatureResult.Exists() {
+						thoughtSignatureResult = partResult.Get("thought_signature")
+					}
+
+					hasThoughtSignature := thoughtSignatureResult.Exists() && thoughtSignatureResult.String() != ""
+					hasContentPayload := partTextResult.Exists() || functionCallResult.Exists() || inlineDataResult.Exists()
+
+					// Skip pure thoughtSignature parts but keep any actual payload in the same part.
+					if hasThoughtSignature && !hasContentPayload {
+						continue
+					}
+
+					if partTextResult.Exists() {
+						text := partTextResult.String()
+						// Handle text content, distinguishing between regular content and reasoning/thoughts.
+						if partResult.Get("thought").Bool() {
+							template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.reasoning_content", text)
+						} else {
+							template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.content", text)
+						}
+						template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
+					} else if functionCallResult.Exists() {
+						// Handle function call content.
+						hasFunctionCall = true
+						toolCallsResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls")
+
+						// Retrieve the function index for this specific candidate.
+						functionCallIndex := p.FunctionIndex[candidateIndex]
+						p.FunctionIndex[candidateIndex]++
+
+						if toolCallsResult.Exists() && toolCallsResult.IsArray() {
+							functionCallIndex = len(toolCallsResult.Array())
+						} else {
+							template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls", `[]`)
+						}
+
+						functionCallTemplate := `{"id": "","index": 0,"type": "function","function": {"name": "","arguments": ""}}`
+						fcName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
+						functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&functionCallIDCounter, 1)))
+						functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "index", functionCallIndex)
+						functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "function.name", fcName)
+						if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
+							functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "function.arguments", fcArgsResult.Raw)
+						}
+						template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
+						template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls.-1", functionCallTemplate)
+					} else if inlineDataResult.Exists() {
+						data := inlineDataResult.Get("data").String()
+						if data == "" {
+							continue
+						}
+						mimeType := inlineDataResult.Get("mimeType").String()
+						if mimeType == "" {
+							mimeType = inlineDataResult.Get("mime_type").String()
+						}
+						if mimeType == "" {
+							mimeType = "image/png"
+						}
+						imageURL := fmt.Sprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", mimeType, data)
+						imagesResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.images")
+						if !imagesResult.Exists() || !imagesResult.IsArray() {
+							template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.images", `[]`)
+						}
+						imageIndex := len(gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.images").Array())
+						imagePayload := `{"type":"image_url","image_url":{"url":""}}`
+						imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "index", imageIndex)
+						imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "image_url.url", imageURL)
+						template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
+						template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.images.-1", imagePayload)
+					}
+				}
 			}
 
-			if partTextResult.Exists() {
-				text := partTextResult.String()
-				// Handle text content, distinguishing between regular content and reasoning/thoughts.
-				if partResult.Get("thought").Bool() {
-					template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.reasoning_content", text)
-				} else {
-					template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.content", text)
-				}
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
-			} else if functionCallResult.Exists() {
-				// Handle function call content.
-				hasFunctionCall = true
-				toolCallsResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls")
-				functionCallIndex := (*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams).FunctionIndex
-				(*param).(*convertGeminiResponseToOpenAIChatParams).FunctionIndex++
-				if toolCallsResult.Exists() && toolCallsResult.IsArray() {
-					functionCallIndex = len(toolCallsResult.Array())
-				} else {
-					template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls", `[]`)
-				}
-
-				functionCallTemplate := `{"id": "","index": 0,"type": "function","function": {"name": "","arguments": ""}}`
-				fcName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
-				functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&functionCallIDCounter, 1)))
-				functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "index", functionCallIndex)
-				functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "function.name", fcName)
-				if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
-					functionCallTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallTemplate, "function.arguments", fcArgsResult.Raw)
-				}
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
-				template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.tool_calls.-1", functionCallTemplate)
-			} else if inlineDataResult.Exists() {
-				data := inlineDataResult.Get("data").String()
-				if data == "" {
-					continue
-				}
-				mimeType := inlineDataResult.Get("mimeType").String()
-				if mimeType == "" {
-					mimeType = inlineDataResult.Get("mime_type").String()
-				}
-				if mimeType == "" {
-					mimeType = "image/png"
-				}
-				imageURL := fmt.Sprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", mimeType, data)
-				imagesResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.images")
-				if !imagesResult.Exists() || !imagesResult.IsArray() {
-					template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.images", `[]`)
-				}
-				imageIndex := len(gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.delta.images").Array())
-				imagePayload := `{"type":"image_url","image_url":{"url":""}}`
-				imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "index", imageIndex)
-				imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "image_url.url", imageURL)
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.delta.role", "assistant")
-				template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.delta.images.-1", imagePayload)
+			if hasFunctionCall {
+				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", "tool_calls")
+				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", "tool_calls")
 			}
+
+			responseStrings = append(responseStrings, template)
+			return true // continue loop
+		})
+	} else {
+		// If there are no candidates (e.g., a pure usageMetadata chunk), return the usage chunk if present.
+		if gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "usageMetadata").Exists() && len(responseStrings) == 0 {
+			responseStrings = append(responseStrings, baseTemplate)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if hasFunctionCall {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", "tool_calls")
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", "tool_calls")
-	}
-
-	return []string{template}
+	return responseStrings
 }
 
 // ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAINonStream converts a non-streaming Gemini response to a non-streaming OpenAI response.
@@ -219,7 +255,9 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAI(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestR
 //   - string: An OpenAI-compatible JSON response containing all message content and metadata
 func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAINonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, originalRequestRawJSON, requestRawJSON, rawJSON []byte, _ *any) string {
 	var unixTimestamp int64
-	template := `{"id":"","object":"chat.completion","created":123456,"model":"model","choices":[{"index":0,"message":{"role":"assistant","content":null,"reasoning_content":null,"tool_calls":null},"finish_reason":null,"native_finish_reason":null}]}`
+	// Initialize template with an empty choices array to support multiple candidates.
+	template := `{"id":"","object":"chat.completion","created":123456,"model":"model","choices":[]}`
+
 	if modelVersionResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "modelVersion"); modelVersionResult.Exists() {
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "model", modelVersionResult.String())
 	}
@@ -238,11 +276,6 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAINonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "id", responseIDResult.String())
 	}
 
-	if finishReasonResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates.0.finishReason"); finishReasonResult.Exists() {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
-	}
-
 	if usageResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "usageMetadata"); usageResult.Exists() {
 		if candidatesTokenCountResult := usageResult.Get("candidatesTokenCount"); candidatesTokenCountResult.Exists() {
 			template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "usage.completion_tokens", candidatesTokenCountResult.Int())
@@ -267,74 +300,96 @@ func ConvertGeminiResponseToOpenAINonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Process the main content part of the response.
-	partsResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates.0.content.parts")
-	hasFunctionCall := false
-	if partsResult.IsArray() {
-		partsResults := partsResult.Array()
-		for i := 0; i < len(partsResults); i++ {
-			partResult := partsResults[i]
-			partTextResult := partResult.Get("text")
-			functionCallResult := partResult.Get("functionCall")
-			inlineDataResult := partResult.Get("inlineData")
-			if !inlineDataResult.Exists() {
-				inlineDataResult = partResult.Get("inline_data")
+	// Process the main content part of the response for all candidates.
+	candidates := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "candidates")
+	if candidates.IsArray() {
+		candidates.ForEach(func(_, candidate gjson.Result) bool {
+			// Construct a single Choice object.
+			choiceTemplate := `{"index":0,"message":{"role":"assistant","content":null,"reasoning_content":null,"tool_calls":null},"finish_reason":null,"native_finish_reason":null}`
+
+			// Set the index for this choice.
+			choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "index", candidate.Get("index").Int())
+
+			// Set finish reason.
+			if finishReasonResult := candidate.Get("finishReason"); finishReasonResult.Exists() {
+				choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
+				choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "native_finish_reason", strings.ToLower(finishReasonResult.String()))
 			}
 
-			if partTextResult.Exists() {
-				// Append text content, distinguishing between regular content and reasoning.
-				if partResult.Get("thought").Bool() {
-					template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.message.reasoning_content", partTextResult.String())
-				} else {
-					template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.message.content", partTextResult.String())
-				}
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.message.role", "assistant")
-			} else if functionCallResult.Exists() {
-				// Append function call content to the tool_calls array.
-				hasFunctionCall = true
-				toolCallsResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.message.tool_calls")
-				if !toolCallsResult.Exists() || !toolCallsResult.IsArray() {
-					template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.message.tool_calls", `[]`)
-				}
-				functionCallItemTemplate := `{"id": "","type": "function","function": {"name": "","arguments": ""}}`
-				fcName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
-				functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&functionCallIDCounter, 1)))
-				functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "function.name", fcName)
-				if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
-					functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "function.arguments", fcArgsResult.Raw)
-				}
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.message.role", "assistant")
-				template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.message.tool_calls.-1", functionCallItemTemplate)
-			} else if inlineDataResult.Exists() {
-				data := inlineDataResult.Get("data").String()
-				if data == "" {
-					continue
-				}
-				mimeType := inlineDataResult.Get("mimeType").String()
-				if mimeType == "" {
-					mimeType = inlineDataResult.Get("mime_type").String()
-				}
-				if mimeType == "" {
-					mimeType = "image/png"
-				}
-				imageURL := fmt.Sprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", mimeType, data)
-				imagesResult := gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.message.images")
-				if !imagesResult.Exists() || !imagesResult.IsArray() {
-					template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.message.images", `[]`)
-				}
-				imageIndex := len(gjson.Get(template, "choices.0.message.images").Array())
-				imagePayload := `{"type":"image_url","image_url":{"url":""}}`
-				imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "index", imageIndex)
-				imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "image_url.url", imageURL)
-				template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.message.role", "assistant")
-				template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.0.message.images.-1", imagePayload)
-			}
-		}
-	}
+			partsResult := candidate.Get("content.parts")
+			hasFunctionCall := false
+			if partsResult.IsArray() {
+				partsResults := partsResult.Array()
+				for i := 0; i < len(partsResults); i++ {
+					partResult := partsResults[i]
+					partTextResult := partResult.Get("text")
+					functionCallResult := partResult.Get("functionCall")
+					inlineDataResult := partResult.Get("inlineData")
+					if !inlineDataResult.Exists() {
+						inlineDataResult = partResult.Get("inline_data")
+					}
 
-	if hasFunctionCall {
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.finish_reason", "tool_calls")
-		template, _ = sjson.Set(template, "choices.0.native_finish_reason", "tool_calls")
+					if partTextResult.Exists() {
+						// Append text content, distinguishing between regular content and reasoning.
+						if partResult.Get("thought").Bool() {
+							oldVal := gjson.Get(choiceTemplate, "message.reasoning_content").String()
+							choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "message.reasoning_content", oldVal+partTextResult.String())
+						} else {
+							oldVal := gjson.Get(choiceTemplate, "message.content").String()
+							choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "message.content", oldVal+partTextResult.String())
+						}
+						choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "message.role", "assistant")
+					} else if functionCallResult.Exists() {
+						// Append function call content to the tool_calls array.
+						hasFunctionCall = true
+						toolCallsResult := gjson.Get(choiceTemplate, "message.tool_calls")
+						if !toolCallsResult.Exists() || !toolCallsResult.IsArray() {
+							choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.SetRaw(choiceTemplate, "message.tool_calls", `[]`)
+						}
+						functionCallItemTemplate := `{"id": "","type": "function","function": {"name": "","arguments": ""}}`
+						fcName := functionCallResult.Get("name").String()
+						functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "id", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d-%d", fcName, time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddUint64(&functionCallIDCounter, 1)))
+						functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "function.name", fcName)
+						if fcArgsResult := functionCallResult.Get("args"); fcArgsResult.Exists() {
+							functionCallItemTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(functionCallItemTemplate, "function.arguments", fcArgsResult.Raw)
+						}
+						choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "message.role", "assistant")
+						choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.SetRaw(choiceTemplate, "message.tool_calls.-1", functionCallItemTemplate)
+					} else if inlineDataResult.Exists() {
+						data := inlineDataResult.Get("data").String()
+						if data != "" {
+							mimeType := inlineDataResult.Get("mimeType").String()
+							if mimeType == "" {
+								mimeType = inlineDataResult.Get("mime_type").String()
+							}
+							if mimeType == "" {
+								mimeType = "image/png"
+							}
+							imageURL := fmt.Sprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", mimeType, data)
+							imagesResult := gjson.Get(choiceTemplate, "message.images")
+							if !imagesResult.Exists() || !imagesResult.IsArray() {
+								choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.SetRaw(choiceTemplate, "message.images", `[]`)
+							}
+							imageIndex := len(gjson.Get(choiceTemplate, "message.images").Array())
+							imagePayload := `{"type":"image_url","image_url":{"url":""}}`
+							imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "index", imageIndex)
+							imagePayload, _ = sjson.Set(imagePayload, "image_url.url", imageURL)
+							choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "message.role", "assistant")
+							choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.SetRaw(choiceTemplate, "message.images.-1", imagePayload)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if hasFunctionCall {
+				choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "finish_reason", "tool_calls")
+				choiceTemplate, _ = sjson.Set(choiceTemplate, "native_finish_reason", "tool_calls")
+			}
+
+			// Append the constructed choice to the main choices array.
+			template, _ = sjson.SetRaw(template, "choices.-1", choiceTemplate)
+			return true
+		})
 	}
 
 	return template

internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/translator/gemini/common"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -388,31 +387,19 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.stopSequences", sequences)
 	}
 
-	// OpenAI official reasoning fields take precedence
-	// Only convert for models that use numeric budgets (not discrete levels).
-	hasOfficialThinking := root.Get("reasoning.effort").Exists()
-	if hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		reasoningEffort := root.Get("reasoning.effort")
-		out = string(util.ApplyReasoningEffortToGemini([]byte(out), reasoningEffort.String()))
-	}
-
-	// Cherry Studio extension (applies only when official fields are missing)
-	// Only apply for models that use numeric budgets, not discrete levels.
-	if !hasOfficialThinking && util.ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) && !util.ModelUsesThinkingLevels(modelName) {
-		if tc := root.Get("extra_body.google.thinking_config"); tc.Exists() && tc.IsObject() {
-			var setBudget bool
-			var budget int
-			if v := tc.Get("thinking_budget"); v.Exists() {
-				budget = int(v.Int())
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
-				setBudget = true
-			}
-			if v := tc.Get("include_thoughts"); v.Exists() {
-				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", v.Bool())
-			} else if setBudget {
-				if budget != 0 {
-					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
-				}
+	// Apply thinking configuration: convert OpenAI Responses API reasoning.effort to Gemini thinkingConfig.
+	// Inline translation-only mapping; capability checks happen later in ApplyThinking.
+	re := root.Get("reasoning.effort")
+	if re.Exists() {
+		effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(re.String()))
+		if effort != "" {
+			thinkingPath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig"
+			if effort == "auto" {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingBudget", -1)
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", true)
+			} else {
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, thinkingPath+".thinkingLevel", effort)
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, thinkingPath+".includeThoughts", effort != "none")
 			}
 		}
 	}

internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -61,23 +61,23 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "stream", stream)
 
 	// Thinking: Convert Claude thinking.budget_tokens to OpenAI reasoning_effort
-	if thinking := root.Get("thinking"); thinking.Exists() && thinking.IsObject() {
-		if thinkingType := thinking.Get("type"); thinkingType.Exists() {
+	if thinkingConfig := root.Get("thinking"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
+		if thinkingType := thinkingConfig.Get("type"); thinkingType.Exists() {
 			switch thinkingType.String() {
 			case "enabled":
-				if budgetTokens := thinking.Get("budget_tokens"); budgetTokens.Exists() {
+				if budgetTokens := thinkingConfig.Get("budget_tokens"); budgetTokens.Exists() {
 					budget := int(budgetTokens.Int())
-					if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, budget); ok && effort != "" {
+					if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(budget); ok && effort != "" {
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 					}
 				} else {
 					// No budget_tokens specified, default to "auto" for enabled thinking
-					if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, -1); ok && effort != "" {
+					if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(-1); ok && effort != "" {
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 					}
 				}
 			case "disabled":
-				if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, 0); ok && effort != "" {
+				if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(0); ok && effort != "" {
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 				}
 			}
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 	var messagesJSON = "[]"
 
 	// Handle system message first
-	systemMsgJSON := `{"role":"system","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use ANY tool, the parameters MUST accord with RFC 8259 (The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format), the keys and value MUST be enclosed in double quotes."}]}`
+	systemMsgJSON := `{"role":"system","content":[]}`
 	if system := root.Get("system"); system.Exists() {
 		if system.Type == gjson.String {
 			if system.String() != "" {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 					case "thinking":
 						// Only map thinking to reasoning_content for assistant messages (security: prevent injection)
 						if role == "assistant" {
-							thinkingText := util.GetThinkingText(part)
+							thinkingText := thinking.GetThinkingText(part)
 							// Skip empty or whitespace-only thinking
 							if strings.TrimSpace(thinkingText) != "" {
 								reasoningParts = append(reasoningParts, thinkingText)

internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_response.go

@@ -289,21 +289,17 @@ func convertOpenAIStreamingChunkToAnthropic(rawJSON []byte, param *ConvertOpenAI
 	// Only process if usage has actual values (not null)
 	if param.FinishReason != "" {
 		usage := root.Get("usage")
-		var inputTokens, outputTokens int64
+		var inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens int64
 		if usage.Exists() && usage.Type != gjson.Null {
-			// Check if usage has actual token counts
-			promptTokens := usage.Get("prompt_tokens")
-			completionTokens := usage.Get("completion_tokens")
-
-			if promptTokens.Exists() && completionTokens.Exists() {
-				inputTokens = promptTokens.Int()
-				outputTokens = completionTokens.Int()
-			}
+			inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens = extractOpenAIUsage(usage)
 			// Send message_delta with usage
 			messageDeltaJSON := `{"type":"message_delta","delta":{"stop_reason":"","stop_sequence":null},"usage":{"input_tokens":0,"output_tokens":0}}`
 			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "delta.stop_reason", mapOpenAIFinishReasonToAnthropic(param.FinishReason))
 			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
 			messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+			if cachedTokens > 0 {
+				messageDeltaJSON, _ = sjson.Set(messageDeltaJSON, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens)
+			}
 			results = append(results, "event: message_delta\ndata: "+messageDeltaJSON+"\n\n")
 			param.MessageDeltaSent = true
 
@@ -423,13 +419,12 @@ func convertOpenAINonStreamingToAnthropic(rawJSON []byte) []string {
 
 	// Set usage information
 	if usage := root.Get("usage"); usage.Exists() {
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", usage.Get("prompt_tokens").Int())
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", usage.Get("completion_tokens").Int())
-		reasoningTokens := int64(0)
-		if v := usage.Get("completion_tokens_details.reasoning_tokens"); v.Exists() {
-			reasoningTokens = v.Int()
+		inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens := extractOpenAIUsage(usage)
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens)
 		}
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.reasoning_tokens", reasoningTokens)
 	}
 
 	return []string{out}
@@ -674,8 +669,12 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 	}
 
 	if respUsage := root.Get("usage"); respUsage.Exists() {
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", respUsage.Get("prompt_tokens").Int())
-		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", respUsage.Get("completion_tokens").Int())
+		inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens := extractOpenAIUsage(respUsage)
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.input_tokens", inputTokens)
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.output_tokens", outputTokens)
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if !stopReasonSet {
@@ -692,3 +691,23 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponseToClaudeNonStream(_ context.Context, _ string, origina
 func ClaudeTokenCount(ctx context.Context, count int64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(`{"input_tokens":%d}`, count)
 }
+
+func extractOpenAIUsage(usage gjson.Result) (int64, int64, int64) {
+	if !usage.Exists() || usage.Type == gjson.Null {
+		return 0, 0, 0
+	}
+
+	inputTokens := usage.Get("prompt_tokens").Int()
+	outputTokens := usage.Get("completion_tokens").Int()
+	cachedTokens := usage.Get("prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens").Int()
+
+	if cachedTokens > 0 {
+		if inputTokens >= cachedTokens {
+			inputTokens -= cachedTokens
+		} else {
+			inputTokens = 0
+		}
+	}
+
+	return inputTokens, outputTokens, cachedTokens
+}

internal/translator/openai/gemini/openai_gemini_request.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
@@ -77,12 +77,21 @@ func ConvertGeminiRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Convert thinkingBudget to reasoning_effort
+		// Candidate count (OpenAI 'n' parameter)
+		if candidateCount := genConfig.Get("candidateCount"); candidateCount.Exists() {
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "n", candidateCount.Int())
+		}
+
+		// Map Gemini thinkingConfig to OpenAI reasoning_effort.
 		// Always perform conversion to support allowCompat models that may not be in registry
 		if thinkingConfig := genConfig.Get("thinkingConfig"); thinkingConfig.Exists() && thinkingConfig.IsObject() {
-			if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() {
-				budget := int(thinkingBudget.Int())
-				if effort, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToEffort(modelName, budget); ok && effort != "" {
+			if thinkingLevel := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingLevel"); thinkingLevel.Exists() {
+				effort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(thinkingLevel.String()))
+				if effort != "" {
+					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
+				}
+			} else if thinkingBudget := thinkingConfig.Get("thinkingBudget"); thinkingBudget.Exists() {
+				if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(int(thinkingBudget.Int())); ok {
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 				}
 			}

internal/translator/openai/openai/responses/openai_openai-responses_response.go

@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
 )
 
+type oaiToResponsesStateReasoning struct {
+	ReasoningID   string
+	ReasoningData string
+}
 type oaiToResponsesState struct {
 	Seq            int
 	ResponseID     string
@@ -23,6 +27,7 @@ type oaiToResponsesState struct {
 	// Per-output message text buffers by index
 	MsgTextBuf   map[int]*strings.Builder
 	ReasoningBuf strings.Builder
+	Reasonings   []oaiToResponsesStateReasoning
 	FuncArgsBuf  map[int]*strings.Builder // index -> args
 	FuncNames    map[int]string           // index -> name
 	FuncCallIDs  map[int]string           // index -> call_id
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 			MsgItemDone:     make(map[int]bool),
 			FuncArgsDone:    make(map[int]bool),
 			FuncItemDone:    make(map[int]bool),
+			Reasonings:      make([]oaiToResponsesStateReasoning, 0),
 		}
 	}
 	st := (*param).(*oaiToResponsesState)
@@ -157,6 +163,31 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 		st.Started = true
 	}
 
+	stopReasoning := func(text string) {
+		// Emit reasoning done events
+		textDone := `{"type":"response.reasoning_summary_text.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"summary_index":0,"text":""}`
+		textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
+		textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "item_id", st.ReasoningID)
+		textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "output_index", st.ReasoningIndex)
+		textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "text", text)
+		out = append(out, emitRespEvent("response.reasoning_summary_text.done", textDone))
+		partDone := `{"type":"response.reasoning_summary_part.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"summary_index":0,"part":{"type":"summary_text","text":""}}`
+		partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
+		partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "item_id", st.ReasoningID)
+		partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "output_index", st.ReasoningIndex)
+		partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "part.text", text)
+		out = append(out, emitRespEvent("response.reasoning_summary_part.done", partDone))
+		outputItemDone := `{"type":"response.output_item.done","item":{"id":"","type":"reasoning","encrypted_content":"","summary":[{"type":"summary_text","text":""}]},"output_index":0,"sequence_number":0}`
+		outputItemDone, _ = sjson.Set(outputItemDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
+		outputItemDone, _ = sjson.Set(outputItemDone, "item.id", st.ReasoningID)
+		outputItemDone, _ = sjson.Set(outputItemDone, "output_index", st.ReasoningIndex)
+		outputItemDone, _ = sjson.Set(outputItemDone, "item.summary.text", text)
+		out = append(out, emitRespEvent("response.output_item.done", outputItemDone))
+
+		st.Reasonings = append(st.Reasonings, oaiToResponsesStateReasoning{ReasoningID: st.ReasoningID, ReasoningData: text})
+		st.ReasoningID = ""
+	}
+
 	// choices[].delta content / tool_calls / reasoning_content
 	if choices := root.Get("choices"); choices.Exists() && choices.IsArray() {
 		choices.ForEach(func(_, choice gjson.Result) bool {
@@ -165,6 +196,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 			if delta.Exists() {
 				if c := delta.Get("content"); c.Exists() && c.String() != "" {
 					// Ensure the message item and its first content part are announced before any text deltas
+					if st.ReasoningID != "" {
+						stopReasoning(st.ReasoningBuf.String())
+						st.ReasoningBuf.Reset()
+					}
 					if !st.MsgItemAdded[idx] {
 						item := `{"type":"response.output_item.added","sequence_number":0,"output_index":0,"item":{"id":"","type":"message","status":"in_progress","content":[],"role":"assistant"}}`
 						item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
@@ -226,6 +261,10 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 
 				// tool calls
 				if tcs := delta.Get("tool_calls"); tcs.Exists() && tcs.IsArray() {
+					if st.ReasoningID != "" {
+						stopReasoning(st.ReasoningBuf.String())
+						st.ReasoningBuf.Reset()
+					}
 					// Before emitting any function events, if a message is open for this index,
 					// close its text/content to match Codex expected ordering.
 					if st.MsgItemAdded[idx] && !st.MsgItemDone[idx] {
@@ -361,17 +400,8 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 				}
 
 				if st.ReasoningID != "" {
-					// Emit reasoning done events
-					textDone := `{"type":"response.reasoning_summary_text.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"summary_index":0,"text":""}`
-					textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
-					textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "item_id", st.ReasoningID)
-					textDone, _ = sjson.Set(textDone, "output_index", st.ReasoningIndex)
-					out = append(out, emitRespEvent("response.reasoning_summary_text.done", textDone))
-					partDone := `{"type":"response.reasoning_summary_part.done","sequence_number":0,"item_id":"","output_index":0,"summary_index":0,"part":{"type":"summary_text","text":""}}`
-					partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "sequence_number", nextSeq())
-					partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "item_id", st.ReasoningID)
-					partDone, _ = sjson.Set(partDone, "output_index", st.ReasoningIndex)
-					out = append(out, emitRespEvent("response.reasoning_summary_part.done", partDone))
+					stopReasoning(st.ReasoningBuf.String())
+					st.ReasoningBuf.Reset()
 				}
 
 				// Emit function call done events for any active function calls
@@ -485,11 +515,13 @@ func ConvertOpenAIChatCompletionsResponseToOpenAIResponses(ctx context.Context,
 				}
 				// Build response.output using aggregated buffers
 				outputsWrapper := `{"arr":[]}`
-				if st.ReasoningBuf.Len() > 0 {
-					item := `{"id":"","type":"reasoning","summary":[{"type":"summary_text","text":""}]}`
-					item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "id", st.ReasoningID)
-					item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "summary.0.text", st.ReasoningBuf.String())
-					outputsWrapper, _ = sjson.SetRaw(outputsWrapper, "arr.-1", item)
+				if len(st.Reasonings) > 0 {
+					for _, r := range st.Reasonings {
+						item := `{"id":"","type":"reasoning","summary":[{"type":"summary_text","text":""}]}`
+						item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "id", r.ReasoningID)
+						item, _ = sjson.Set(item, "summary.0.text", r.ReasoningData)
+						outputsWrapper, _ = sjson.SetRaw(outputsWrapper, "arr.-1", item)
+					}
 				}
 				// Append message items in ascending index order
 				if len(st.MsgItemAdded) > 0 {

internal/util/claude_thinking.go

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package util
-
-import (
-	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
-	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
-)
-
-// ApplyClaudeThinkingConfig applies thinking configuration to a Claude API request payload.
-// It sets the thinking.type to "enabled" and thinking.budget_tokens to the specified budget.
-// If budget is nil or the payload already has thinking config, it returns the payload unchanged.
-func ApplyClaudeThinkingConfig(body []byte, budget *int) []byte {
-	if budget == nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	if gjson.GetBytes(body, "thinking").Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-	if *budget <= 0 {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	updated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(updated, "thinking.type", "enabled")
-	updated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(updated, "thinking.budget_tokens", *budget)
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ResolveClaudeThinkingConfig resolves thinking configuration from metadata for Claude models.
-// It uses the unified ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata and normalizes the budget.
-// Returns the normalized budget (nil if thinking should not be enabled) and whether it matched.
-func ResolveClaudeThinkingConfig(modelName string, metadata map[string]any) (*int, bool) {
-	if !ModelSupportsThinking(modelName) {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	budget, include, matched := ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(modelName, metadata)
-	if !matched {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	if include != nil && !*include {
-		return nil, true
-	}
-	if budget == nil {
-		return nil, true
-	}
-	normalized := NormalizeThinkingBudget(modelName, *budget)
-	if normalized <= 0 {
-		return nil, true
-	}
-	return &normalized, true
-}

internal/util/gemini_schema.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ func CleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity(jsonStr string) string {
 	// Phase 1: Convert and add hints
 	jsonStr = convertRefsToHints(jsonStr)
 	jsonStr = convertConstToEnum(jsonStr)
+	jsonStr = convertEnumValuesToStrings(jsonStr)
 	jsonStr = addEnumHints(jsonStr)
 	jsonStr = addAdditionalPropertiesHints(jsonStr)
 	jsonStr = moveConstraintsToDescription(jsonStr)
@@ -77,6 +78,33 @@ func convertConstToEnum(jsonStr string) string {
 	return jsonStr
 }
 
+// convertEnumValuesToStrings ensures all enum values are strings.
+// Gemini API requires enum values to be of type string, not numbers or booleans.
+func convertEnumValuesToStrings(jsonStr string) string {
+	for _, p := range findPaths(jsonStr, "enum") {
+		arr := gjson.Get(jsonStr, p)
+		if !arr.IsArray() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var stringVals []string
+		needsConversion := false
+		for _, item := range arr.Array() {
+			// Check if any value is not a string
+			if item.Type != gjson.String {
+				needsConversion = true
+			}
+			stringVals = append(stringVals, item.String())
+		}
+
+		// Only update if we found non-string values
+		if needsConversion {
+			jsonStr, _ = sjson.Set(jsonStr, p, stringVals)
+		}
+	}
+	return jsonStr
+}
+
 func addEnumHints(jsonStr string) string {
 	for _, p := range findPaths(jsonStr, "enum") {
 		arr := gjson.Get(jsonStr, p)

internal/util/gemini_schema_test.go

@@ -818,3 +818,54 @@ func TestCleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity_MultipleFormats(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("date-time format hint should be added, got: %s", result)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity_NumericEnumToString(t *testing.T) {
+	// Gemini API requires enum values to be strings, not numbers
+	input := `{
+		"type": "object",
+		"properties": {
+			"priority": {"type": "integer", "enum": [0, 1, 2]},
+			"level": {"type": "number", "enum": [1.5, 2.5, 3.5]},
+			"status": {"type": "string", "enum": ["active", "inactive"]}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	result := CleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity(input)
+
+	// Numeric enum values should be converted to strings
+	if strings.Contains(result, `"enum":[0,1,2]`) {
+		t.Errorf("Integer enum values should be converted to strings, got: %s", result)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(result, `"enum":[1.5,2.5,3.5]`) {
+		t.Errorf("Float enum values should be converted to strings, got: %s", result)
+	}
+	// Should contain string versions
+	if !strings.Contains(result, `"0"`) || !strings.Contains(result, `"1"`) || !strings.Contains(result, `"2"`) {
+		t.Errorf("Integer enum values should be converted to string format, got: %s", result)
+	}
+	// String enum values should remain unchanged
+	if !strings.Contains(result, `"active"`) || !strings.Contains(result, `"inactive"`) {
+		t.Errorf("String enum values should remain unchanged, got: %s", result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity_BooleanEnumToString(t *testing.T) {
+	// Boolean enum values should also be converted to strings
+	input := `{
+		"type": "object",
+		"properties": {
+			"enabled": {"type": "boolean", "enum": [true, false]}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	result := CleanJSONSchemaForAntigravity(input)
+
+	// Boolean enum values should be converted to strings
+	if strings.Contains(result, `"enum":[true,false]`) {
+		t.Errorf("Boolean enum values should be converted to strings, got: %s", result)
+	}
+	// Should contain string versions "true" and "false"
+	if !strings.Contains(result, `"true"`) || !strings.Contains(result, `"false"`) {
+		t.Errorf("Boolean enum values should be converted to string format, got: %s", result)
+	}
+}

internal/util/gemini_thinking.go

@@ -1,617 +0,0 @@
-package util
-
-import (
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
-	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
-)
-
-const (
-	GeminiThinkingBudgetMetadataKey  = "gemini_thinking_budget"
-	GeminiIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey = "gemini_include_thoughts"
-	GeminiOriginalModelMetadataKey   = "gemini_original_model"
-)
-
-// Gemini model family detection patterns
-var (
-	gemini3Pattern      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^gemini[_-]?3[_-]`)
-	gemini3ProPattern   = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^gemini[_-]?3[_-]pro`)
-	gemini3FlashPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^gemini[_-]?3[_-]flash`)
-	gemini25Pattern     = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)^gemini[_-]?2\.5[_-]`)
-)
-
-// IsGemini3Model returns true if the model is a Gemini 3 family model.
-// Gemini 3 models should use thinkingLevel (string) instead of thinkingBudget (number).
-func IsGemini3Model(model string) bool {
-	return gemini3Pattern.MatchString(model)
-}
-
-// IsGemini3ProModel returns true if the model is a Gemini 3 Pro variant.
-// Gemini 3 Pro supports thinkingLevel: "low", "high" (default: "high")
-func IsGemini3ProModel(model string) bool {
-	return gemini3ProPattern.MatchString(model)
-}
-
-// IsGemini3FlashModel returns true if the model is a Gemini 3 Flash variant.
-// Gemini 3 Flash supports thinkingLevel: "minimal", "low", "medium", "high" (default: "high")
-func IsGemini3FlashModel(model string) bool {
-	return gemini3FlashPattern.MatchString(model)
-}
-
-// IsGemini25Model returns true if the model is a Gemini 2.5 family model.
-// Gemini 2.5 models should use thinkingBudget (number).
-func IsGemini25Model(model string) bool {
-	return gemini25Pattern.MatchString(model)
-}
-
-// Gemini3ProThinkingLevels are the valid thinkingLevel values for Gemini 3 Pro models.
-var Gemini3ProThinkingLevels = []string{"low", "high"}
-
-// Gemini3FlashThinkingLevels are the valid thinkingLevel values for Gemini 3 Flash models.
-var Gemini3FlashThinkingLevels = []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}
-
-func ApplyGeminiThinkingConfig(body []byte, budget *int, includeThoughts *bool) []byte {
-	if budget == nil && includeThoughts == nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	if budget != nil {
-		valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *budget)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
-		}
-	}
-	// Default to including thoughts when a budget override is present but no explicit include flag is provided.
-	incl := includeThoughts
-	if incl == nil && budget != nil && *budget != 0 {
-		defaultInclude := true
-		incl = &defaultInclude
-	}
-	if incl != nil {
-		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
-			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
-			valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-			if err == nil {
-				updated = rewritten
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-func ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingConfig(body []byte, budget *int, includeThoughts *bool) []byte {
-	if budget == nil && includeThoughts == nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	if budget != nil {
-		valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *budget)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
-		}
-	}
-	// Default to including thoughts when a budget override is present but no explicit include flag is provided.
-	incl := includeThoughts
-	if incl == nil && budget != nil && *budget != 0 {
-		defaultInclude := true
-		incl = &defaultInclude
-	}
-	if incl != nil {
-		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
-			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
-			valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-			if err == nil {
-				updated = rewritten
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel applies thinkingLevel config for Gemini 3 models.
-// For standard Gemini API format (generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Per Google's documentation, Gemini 3 models should use thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget.
-func ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body []byte, level string, includeThoughts *bool) []byte {
-	if level == "" && includeThoughts == nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	if level != "" {
-		valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, level)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
-		}
-	}
-	// Default to including thoughts when a level is set but no explicit include flag is provided.
-	incl := includeThoughts
-	if incl == nil && level != "" {
-		defaultInclude := true
-		incl = &defaultInclude
-	}
-	if incl != nil {
-		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
-			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
-			valuePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
-			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-			if err == nil {
-				updated = rewritten
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if tb := gjson.GetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"); tb.Exists() {
-		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel applies thinkingLevel config for Gemini 3 models.
-// For Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Per Google's documentation, Gemini 3 models should use thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget.
-func ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body []byte, level string, includeThoughts *bool) []byte {
-	if level == "" && includeThoughts == nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	if level != "" {
-		valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-		rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, level)
-		if err == nil {
-			updated = rewritten
-		}
-	}
-	// Default to including thoughts when a level is set but no explicit include flag is provided.
-	incl := includeThoughts
-	if incl == nil && level != "" {
-		defaultInclude := true
-		incl = &defaultInclude
-	}
-	if incl != nil {
-		if !gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts").Exists() &&
-			!gjson.GetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts").Exists() {
-			valuePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts"
-			rewritten, err := sjson.SetBytes(updated, valuePath, *incl)
-			if err == nil {
-				updated = rewritten
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if tb := gjson.GetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"); tb.Exists() {
-		updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel validates that the thinkingLevel is valid for the Gemini 3 model variant.
-// Returns the validated level (normalized to lowercase) and true if valid, or empty string and false if invalid.
-func ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(model, level string) (string, bool) {
-	if level == "" {
-		return "", false
-	}
-	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(level))
-
-	var validLevels []string
-	if IsGemini3ProModel(model) {
-		validLevels = Gemini3ProThinkingLevels
-	} else if IsGemini3FlashModel(model) {
-		validLevels = Gemini3FlashThinkingLevels
-	} else if IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		// Unknown Gemini 3 variant - allow all levels as fallback
-		validLevels = Gemini3FlashThinkingLevels
-	} else {
-		return "", false
-	}
-
-	for _, valid := range validLevels {
-		if normalized == valid {
-			return normalized, true
-		}
-	}
-	return "", false
-}
-
-// ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level converts a thinkingBudget to a thinkingLevel for Gemini 3 models.
-// This provides backward compatibility when thinkingBudget is provided for Gemini 3 models.
-// Returns the appropriate thinkingLevel and true if conversion is possible.
-func ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(model string, budget int) (string, bool) {
-	if !IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		return "", false
-	}
-
-	// Map budget to level based on Google's documentation
-	// Gemini 3 Pro: "low", "high" (default: "high")
-	// Gemini 3 Flash: "minimal", "low", "medium", "high" (default: "high")
-	switch {
-	case budget == -1:
-		// Dynamic budget maps to "high" (API default)
-		return "high", true
-	case budget == 0:
-		// Zero budget - Gemini 3 doesn't support disabling thinking
-		// Map to lowest available level
-		if IsGemini3FlashModel(model) {
-			return "minimal", true
-		}
-		return "low", true
-	case budget > 0 && budget <= 512:
-		if IsGemini3FlashModel(model) {
-			return "minimal", true
-		}
-		return "low", true
-	case budget <= 1024:
-		return "low", true
-	case budget <= 8192:
-		if IsGemini3FlashModel(model) {
-			return "medium", true
-		}
-		return "low", true // Pro doesn't have medium, use low
-	default:
-		return "high", true
-	}
-}
-
-// modelsWithDefaultThinking lists models that should have thinking enabled by default
-// when no explicit thinkingConfig is provided.
-// Note: Gemini 3 models are NOT included here because per Google's official documentation:
-//   - thinkingLevel defaults to "high" (dynamic thinking)
-//   - includeThoughts defaults to false
-//
-// We should not override these API defaults; let users explicitly configure if needed.
-var modelsWithDefaultThinking = map[string]bool{
-	// "gemini-3-pro-preview":       true,
-	// "gemini-3-pro-image-preview": true,
-	// "gemini-3-flash-preview":     true,
-}
-
-// ModelHasDefaultThinking returns true if the model should have thinking enabled by default.
-func ModelHasDefaultThinking(model string) bool {
-	return modelsWithDefaultThinking[model]
-}
-
-// ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded injects default thinkingConfig for models that require it.
-// For standard Gemini API format (generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Returns the modified body if thinkingConfig was added, otherwise returns the original.
-// For Gemini 3 models, uses thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget per Google's documentation.
-func ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeeded(model string, body []byte) []byte {
-	if !ModelHasDefaultThinking(model) {
-		return body
-	}
-	if gjson.GetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig").Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-	// Gemini 3 models use thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		// Don't set a default - let the API use its dynamic default ("high")
-		// Only set includeThoughts
-		updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
-		return updated
-	}
-	// Gemini 2.5 and other models use thinkingBudget
-	updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", -1)
-	updated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata applies thinkingLevel from metadata for Gemini 3 models.
-// For standard Gemini API format (generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal))
-// or numeric budget suffix (e.g., model(1000)) which gets converted to a thinkingLevel.
-func ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model type detection
-	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-	if !IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) && !IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// Determine which model to use for validation
-	checkModel := model
-	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) {
-		checkModel = lookupModel
-	}
-
-	// First try to get effort string from metadata
-	effort, ok := ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if ok && effort != "" {
-		if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(checkModel, effort); valid {
-			return ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Fallback: check for numeric budget and convert to thinkingLevel
-	budget, _, _, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if matched && budget != nil {
-		if level, valid := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(checkModel, *budget); valid {
-			return ApplyGeminiThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return body
-}
-
-// ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI applies thinkingLevel from metadata for Gemini 3 models.
-// For Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// This handles the case where reasoning_effort is specified via model name suffix (e.g., model(minimal))
-// or numeric budget suffix (e.g., model(1000)) which gets converted to a thinkingLevel.
-func ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model type detection
-	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-	if !IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) && !IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// Determine which model to use for validation
-	checkModel := model
-	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) {
-		checkModel = lookupModel
-	}
-
-	// First try to get effort string from metadata
-	effort, ok := ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if ok && effort != "" {
-		if level, valid := ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(checkModel, effort); valid {
-			return ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Fallback: check for numeric budget and convert to thinkingLevel
-	budget, _, _, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if matched && budget != nil {
-		if level, valid := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(checkModel, *budget); valid {
-			return ApplyGeminiCLIThinkingLevel(body, level, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return body
-}
-
-// ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI injects default thinkingConfig for models that require it.
-// For Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Returns the modified body if thinkingConfig was added, otherwise returns the original.
-// For Gemini 3 models, uses thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget per Google's documentation.
-func ApplyDefaultThinkingIfNeededCLI(model string, metadata map[string]any, body []byte) []byte {
-	// Use the alias from metadata if available for model property lookup
-	lookupModel := ResolveOriginalModel(model, metadata)
-	if !ModelHasDefaultThinking(lookupModel) && !ModelHasDefaultThinking(model) {
-		return body
-	}
-	if gjson.GetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig").Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-	// Gemini 3 models use thinkingLevel instead of thinkingBudget
-	if IsGemini3Model(lookupModel) || IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		// Don't set a default - let the API use its dynamic default ("high")
-		// Only set includeThoughts
-		updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
-		return updated
-	}
-	// Gemini 2.5 and other models use thinkingBudget
-	updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", -1)
-	updated, _ = sjson.SetBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts", true)
-	return updated
-}
-
-// StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported removes thinkingConfig from the request body
-// when the target model does not advertise Thinking capability. It cleans both
-// standard Gemini and Gemini CLI JSON envelopes. This acts as a final safety net
-// in case upstream injected thinking for an unsupported model.
-func StripThinkingConfigIfUnsupported(model string, body []byte) []byte {
-	if ModelSupportsThinking(model) || len(body) == 0 {
-		return body
-	}
-	updated := body
-	// Gemini CLI path
-	updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-	// Standard Gemini path
-	updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-	return updated
-}
-
-// NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget normalizes the thinkingBudget value in a standard Gemini
-// request body (generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget path).
-// For Gemini 3 models, converts thinkingBudget to thinkingLevel per Google's documentation,
-// unless skipGemini3Check is provided and true.
-func NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(model string, body []byte, skipGemini3Check ...bool) []byte {
-	const budgetPath = "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	const levelPath = "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-
-	budget := gjson.GetBytes(body, budgetPath)
-	if !budget.Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 3 models, convert thinkingBudget to thinkingLevel
-	skipGemini3 := len(skipGemini3Check) > 0 && skipGemini3Check[0]
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) && !skipGemini3 {
-		if level, ok := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(model, int(budget.Int())); ok {
-			updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, levelPath, level)
-			updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, budgetPath)
-			return updated
-		}
-		// If conversion fails, just remove the budget (let API use default)
-		updated, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, budgetPath)
-		return updated
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 2.5 and other models, normalize the budget value
-	normalized := NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, int(budget.Int()))
-	updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, normalized)
-	return updated
-}
-
-// NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget normalizes the thinkingBudget value in a Gemini CLI
-// request body (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget path).
-// For Gemini 3 models, converts thinkingBudget to thinkingLevel per Google's documentation,
-// unless skipGemini3Check is provided and true.
-func NormalizeGeminiCLIThinkingBudget(model string, body []byte, skipGemini3Check ...bool) []byte {
-	const budgetPath = "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	const levelPath = "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-
-	budget := gjson.GetBytes(body, budgetPath)
-	if !budget.Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 3 models, convert thinkingBudget to thinkingLevel
-	skipGemini3 := len(skipGemini3Check) > 0 && skipGemini3Check[0]
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) && !skipGemini3 {
-		if level, ok := ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(model, int(budget.Int())); ok {
-			updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, levelPath, level)
-			updated, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, budgetPath)
-			return updated
-		}
-		// If conversion fails, just remove the budget (let API use default)
-		updated, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, budgetPath)
-		return updated
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 2.5 and other models, normalize the budget value
-	normalized := NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, int(budget.Int()))
-	updated, _ := sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, normalized)
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ReasoningEffortBudgetMapping defines the thinkingBudget values for each reasoning effort level.
-var ReasoningEffortBudgetMapping = map[string]int{
-	"none":    0,
-	"auto":    -1,
-	"minimal": 512,
-	"low":     1024,
-	"medium":  8192,
-	"high":    24576,
-	"xhigh":   32768,
-}
-
-// ApplyReasoningEffortToGemini applies OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini thinkingConfig
-// for standard Gemini API format (generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Returns the modified body with thinkingBudget and include_thoughts set.
-func ApplyReasoningEffortToGemini(body []byte, effort string) []byte {
-	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort))
-	if normalized == "" {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budgetPath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	includePath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-
-	if normalized == "none" {
-		body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budget, ok := ReasoningEffortBudgetMapping[normalized]
-	if !ok {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, budget)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, includePath, true)
-	return body
-}
-
-// ApplyReasoningEffortToGeminiCLI applies OpenAI reasoning_effort to Gemini CLI thinkingConfig
-// for Gemini CLI API format (request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig path).
-// Returns the modified body with thinkingBudget and include_thoughts set.
-func ApplyReasoningEffortToGeminiCLI(body []byte, effort string) []byte {
-	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort))
-	if normalized == "" {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budgetPath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	includePath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.include_thoughts"
-
-	if normalized == "none" {
-		body, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(body, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig")
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budget, ok := ReasoningEffortBudgetMapping[normalized]
-	if !ok {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, budget)
-	body, _ = sjson.SetBytes(body, includePath, true)
-	return body
-}
-
-// ConvertThinkingLevelToBudget checks for "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-// and converts it to "thinkingBudget" for Gemini 2.5 models.
-// For Gemini 3 models, preserves thinkingLevel unless skipGemini3Check is provided and true.
-// Mappings for Gemini 2.5:
-//   - "high" -> 32768
-//   - "medium" -> 8192
-//   - "low" -> 1024
-//   - "minimal" -> 512
-//
-// It removes "thinkingLevel" after conversion (for Gemini 2.5 only).
-func ConvertThinkingLevelToBudget(body []byte, model string, skipGemini3Check ...bool) []byte {
-	levelPath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-	res := gjson.GetBytes(body, levelPath)
-	if !res.Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 3 models, preserve thinkingLevel unless explicitly skipped
-	skipGemini3 := len(skipGemini3Check) > 0 && skipGemini3Check[0]
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) && !skipGemini3 {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budget, ok := ThinkingLevelToBudget(res.String())
-	if !ok {
-		updated, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, levelPath)
-		return updated
-	}
-
-	budgetPath := "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, budget)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	updated, err = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, levelPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	return updated
-}
-
-// ConvertThinkingLevelToBudgetCLI checks for "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-// and converts it to "thinkingBudget" for Gemini 2.5 models.
-// For Gemini 3 models, preserves thinkingLevel as-is (does not convert).
-func ConvertThinkingLevelToBudgetCLI(body []byte, model string) []byte {
-	levelPath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel"
-	res := gjson.GetBytes(body, levelPath)
-	if !res.Exists() {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	// For Gemini 3 models, preserve thinkingLevel - don't convert to budget
-	if IsGemini3Model(model) {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	budget, ok := ThinkingLevelToBudget(res.String())
-	if !ok {
-		updated, _ := sjson.DeleteBytes(body, levelPath)
-		return updated
-	}
-
-	budgetPath := "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget"
-	updated, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, budgetPath, budget)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body
-	}
-
-	updated, err = sjson.DeleteBytes(updated, levelPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return body
-	}
-	return updated
-}

internal/util/thinking.go

@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-package util
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
-)
-
-// ModelSupportsThinking reports whether the given model has Thinking capability
-// according to the model registry metadata (provider-agnostic).
-func ModelSupportsThinking(model string) bool {
-	if model == "" {
-		return false
-	}
-	// First check the global dynamic registry
-	if info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); info != nil {
-		return info.Thinking != nil
-	}
-	// Fallback: check static model definitions
-	if info := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(model); info != nil {
-		return info.Thinking != nil
-	}
-	// Fallback: check Antigravity static config
-	if cfg := registry.GetAntigravityModelConfig()[model]; cfg != nil {
-		return cfg.Thinking != nil
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// NormalizeThinkingBudget clamps the requested thinking budget to the
-// supported range for the specified model using registry metadata only.
-// If the model is unknown or has no Thinking metadata, returns the original budget.
-// For dynamic (-1), returns -1 if DynamicAllowed; otherwise approximates mid-range
-// or min (0 if zero is allowed and mid <= 0).
-func NormalizeThinkingBudget(model string, budget int) int {
-	if budget == -1 { // dynamic
-		if found, minBudget, maxBudget, zeroAllowed, dynamicAllowed := thinkingRangeFromRegistry(model); found {
-			if dynamicAllowed {
-				return -1
-			}
-			mid := (minBudget + maxBudget) / 2
-			if mid <= 0 && zeroAllowed {
-				return 0
-			}
-			if mid <= 0 {
-				return minBudget
-			}
-			return mid
-		}
-		return -1
-	}
-	if found, minBudget, maxBudget, zeroAllowed, _ := thinkingRangeFromRegistry(model); found {
-		if budget == 0 {
-			if zeroAllowed {
-				return 0
-			}
-			return minBudget
-		}
-		if budget < minBudget {
-			return minBudget
-		}
-		if budget > maxBudget {
-			return maxBudget
-		}
-		return budget
-	}
-	return budget
-}
-
-// thinkingRangeFromRegistry attempts to read thinking ranges from the model registry.
-func thinkingRangeFromRegistry(model string) (found bool, min int, max int, zeroAllowed bool, dynamicAllowed bool) {
-	if model == "" {
-		return false, 0, 0, false, false
-	}
-	// First check global dynamic registry
-	if info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model); info != nil && info.Thinking != nil {
-		return true, info.Thinking.Min, info.Thinking.Max, info.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, info.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
-	}
-	// Fallback: check static model definitions
-	if info := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(model); info != nil && info.Thinking != nil {
-		return true, info.Thinking.Min, info.Thinking.Max, info.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, info.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
-	}
-	// Fallback: check Antigravity static config
-	if cfg := registry.GetAntigravityModelConfig()[model]; cfg != nil && cfg.Thinking != nil {
-		return true, cfg.Thinking.Min, cfg.Thinking.Max, cfg.Thinking.ZeroAllowed, cfg.Thinking.DynamicAllowed
-	}
-	return false, 0, 0, false, false
-}
-
-// GetModelThinkingLevels returns the discrete reasoning effort levels for the model.
-// Returns nil if the model has no thinking support or no levels defined.
-func GetModelThinkingLevels(model string) []string {
-	if model == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model)
-	if info == nil || info.Thinking == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return info.Thinking.Levels
-}
-
-// ModelUsesThinkingLevels reports whether the model uses discrete reasoning
-// effort levels instead of numeric budgets.
-func ModelUsesThinkingLevels(model string) bool {
-	levels := GetModelThinkingLevels(model)
-	return len(levels) > 0
-}
-
-// NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel validates and normalizes a reasoning effort
-// level for the given model. Returns false when the level is not supported.
-func NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(model, effort string) (string, bool) {
-	levels := GetModelThinkingLevels(model)
-	if len(levels) == 0 {
-		return "", false
-	}
-	loweredEffort := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort))
-	for _, lvl := range levels {
-		if strings.ToLower(lvl) == loweredEffort {
-			return lvl, true
-		}
-	}
-	return "", false
-}
-
-// IsOpenAICompatibilityModel reports whether the model is registered as an OpenAI-compatibility model.
-// These models may not advertise Thinking metadata in the registry.
-func IsOpenAICompatibilityModel(model string) bool {
-	if model == "" {
-		return false
-	}
-	info := registry.GetGlobalRegistry().GetModelInfo(model)
-	if info == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	return strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(info.Type), "openai-compatibility")
-}
-
-// ThinkingEffortToBudget maps a reasoning effort level to a numeric thinking budget (tokens),
-// clamping the result to the model's supported range.
-//
-// Mappings (values are normalized to model's supported range):
-//   - "none"    -> 0
-//   - "auto"    -> -1
-//   - "minimal" -> 512
-//   - "low"     -> 1024
-//   - "medium"  -> 8192
-//   - "high"    -> 24576
-//   - "xhigh"   -> 32768
-//
-// Returns false when the effort level is empty or unsupported.
-func ThinkingEffortToBudget(model, effort string) (int, bool) {
-	if effort == "" {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	normalized, ok := NormalizeReasoningEffortLevel(model, effort)
-	if !ok {
-		normalized = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effort))
-	}
-	switch normalized {
-	case "none":
-		return 0, true
-	case "auto":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, -1), true
-	case "minimal":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, 512), true
-	case "low":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, 1024), true
-	case "medium":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, 8192), true
-	case "high":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, 24576), true
-	case "xhigh":
-		return NormalizeThinkingBudget(model, 32768), true
-	default:
-		return 0, false
-	}
-}
-
-// ThinkingLevelToBudget maps a Gemini thinkingLevel to a numeric thinking budget (tokens).
-//
-// Mappings:
-//   - "minimal" -> 512
-//   - "low"     -> 1024
-//   - "medium"  -> 8192
-//   - "high"    -> 32768
-//
-// Returns false when the level is empty or unsupported.
-func ThinkingLevelToBudget(level string) (int, bool) {
-	if level == "" {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(level))
-	switch normalized {
-	case "minimal":
-		return 512, true
-	case "low":
-		return 1024, true
-	case "medium":
-		return 8192, true
-	case "high":
-		return 32768, true
-	default:
-		return 0, false
-	}
-}
-
-// ThinkingBudgetToEffort maps a numeric thinking budget (tokens)
-// to a reasoning effort level for level-based models.
-//
-// Mappings:
-//   - 0            -> "none" (or lowest supported level if model doesn't support "none")
-//   - -1           -> "auto"
-//   - 1..1024      -> "low"
-//   - 1025..8192   -> "medium"
-//   - 8193..24576  -> "high"
-//   - 24577..      -> highest supported level for the model (defaults to "xhigh")
-//
-// Returns false when the budget is unsupported (negative values other than -1).
-func ThinkingBudgetToEffort(model string, budget int) (string, bool) {
-	switch {
-	case budget == -1:
-		return "auto", true
-	case budget < -1:
-		return "", false
-	case budget == 0:
-		if levels := GetModelThinkingLevels(model); len(levels) > 0 {
-			return levels[0], true
-		}
-		return "none", true
-	case budget > 0 && budget <= 1024:
-		return "low", true
-	case budget <= 8192:
-		return "medium", true
-	case budget <= 24576:
-		return "high", true
-	case budget > 24576:
-		if levels := GetModelThinkingLevels(model); len(levels) > 0 {
-			return levels[len(levels)-1], true
-		}
-		return "xhigh", true
-	default:
-		return "", false
-	}
-}

internal/util/thinking_suffix.go

@@ -1,296 +0,0 @@
-package util
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-const (
-	ThinkingBudgetMetadataKey            = "thinking_budget"
-	ThinkingIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey   = "thinking_include_thoughts"
-	ReasoningEffortMetadataKey           = "reasoning_effort"
-	ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey     = "thinking_original_model"
-	ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey = "model_mapping_original_model"
-)
-
-// NormalizeThinkingModel parses dynamic thinking suffixes on model names and returns
-// the normalized base model with extracted metadata. Supported pattern:
-//   - "(<value>)" where value can be:
-//   - A numeric budget (e.g., "(8192)", "(16384)")
-//   - A reasoning effort level (e.g., "(high)", "(medium)", "(low)")
-//
-// Examples:
-//   - "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929(16384)" → budget=16384
-//   - "gpt-5.1(high)" → reasoning_effort="high"
-//   - "gemini-2.5-pro(32768)" → budget=32768
-//
-// Note: Empty parentheses "()" are not supported and will be ignored.
-func NormalizeThinkingModel(modelName string) (string, map[string]any) {
-	if modelName == "" {
-		return modelName, nil
-	}
-
-	baseModel := modelName
-
-	var (
-		budgetOverride  *int
-		reasoningEffort *string
-		matched         bool
-	)
-
-	// Match "(<value>)" pattern at the end of the model name
-	if idx := strings.LastIndex(modelName, "("); idx != -1 {
-		if !strings.HasSuffix(modelName, ")") {
-			// Incomplete parenthesis, ignore
-			return baseModel, nil
-		}
-
-		value := modelName[idx+1 : len(modelName)-1] // Extract content between ( and )
-		if value == "" {
-			// Empty parentheses not supported
-			return baseModel, nil
-		}
-
-		candidateBase := modelName[:idx]
-
-		// Auto-detect: pure numeric → budget, string → reasoning effort level
-		if parsed, ok := parseIntPrefix(value); ok {
-			// Numeric value: treat as thinking budget
-			baseModel = candidateBase
-			budgetOverride = &parsed
-			matched = true
-		} else {
-			// String value: treat as reasoning effort level
-			baseModel = candidateBase
-			raw := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(value))
-			if raw != "" {
-				reasoningEffort = &raw
-				matched = true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !matched {
-		return baseModel, nil
-	}
-
-	metadata := map[string]any{
-		ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey: modelName,
-	}
-	if budgetOverride != nil {
-		metadata[ThinkingBudgetMetadataKey] = *budgetOverride
-	}
-	if reasoningEffort != nil {
-		metadata[ReasoningEffortMetadataKey] = *reasoningEffort
-	}
-	return baseModel, metadata
-}
-
-// ThinkingFromMetadata extracts thinking overrides from metadata produced by NormalizeThinkingModel.
-// It accepts both the new generic keys and legacy Gemini-specific keys.
-func ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any) (*int, *bool, *string, bool) {
-	if len(metadata) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil, nil, false
-	}
-
-	var (
-		budgetPtr  *int
-		includePtr *bool
-		effortPtr  *string
-		matched    bool
-	)
-
-	readBudget := func(key string) {
-		if budgetPtr != nil {
-			return
-		}
-		if raw, ok := metadata[key]; ok {
-			if v, okNumber := parseNumberToInt(raw); okNumber {
-				budget := v
-				budgetPtr = &budget
-				matched = true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	readInclude := func(key string) {
-		if includePtr != nil {
-			return
-		}
-		if raw, ok := metadata[key]; ok {
-			switch v := raw.(type) {
-			case bool:
-				val := v
-				includePtr = &val
-				matched = true
-			case *bool:
-				if v != nil {
-					val := *v
-					includePtr = &val
-					matched = true
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	readEffort := func(key string) {
-		if effortPtr != nil {
-			return
-		}
-		if raw, ok := metadata[key]; ok {
-			if val, okStr := raw.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(val) != "" {
-				normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(val))
-				effortPtr = &normalized
-				matched = true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	readBudget(ThinkingBudgetMetadataKey)
-	readBudget(GeminiThinkingBudgetMetadataKey)
-	readInclude(ThinkingIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey)
-	readInclude(GeminiIncludeThoughtsMetadataKey)
-	readEffort(ReasoningEffortMetadataKey)
-	readEffort("reasoning.effort")
-
-	return budgetPtr, includePtr, effortPtr, matched
-}
-
-// ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata derives thinking budget/include overrides,
-// converting reasoning effort strings into budgets when possible.
-func ResolveThinkingConfigFromMetadata(model string, metadata map[string]any) (*int, *bool, bool) {
-	budget, include, effort, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if !matched {
-		return nil, nil, false
-	}
-	// Level-based models (OpenAI-style) do not accept numeric thinking budgets in
-	// Claude/Gemini-style protocols, so we don't derive budgets for them here.
-	if ModelUsesThinkingLevels(model) {
-		return nil, nil, false
-	}
-
-	if budget == nil && effort != nil {
-		if derived, ok := ThinkingEffortToBudget(model, *effort); ok {
-			budget = &derived
-		}
-	}
-	return budget, include, budget != nil || include != nil || effort != nil
-}
-
-// ReasoningEffortFromMetadata resolves a reasoning effort string from metadata,
-// inferring "auto" and "none" when budgets request dynamic or disabled thinking.
-func ReasoningEffortFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any) (string, bool) {
-	budget, include, effort, matched := ThinkingFromMetadata(metadata)
-	if !matched {
-		return "", false
-	}
-	if effort != nil && *effort != "" {
-		return strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(*effort)), true
-	}
-	if budget != nil {
-		switch *budget {
-		case -1:
-			return "auto", true
-		case 0:
-			return "none", true
-		}
-	}
-	if include != nil && !*include {
-		return "none", true
-	}
-	return "", true
-}
-
-// ResolveOriginalModel returns the original model name stored in metadata (if present),
-// otherwise falls back to the provided model.
-func ResolveOriginalModel(model string, metadata map[string]any) string {
-	normalize := func(name string) string {
-		if name == "" {
-			return ""
-		}
-		if base, _ := NormalizeThinkingModel(name); base != "" {
-			return base
-		}
-		return strings.TrimSpace(name)
-	}
-
-	if metadata != nil {
-		if v, ok := metadata[ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
-			if s, okStr := v.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
-				if base := normalize(s); base != "" {
-					return base
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		if v, ok := metadata[ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
-			if s, okStr := v.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
-				if base := normalize(s); base != "" {
-					return base
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		if v, ok := metadata[GeminiOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
-			if s, okStr := v.(string); okStr && strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
-				if base := normalize(s); base != "" {
-					return base
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// Fallback: try to re-normalize the model name when metadata was dropped.
-	if base := normalize(model); base != "" {
-		return base
-	}
-	return model
-}
-
-func parseIntPrefix(value string) (int, bool) {
-	if value == "" {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	digits := strings.TrimLeft(value, "-")
-	if digits == "" {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	end := len(digits)
-	for i := 0; i < len(digits); i++ {
-		if digits[i] < '0' || digits[i] > '9' {
-			end = i
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if end == 0 {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	val, err := strconv.Atoi(digits[:end])
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, false
-	}
-	return val, true
-}
-
-func parseNumberToInt(raw any) (int, bool) {
-	switch v := raw.(type) {
-	case int:
-		return v, true
-	case int32:
-		return int(v), true
-	case int64:
-		return int(v), true
-	case float64:
-		return int(v), true
-	case json.Number:
-		if val, err := v.Int64(); err == nil {
-			return int(val), true
-		}
-	case string:
-		if strings.TrimSpace(v) == "" {
-			return 0, false
-		}
-		if parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(v)); err == nil {
-			return parsed, true
-		}
-	}
-	return 0, false
-}

internal/util/thinking_text.go

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-package util
-
-import (
-	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
-	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
-)
-
-// GetThinkingText extracts the thinking text from a content part.
-// Handles various formats:
-// - Simple string: { "thinking": "text" } or { "text": "text" }
-// - Wrapped object: { "thinking": { "text": "text", "cache_control": {...} } }
-// - Gemini-style: { "thought": true, "text": "text" }
-// Returns the extracted text string.
-func GetThinkingText(part gjson.Result) string {
-	// Try direct text field first (Gemini-style)
-	if text := part.Get("text"); text.Exists() && text.Type == gjson.String {
-		return text.String()
-	}
-
-	// Try thinking field
-	thinkingField := part.Get("thinking")
-	if !thinkingField.Exists() {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	// thinking is a string
-	if thinkingField.Type == gjson.String {
-		return thinkingField.String()
-	}
-
-	// thinking is an object with inner text/thinking
-	if thinkingField.IsObject() {
-		if inner := thinkingField.Get("text"); inner.Exists() && inner.Type == gjson.String {
-			return inner.String()
-		}
-		if inner := thinkingField.Get("thinking"); inner.Exists() && inner.Type == gjson.String {
-			return inner.String()
-		}
-	}
-
-	return ""
-}
-
-// GetThinkingTextFromJSON extracts thinking text from a raw JSON string.
-func GetThinkingTextFromJSON(jsonStr string) string {
-	return GetThinkingText(gjson.Parse(jsonStr))
-}
-
-// SanitizeThinkingPart normalizes a thinking part to a canonical form.
-// Strips cache_control and other non-essential fields.
-// Returns the sanitized part as JSON string.
-func SanitizeThinkingPart(part gjson.Result) string {
-	// Gemini-style: { thought: true, text, thoughtSignature }
-	if part.Get("thought").Bool() {
-		result := `{"thought":true}`
-		if text := GetThinkingText(part); text != "" {
-			result, _ = sjson.Set(result, "text", text)
-		}
-		if sig := part.Get("thoughtSignature"); sig.Exists() && sig.Type == gjson.String {
-			result, _ = sjson.Set(result, "thoughtSignature", sig.String())
-		}
-		return result
-	}
-
-	// Anthropic-style: { type: "thinking", thinking, signature }
-	if part.Get("type").String() == "thinking" || part.Get("thinking").Exists() {
-		result := `{"type":"thinking"}`
-		if text := GetThinkingText(part); text != "" {
-			result, _ = sjson.Set(result, "thinking", text)
-		}
-		if sig := part.Get("signature"); sig.Exists() && sig.Type == gjson.String {
-			result, _ = sjson.Set(result, "signature", sig.String())
-		}
-		return result
-	}
-
-	// Not a thinking part, return as-is but strip cache_control
-	return StripCacheControl(part.Raw)
-}
-
-// StripCacheControl removes cache_control and providerOptions from a JSON object.
-func StripCacheControl(jsonStr string) string {
-	result := jsonStr
-	result, _ = sjson.Delete(result, "cache_control")
-	result, _ = sjson.Delete(result, "providerOptions")
-	return result
-}

internal/watcher/config_reload.go

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func (w *Watcher) reloadConfig() bool {
 	}
 
 	authDirChanged := oldConfig == nil || oldConfig.AuthDir != newConfig.AuthDir
-	forceAuthRefresh := oldConfig != nil && (oldConfig.ForceModelPrefix != newConfig.ForceModelPrefix || !reflect.DeepEqual(oldConfig.OAuthModelMappings, newConfig.OAuthModelMappings))
+	forceAuthRefresh := oldConfig != nil && (oldConfig.ForceModelPrefix != newConfig.ForceModelPrefix || !reflect.DeepEqual(oldConfig.OAuthModelAlias, newConfig.OAuthModelAlias))
 
 	log.Infof("config successfully reloaded, triggering client reload")
 	w.reloadClients(authDirChanged, affectedOAuthProviders, forceAuthRefresh)

internal/watcher/diff/config_diff.go

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func BuildConfigChangeDetails(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config) []string {
 	if entries, _ := DiffOAuthExcludedModelChanges(oldCfg.OAuthExcludedModels, newCfg.OAuthExcludedModels); len(entries) > 0 {
 		changes = append(changes, entries...)
 	}
-	if entries, _ := DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldCfg.OAuthModelMappings, newCfg.OAuthModelMappings); len(entries) > 0 {
+	if entries, _ := DiffOAuthModelAliasChanges(oldCfg.OAuthModelAlias, newCfg.OAuthModelAlias); len(entries) > 0 {
 		changes = append(changes, entries...)
 	}
 

internal/watcher/diff/oauth_model_alias.go

@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 )
 
-type OAuthModelMappingsSummary struct {
+type OAuthModelAliasSummary struct {
 	hash  string
 	count int
 }
 
-// SummarizeOAuthModelMappings summarizes OAuth model mappings per channel.
-func SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) map[string]OAuthModelMappingsSummary {
+// SummarizeOAuthModelAlias summarizes OAuth model alias per channel.
+func SummarizeOAuthModelAlias(entries map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias) map[string]OAuthModelAliasSummary {
 	if len(entries) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	out := make(map[string]OAuthModelMappingsSummary, len(entries))
+	out := make(map[string]OAuthModelAliasSummary, len(entries))
 	for k, v := range entries {
 		key := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(k))
 		if key == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		out[key] = summarizeOAuthModelMappingList(v)
+		out[key] = summarizeOAuthModelAliasList(v)
 	}
 	if len(out) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ func SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(entries map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) m
 	return out
 }
 
-// DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges compares OAuth model mappings maps.
-func DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldMap, newMap map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping) ([]string, []string) {
-	oldSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(oldMap)
-	newSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelMappings(newMap)
+// DiffOAuthModelAliasChanges compares OAuth model alias maps.
+func DiffOAuthModelAliasChanges(oldMap, newMap map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias) ([]string, []string) {
+	oldSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelAlias(oldMap)
+	newSummary := SummarizeOAuthModelAlias(newMap)
 	keys := make(map[string]struct{}, len(oldSummary)+len(newSummary))
 	for k := range oldSummary {
 		keys[k] = struct{}{}
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ func DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldMap, newMap map[string][]config.ModelNameMa
 		newInfo, okNew := newSummary[key]
 		switch {
 		case okOld && !okNew:
-			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: removed", key))
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-alias[%s]: removed", key))
 			affected = append(affected, key)
 		case !okOld && okNew:
-			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: added (%d entries)", key, newInfo.count))
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-alias[%s]: added (%d entries)", key, newInfo.count))
 			affected = append(affected, key)
 		case okOld && okNew && oldInfo.hash != newInfo.hash:
-			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-mappings[%s]: updated (%d -> %d entries)", key, oldInfo.count, newInfo.count))
+			changes = append(changes, fmt.Sprintf("oauth-model-alias[%s]: updated (%d -> %d entries)", key, oldInfo.count, newInfo.count))
 			affected = append(affected, key)
 		}
 	}
@@ -67,20 +67,20 @@ func DiffOAuthModelMappingChanges(oldMap, newMap map[string][]config.ModelNameMa
 	return changes, affected
 }
 
-func summarizeOAuthModelMappingList(list []config.ModelNameMapping) OAuthModelMappingsSummary {
+func summarizeOAuthModelAliasList(list []config.OAuthModelAlias) OAuthModelAliasSummary {
 	if len(list) == 0 {
-		return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{}
+		return OAuthModelAliasSummary{}
 	}
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(list))
 	normalized := make([]string, 0, len(list))
-	for _, mapping := range list {
-		name := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Name))
-		alias := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(mapping.Alias))
-		if name == "" || alias == "" {
+	for _, alias := range list {
+		name := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(alias.Name))
+		aliasVal := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(alias.Alias))
+		if name == "" || aliasVal == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		key := name + "->" + alias
-		if mapping.Fork {
+		key := name + "->" + aliasVal
+		if alias.Fork {
 			key += "|fork"
 		}
 		if _, exists := seen[key]; exists {
@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ func summarizeOAuthModelMappingList(list []config.ModelNameMapping) OAuthModelMa
 		normalized = append(normalized, key)
 	}
 	if len(normalized) == 0 {
-		return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{}
+		return OAuthModelAliasSummary{}
 	}
 	sort.Strings(normalized)
 	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strings.Join(normalized, "|")))
-	return OAuthModelMappingsSummary{
+	return OAuthModelAliasSummary{
 		hash:  hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]),
 		count: len(normalized),
 	}

sdk/api/handlers/gemini/gemini_handlers.go

@@ -56,8 +56,12 @@ func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) GeminiModels(c *gin.Context) {
 		for k, v := range model {
 			normalizedModel[k] = v
 		}
-		if name, ok := normalizedModel["name"].(string); ok && name != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, "models/") {
-			normalizedModel["name"] = "models/" + name
+		if name, ok := normalizedModel["name"].(string); ok && name != "" {
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "models/") {
+				normalizedModel["name"] = "models/" + name
+			}
+			normalizedModel["displayName"] = name
+			normalizedModel["description"] = name
 		}
 		if _, ok := normalizedModel["supportedGenerationMethods"]; !ok {
 			normalizedModel["supportedGenerationMethods"] = defaultMethods
@@ -85,94 +89,35 @@ func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) GeminiGetHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 	action := strings.TrimPrefix(request.Action, "/")
-	switch action {
-	case "gemini-3-pro-preview":
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-			"name":             "models/gemini-3-pro-preview",
-			"version":          "3",
-			"displayName":      "Gemini 3 Pro Preview",
-			"description":      "Gemini 3 Pro Preview",
-			"inputTokenLimit":  1048576,
-			"outputTokenLimit": 65536,
-			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
-				"generateContent",
-				"countTokens",
-				"createCachedContent",
-				"batchGenerateContent",
-			},
-			"temperature":    1,
-			"topP":           0.95,
-			"topK":           64,
-			"maxTemperature": 2,
-			"thinking":       true,
-		},
-		)
-	case "gemini-2.5-pro":
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-			"name":             "models/gemini-2.5-pro",
-			"version":          "2.5",
-			"displayName":      "Gemini 2.5 Pro",
-			"description":      "Stable release (June 17th, 2025) of Gemini 2.5 Pro",
-			"inputTokenLimit":  1048576,
-			"outputTokenLimit": 65536,
-			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
-				"generateContent",
-				"countTokens",
-				"createCachedContent",
-				"batchGenerateContent",
-			},
-			"temperature":    1,
-			"topP":           0.95,
-			"topK":           64,
-			"maxTemperature": 2,
-			"thinking":       true,
-		},
-		)
-	case "gemini-2.5-flash":
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-			"name":             "models/gemini-2.5-flash",
-			"version":          "001",
-			"displayName":      "Gemini 2.5 Flash",
-			"description":      "Stable version of Gemini 2.5 Flash, our mid-size multimodal model that supports up to 1 million tokens, released in June of 2025.",
-			"inputTokenLimit":  1048576,
-			"outputTokenLimit": 65536,
-			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
-				"generateContent",
-				"countTokens",
-				"createCachedContent",
-				"batchGenerateContent",
-			},
-			"temperature":    1,
-			"topP":           0.95,
-			"topK":           64,
-			"maxTemperature": 2,
-			"thinking":       true,
-		})
-	case "gpt-5":
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
-			"name":             "gpt-5",
-			"version":          "001",
-			"displayName":      "GPT 5",
-			"description":      "Stable version of GPT 5, The best model for coding and agentic tasks across domains.",
-			"inputTokenLimit":  400000,
-			"outputTokenLimit": 128000,
-			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
-				"generateContent",
-			},
-			"temperature":    1,
-			"topP":           0.95,
-			"topK":           64,
-			"maxTemperature": 2,
-			"thinking":       true,
-		})
-	default:
-		c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, handlers.ErrorResponse{
-			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
-				Message: "Not Found",
-				Type:    "not_found",
-			},
-		})
+
+	// Get dynamic models from the global registry and find the matching one
+	availableModels := h.Models()
+	var targetModel map[string]any
+
+	for _, model := range availableModels {
+		name, _ := model["name"].(string)
+		// Match name with or without 'models/' prefix
+		if name == action || name == "models/"+action {
+			targetModel = model
+			break
+		}
 	}
+
+	if targetModel != nil {
+		// Ensure the name has 'models/' prefix in the output if it's a Gemini model
+		if name, ok := targetModel["name"].(string); ok && name != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(name, "models/") {
+			targetModel["name"] = "models/" + name
+		}
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, targetModel)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+		Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+			Message: "Not Found",
+			Type:    "not_found",
+		},
+	})
 }
 
 // GeminiHandler handles POST requests for Gemini API operations.

sdk/api/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 	coreexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ func appendAPIResponse(c *gin.Context, data []byte) {
 // ExecuteWithAuthManager executes a non-streaming request via the core auth manager.
 // This path is the only supported execution route.
 func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) ([]byte, *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
-	providers, normalizedModel, metadata, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
+	providers, normalizedModel, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
 	if errMsg != nil {
 		return nil, errMsg
 	}
@@ -388,16 +389,13 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType
 		Model:   normalizedModel,
 		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 	}
-	if cloned := cloneMetadata(metadata); cloned != nil {
-		req.Metadata = cloned
-	}
 	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
 		Stream:          false,
 		Alt:             alt,
 		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
 	}
-	opts.Metadata = mergeMetadata(cloneMetadata(metadata), reqMeta)
+	opts.Metadata = reqMeta
 	resp, err := h.AuthManager.Execute(ctx, providers, req, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		status := http.StatusInternalServerError
@@ -420,7 +418,7 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType
 // ExecuteCountWithAuthManager executes a non-streaming request via the core auth manager.
 // This path is the only supported execution route.
 func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) ([]byte, *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
-	providers, normalizedModel, metadata, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
+	providers, normalizedModel, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
 	if errMsg != nil {
 		return nil, errMsg
 	}
@@ -429,16 +427,13 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handle
 		Model:   normalizedModel,
 		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 	}
-	if cloned := cloneMetadata(metadata); cloned != nil {
-		req.Metadata = cloned
-	}
 	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
 		Stream:          false,
 		Alt:             alt,
 		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
 	}
-	opts.Metadata = mergeMetadata(cloneMetadata(metadata), reqMeta)
+	opts.Metadata = reqMeta
 	resp, err := h.AuthManager.ExecuteCount(ctx, providers, req, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		status := http.StatusInternalServerError
@@ -461,7 +456,7 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handle
 // ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager executes a streaming request via the core auth manager.
 // This path is the only supported execution route.
 func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) (<-chan []byte, <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
-	providers, normalizedModel, metadata, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
+	providers, normalizedModel, errMsg := h.getRequestDetails(modelName)
 	if errMsg != nil {
 		errChan := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
 		errChan <- errMsg
@@ -473,16 +468,13 @@ func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handl
 		Model:   normalizedModel,
 		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 	}
-	if cloned := cloneMetadata(metadata); cloned != nil {
-		req.Metadata = cloned
-	}
 	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
 		Stream:          true,
 		Alt:             alt,
 		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
 		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
 	}
-	opts.Metadata = mergeMetadata(cloneMetadata(metadata), reqMeta)
+	opts.Metadata = reqMeta
 	chunks, err := h.AuthManager.ExecuteStream(ctx, providers, req, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		errChan := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
@@ -595,38 +587,40 @@ func statusFromError(err error) int {
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (h *BaseAPIHandler) getRequestDetails(modelName string) (providers []string, normalizedModel string, metadata map[string]any, err *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
-	// Resolve "auto" model to an actual available model first
-	resolvedModelName := util.ResolveAutoModel(modelName)
-
-	// Normalize the model name to handle dynamic thinking suffixes before determining the provider.
-	normalizedModel, metadata = normalizeModelMetadata(resolvedModelName)
-
-	// Use the normalizedModel to get the provider name.
-	providers = util.GetProviderName(normalizedModel)
-	if len(providers) == 0 && metadata != nil {
-		if originalRaw, ok := metadata[util.ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey]; ok {
-			if originalModel, okStr := originalRaw.(string); okStr {
-				originalModel = strings.TrimSpace(originalModel)
-				if originalModel != "" && !strings.EqualFold(originalModel, normalizedModel) {
-					if altProviders := util.GetProviderName(originalModel); len(altProviders) > 0 {
-						providers = altProviders
-						normalizedModel = originalModel
-					}
-				}
-			}
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) getRequestDetails(modelName string) (providers []string, normalizedModel string, err *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	resolvedModelName := modelName
+	initialSuffix := thinking.ParseSuffix(modelName)
+	if initialSuffix.ModelName == "auto" {
+		resolvedBase := util.ResolveAutoModel(initialSuffix.ModelName)
+		if initialSuffix.HasSuffix {
+			resolvedModelName = fmt.Sprintf("%s(%s)", resolvedBase, initialSuffix.RawSuffix)
+		} else {
+			resolvedModelName = resolvedBase
 		}
+	} else {
+		resolvedModelName = util.ResolveAutoModel(modelName)
+	}
+
+	parsed := thinking.ParseSuffix(resolvedModelName)
+	baseModel := strings.TrimSpace(parsed.ModelName)
+
+	providers = util.GetProviderName(baseModel)
+	// Fallback: if baseModel has no provider but differs from resolvedModelName,
+	// try using the full model name. This handles edge cases where custom models
+	// may be registered with their full suffixed name (e.g., "my-model(8192)").
+	// Evaluated in Story 11.8: This fallback is intentionally preserved to support
+	// custom model registrations that include thinking suffixes.
+	if len(providers) == 0 && baseModel != resolvedModelName {
+		providers = util.GetProviderName(resolvedModelName)
 	}
 
 	if len(providers) == 0 {
-		return nil, "", nil, &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, Error: fmt.Errorf("unknown provider for model %s", modelName)}
+		return nil, "", &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, Error: fmt.Errorf("unknown provider for model %s", modelName)}
 	}
 
-	// If it's a dynamic model, the normalizedModel was already set to extractedModelName.
-	// If it's a non-dynamic model, normalizedModel was set by normalizeModelMetadata.
-	// So, normalizedModel is already correctly set at this point.
-
-	return providers, normalizedModel, metadata, nil
+	// The thinking suffix is preserved in the model name itself, so no
+	// metadata-based configuration passing is needed.
+	return providers, resolvedModelName, nil
 }
 
 func cloneBytes(src []byte) []byte {
@@ -638,10 +632,6 @@ func cloneBytes(src []byte) []byte {
 	return dst
 }
 
-func normalizeModelMetadata(modelName string) (string, map[string]any) {
-	return util.NormalizeThinkingModel(modelName)
-}
-
 func cloneMetadata(src map[string]any) map[string]any {
 	if len(src) == 0 {
 		return nil

sdk/api/handlers/handlers_request_details_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	sdkconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+func TestGetRequestDetails_PreservesSuffix(t *testing.T) {
+	modelRegistry := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+
+	modelRegistry.RegisterClient("test-request-details-gemini", "gemini", []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro", Created: now + 30},
+		{ID: "gemini-2.5-flash", Created: now + 25},
+	})
+	modelRegistry.RegisterClient("test-request-details-openai", "openai", []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "gpt-5.2", Created: now + 20},
+	})
+	modelRegistry.RegisterClient("test-request-details-claude", "claude", []*registry.ModelInfo{
+		{ID: "claude-sonnet-4-5", Created: now + 5},
+	})
+
+	// Ensure cleanup of all test registrations.
+	clientIDs := []string{
+		"test-request-details-gemini",
+		"test-request-details-openai",
+		"test-request-details-claude",
+	}
+	for _, clientID := range clientIDs {
+		id := clientID
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			modelRegistry.UnregisterClient(id)
+		})
+	}
+
+	handler := NewBaseAPIHandlers(&sdkconfig.SDKConfig{}, coreauth.NewManager(nil, nil, nil))
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		inputModel    string
+		wantProviders []string
+		wantModel     string
+		wantErr       bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "numeric suffix preserved",
+			inputModel:    "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)",
+			wantProviders: []string{"gemini"},
+			wantModel:     "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "level suffix preserved",
+			inputModel:    "gpt-5.2(high)",
+			wantProviders: []string{"openai"},
+			wantModel:     "gpt-5.2(high)",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "no suffix unchanged",
+			inputModel:    "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			wantProviders: []string{"claude"},
+			wantModel:     "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "unknown model with suffix",
+			inputModel:    "unknown-model(8192)",
+			wantProviders: nil,
+			wantModel:     "",
+			wantErr:       true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "auto suffix resolved",
+			inputModel:    "auto(high)",
+			wantProviders: []string{"gemini"},
+			wantModel:     "gemini-2.5-pro(high)",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "special suffix none preserved",
+			inputModel:    "gemini-2.5-flash(none)",
+			wantProviders: []string{"gemini"},
+			wantModel:     "gemini-2.5-flash(none)",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "special suffix auto preserved",
+			inputModel:    "claude-sonnet-4-5(auto)",
+			wantProviders: []string{"claude"},
+			wantModel:     "claude-sonnet-4-5(auto)",
+			wantErr:       false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			providers, model, errMsg := handler.getRequestDetails(tt.inputModel)
+			if (errMsg != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Fatalf("getRequestDetails() error = %v, wantErr %v", errMsg, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(providers, tt.wantProviders) {
+				t.Fatalf("getRequestDetails() providers = %v, want %v", providers, tt.wantProviders)
+			}
+			if model != tt.wantModel {
+				t.Fatalf("getRequestDetails() model = %v, want %v", model, tt.wantModel)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

sdk/auth/codex.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -191,7 +193,19 @@ waitForCallback:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("codex token storage missing account information")
 	}
 
-	fileName := fmt.Sprintf("codex-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email)
+	planType := ""
+	hashAccountID := ""
+	if tokenStorage.IDToken != "" {
+		if claims, errParse := codex.ParseJWTToken(tokenStorage.IDToken); errParse == nil && claims != nil {
+			planType = strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptPlanType)
+			accountID := strings.TrimSpace(claims.CodexAuthInfo.ChatgptAccountID)
+			if accountID != "" {
+				digest := sha256.Sum256([]byte(accountID))
+				hashAccountID = hex.EncodeToString(digest[:])[:8]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	fileName := codex.CredentialFileName(tokenStorage.Email, planType, hashAccountID, true)
 	metadata := map[string]any{
 		"email": tokenStorage.Email,
 	}

sdk/auth/filestore.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ func (s *FileTokenStore) Save(ctx context.Context, auth *cliproxyauth.Auth) (str
 		if existing, errRead := os.ReadFile(path); errRead == nil {
 			// Use metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps to skip writes when only timestamp fields change.
 			// This prevents the token refresh loop caused by timestamp/expired/expires_in changes.
-			if metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps(existing, raw) {
+			if metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps(existing, raw, auth.Provider) {
 				return path, nil
 			}
 			file, errOpen := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0o600)
@@ -300,28 +299,101 @@ func (s *FileTokenStore) baseDirSnapshot() string {
 	return s.baseDir
 }
 
-// metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps compares two metadata JSON blobs, ignoring volatile fields that
-// change on every refresh but don't affect authentication logic.
-func metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps(a, b []byte) bool {
-	var objA map[string]any
-	var objB map[string]any
-	if errUnmarshalA := json.Unmarshal(a, &objA); errUnmarshalA != nil {
+// DEPRECATED: Use metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps for comparing auth metadata.
+// This function is kept for backward compatibility but can cause refresh loops.
+func jsonEqual(a, b []byte) bool {
+	var objA any
+	var objB any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(a, &objA); err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	if errUnmarshalB := json.Unmarshal(b, &objB); errUnmarshalB != nil {
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &objB); err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	stripVolatileMetadataFields(objA)
-	stripVolatileMetadataFields(objB)
-	return reflect.DeepEqual(objA, objB)
+	return deepEqualJSON(objA, objB)
 }
 
-func stripVolatileMetadataFields(metadata map[string]any) {
-	if metadata == nil {
-		return
+// metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps compares two metadata JSON blobs,
+// ignoring fields that change on every refresh but don't affect functionality.
+// This prevents unnecessary file writes that would trigger watcher events and
+// create refresh loops.
+// The provider parameter controls whether access_token is ignored: providers like
+// Google OAuth (gemini, gemini-cli) can re-fetch tokens when needed, while others
+// like iFlow require the refreshed token to be persisted.
+func metadataEqualIgnoringTimestamps(a, b []byte, provider string) bool {
+	var objA, objB map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(a, &objA); err != nil {
+		return false
 	}
-	// These fields change on refresh and would otherwise trigger watcher reload loops.
-	for _, field := range []string{"timestamp", "expired", "expires_in", "last_refresh", "access_token"} {
-		delete(metadata, field)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &objB); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Fields to ignore: these change on every refresh but don't affect authentication logic.
+	// - timestamp, expired, expires_in, last_refresh: time-related fields that change on refresh
+	ignoredFields := []string{"timestamp", "expired", "expires_in", "last_refresh"}
+
+	// For providers that can re-fetch tokens when needed (e.g., Google OAuth),
+	// we ignore access_token to avoid unnecessary file writes.
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini", "gemini-cli", "antigravity":
+		ignoredFields = append(ignoredFields, "access_token")
+	}
+
+	for _, field := range ignoredFields {
+		delete(objA, field)
+		delete(objB, field)
+	}
+
+	return deepEqualJSON(objA, objB)
+}
+
+func deepEqualJSON(a, b any) bool {
+	switch valA := a.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		valB, ok := b.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok || len(valA) != len(valB) {
+			return false
+		}
+		for key, subA := range valA {
+			subB, ok1 := valB[key]
+			if !ok1 || !deepEqualJSON(subA, subB) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	case []any:
+		sliceB, ok := b.([]any)
+		if !ok || len(valA) != len(sliceB) {
+			return false
+		}
+		for i := range valA {
+			if !deepEqualJSON(valA[i], sliceB[i]) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	case float64:
+		valB, ok := b.(float64)
+		if !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+		return valA == valB
+	case string:
+		valB, ok := b.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+		return valA == valB
+	case bool:
+		valB, ok := b.(bool)
+		if !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+		return valA == valB
+	case nil:
+		return b == nil
+	default:
+		return false
 	}
 }

sdk/cliproxy/auth/api_key_model_alias_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestLookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &internalconfig.Config{
+		GeminiKey: []internalconfig.GeminiKey{
+			{
+				APIKey:  "k",
+				BaseURL: "https://example.com",
+				Models: []internalconfig.GeminiModel{
+					{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "g25p"},
+					{Name: "gemini-2.5-flash(low)", Alias: "g25f"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	mgr.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, &Auth{ID: "a1", Provider: "gemini", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "k", "base_url": "https://example.com"}})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		authID string
+		input  string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		// Fast path + suffix preservation
+		{"alias with suffix", "a1", "g25p(8192)", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)"},
+		{"alias without suffix", "a1", "g25p", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25"},
+
+		// Config suffix takes priority
+		{"config suffix priority", "a1", "g25f(high)", "gemini-2.5-flash(low)"},
+		{"config suffix no user suffix", "a1", "g25f", "gemini-2.5-flash(low)"},
+
+		// Case insensitive
+		{"uppercase alias", "a1", "G25P", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25"},
+		{"mixed case with suffix", "a1", "G25p(4096)", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(4096)"},
+
+		// Direct name lookup
+		{"upstream name direct", "a1", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25"},
+		{"upstream name with suffix", "a1", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)", "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)"},
+
+		// Cache miss scenarios
+		{"non-existent auth", "non-existent", "g25p", ""},
+		{"unknown alias", "a1", "unknown-alias", ""},
+		{"empty auth ID", "", "g25p", ""},
+		{"empty model", "a1", "", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resolved := mgr.lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(tt.authID, tt.input)
+			if resolved != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", tt.authID, tt.input, resolved, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyModelAlias_ConfigHotReload(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &internalconfig.Config{
+		GeminiKey: []internalconfig.GeminiKey{
+			{
+				APIKey: "k",
+				Models: []internalconfig.GeminiModel{{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "g25p"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	mgr.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, &Auth{ID: "a1", Provider: "gemini", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "k"}})
+
+	// Initial alias
+	if resolved := mgr.lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel("a1", "g25p"); resolved != "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25" {
+		t.Fatalf("before reload: got %q, want %q", resolved, "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25")
+	}
+
+	// Hot reload with new alias
+	mgr.SetConfig(&internalconfig.Config{
+		GeminiKey: []internalconfig.GeminiKey{
+			{
+				APIKey: "k",
+				Models: []internalconfig.GeminiModel{{Name: "gemini-2.5-flash", Alias: "g25p"}},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	// New alias should take effect
+	if resolved := mgr.lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel("a1", "g25p"); resolved != "gemini-2.5-flash" {
+		t.Fatalf("after reload: got %q, want %q", resolved, "gemini-2.5-flash")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAPIKeyModelAlias_MultipleProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &internalconfig.Config{
+		GeminiKey: []internalconfig.GeminiKey{{APIKey: "gemini-key", Models: []internalconfig.GeminiModel{{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro", Alias: "gp"}}}},
+		ClaudeKey: []internalconfig.ClaudeKey{{APIKey: "claude-key", Models: []internalconfig.ClaudeModel{{Name: "claude-sonnet-4", Alias: "cs4"}}}},
+		CodexKey:  []internalconfig.CodexKey{{APIKey: "codex-key", Models: []internalconfig.CodexModel{{Name: "o3", Alias: "o"}}}},
+	}
+
+	mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	mgr.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, &Auth{ID: "gemini-auth", Provider: "gemini", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "gemini-key"}})
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, &Auth{ID: "claude-auth", Provider: "claude", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "claude-key"}})
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, &Auth{ID: "codex-auth", Provider: "codex", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "codex-key"}})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		authID, input, want string
+	}{
+		{"gemini-auth", "gp", "gemini-2.5-pro"},
+		{"claude-auth", "cs4", "claude-sonnet-4"},
+		{"codex-auth", "o", "o3"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if resolved := mgr.lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(tt.authID, tt.input); resolved != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", tt.authID, tt.input, resolved, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyAPIKeyModelAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &internalconfig.Config{
+		GeminiKey: []internalconfig.GeminiKey{
+			{APIKey: "k", Models: []internalconfig.GeminiModel{{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "g25p"}}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	mgr.SetConfig(cfg)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	apiKeyAuth := &Auth{ID: "a1", Provider: "gemini", Attributes: map[string]string{"api_key": "k"}}
+	oauthAuth := &Auth{ID: "oauth-auth", Provider: "gemini", Attributes: map[string]string{"auth_kind": "oauth"}}
+	_, _ = mgr.Register(ctx, apiKeyAuth)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		auth       *Auth
+		inputModel string
+		wantModel  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "api_key auth with alias",
+			auth:       apiKeyAuth,
+			inputModel: "g25p(8192)",
+			wantModel:  "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "oauth auth passthrough",
+			auth:       oauthAuth,
+			inputModel: "some-model",
+			wantModel:  "some-model",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resolvedModel := mgr.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(tt.auth, tt.inputModel)
+
+			if resolvedModel != tt.wantModel {
+				t.Errorf("model = %q, want %q", resolvedModel, tt.wantModel)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/conductor.go

@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/logging"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
 	cliproxyexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -117,8 +119,16 @@ type Manager struct {
 	requestRetry     atomic.Int32
 	maxRetryInterval atomic.Int64
 
-	// modelNameMappings stores global model name alias mappings (alias -> upstream name) keyed by channel.
-	modelNameMappings atomic.Value
+	// oauthModelAlias stores global OAuth model alias mappings (alias -> upstream name) keyed by channel.
+	oauthModelAlias atomic.Value
+
+	// apiKeyModelAlias caches resolved model alias mappings for API-key auths.
+	// Keyed by auth.ID, value is alias(lower) -> upstream model (including suffix).
+	apiKeyModelAlias atomic.Value
+
+	// runtimeConfig stores the latest application config for request-time decisions.
+	// It is initialized in NewManager; never Load() before first Store().
+	runtimeConfig atomic.Value
 
 	// Optional HTTP RoundTripper provider injected by host.
 	rtProvider RoundTripperProvider
@@ -135,7 +145,7 @@ func NewManager(store Store, selector Selector, hook Hook) *Manager {
 	if hook == nil {
 		hook = NoopHook{}
 	}
-	return &Manager{
+	manager := &Manager{
 		store:           store,
 		executors:       make(map[string]ProviderExecutor),
 		selector:        selector,
@@ -143,6 +153,10 @@ func NewManager(store Store, selector Selector, hook Hook) *Manager {
 		auths:           make(map[string]*Auth),
 		providerOffsets: make(map[string]int),
 	}
+	// atomic.Value requires non-nil initial value.
+	manager.runtimeConfig.Store(&internalconfig.Config{})
+	manager.apiKeyModelAlias.Store(apiKeyModelAliasTable(nil))
+	return manager
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) SetSelector(selector Selector) {
@@ -171,6 +185,181 @@ func (m *Manager) SetRoundTripperProvider(p RoundTripperProvider) {
 	m.mu.Unlock()
 }
 
+// SetConfig updates the runtime config snapshot used by request-time helpers.
+// Callers should provide the latest config on reload so per-credential alias mapping stays in sync.
+func (m *Manager) SetConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &internalconfig.Config{}
+	}
+	m.runtimeConfig.Store(cfg)
+	m.rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasFromRuntimeConfig()
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(authID, requestedModel string) string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	authID = strings.TrimSpace(authID)
+	if authID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	requestedModel = strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel)
+	if requestedModel == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	table, _ := m.apiKeyModelAlias.Load().(apiKeyModelAliasTable)
+	if table == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	byAlias := table[authID]
+	if len(byAlias) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	key := strings.ToLower(thinking.ParseSuffix(requestedModel).ModelName)
+	if key == "" {
+		key = strings.ToLower(requestedModel)
+	}
+	resolved := strings.TrimSpace(byAlias[key])
+	if resolved == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// Preserve thinking suffix from the client's requested model unless config already has one.
+	requestResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(requestedModel)
+	if thinking.ParseSuffix(resolved).HasSuffix {
+		return resolved
+	}
+	if requestResult.HasSuffix && requestResult.RawSuffix != "" {
+		return resolved + "(" + requestResult.RawSuffix + ")"
+	}
+	return resolved
+
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasFromRuntimeConfig() {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	cfg, _ := m.runtimeConfig.Load().(*internalconfig.Config)
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &internalconfig.Config{}
+	}
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasLocked(cfg)
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasLocked(cfg *internalconfig.Config) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &internalconfig.Config{}
+	}
+
+	out := make(apiKeyModelAliasTable)
+	for _, auth := range m.auths {
+		if auth == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(auth.ID) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		kind, _ := auth.AccountInfo()
+		if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(kind), "api_key") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		byAlias := make(map[string]string)
+		provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+		switch provider {
+		case "gemini":
+			if entry := resolveGeminiAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth); entry != nil {
+				compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels(byAlias, entry.Models)
+			}
+		case "claude":
+			if entry := resolveClaudeAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth); entry != nil {
+				compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels(byAlias, entry.Models)
+			}
+		case "codex":
+			if entry := resolveCodexAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth); entry != nil {
+				compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels(byAlias, entry.Models)
+			}
+		case "vertex":
+			if entry := resolveVertexAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth); entry != nil {
+				compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels(byAlias, entry.Models)
+			}
+		default:
+			// OpenAI-compat uses config selection from auth.Attributes.
+			providerKey := ""
+			compatName := ""
+			if auth.Attributes != nil {
+				providerKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["provider_key"])
+				compatName = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["compat_name"])
+			}
+			if compatName != "" || strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider), "openai-compatibility") {
+				if entry := resolveOpenAICompatConfig(cfg, providerKey, compatName, auth.Provider); entry != nil {
+					compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels(byAlias, entry.Models)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(byAlias) > 0 {
+			out[auth.ID] = byAlias
+		}
+	}
+
+	m.apiKeyModelAlias.Store(out)
+}
+
+func compileAPIKeyModelAliasForModels[T interface {
+	GetName() string
+	GetAlias() string
+}](out map[string]string, models []T) {
+	if out == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for i := range models {
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(models[i].GetAlias())
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(models[i].GetName())
+		if alias == "" || name == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		aliasKey := strings.ToLower(thinking.ParseSuffix(alias).ModelName)
+		if aliasKey == "" {
+			aliasKey = strings.ToLower(alias)
+		}
+		// Config priority: first alias wins.
+		if _, exists := out[aliasKey]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		out[aliasKey] = name
+		// Also allow direct lookup by upstream name (case-insensitive), so lookups on already-upstream
+		// models remain a cheap no-op.
+		nameKey := strings.ToLower(thinking.ParseSuffix(name).ModelName)
+		if nameKey == "" {
+			nameKey = strings.ToLower(name)
+		}
+		if nameKey != "" {
+			if _, exists := out[nameKey]; !exists {
+				out[nameKey] = name
+			}
+		}
+		// Preserve config suffix priority by seeding a base-name lookup when name already has suffix.
+		nameResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(name)
+		if nameResult.HasSuffix {
+			baseKey := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(nameResult.ModelName))
+			if baseKey != "" {
+				if _, exists := out[baseKey]; !exists {
+					out[baseKey] = name
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // SetRetryConfig updates retry attempts and cooldown wait interval.
 func (m *Manager) SetRetryConfig(retry int, maxRetryInterval time.Duration) {
 	if m == nil {
@@ -219,6 +408,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Register(ctx context.Context, auth *Auth) (*Auth, error) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	m.auths[auth.ID] = auth.Clone()
 	m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasFromRuntimeConfig()
 	_ = m.persist(ctx, auth)
 	m.hook.OnAuthRegistered(ctx, auth.Clone())
 	return auth.Clone(), nil
@@ -237,6 +427,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Update(ctx context.Context, auth *Auth) (*Auth, error) {
 	auth.EnsureIndex()
 	m.auths[auth.ID] = auth.Clone()
 	m.mu.Unlock()
+	m.rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasFromRuntimeConfig()
 	_ = m.persist(ctx, auth)
 	m.hook.OnAuthUpdated(ctx, auth.Clone())
 	return auth.Clone(), nil
@@ -261,6 +452,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Load(ctx context.Context) error {
 		auth.EnsureIndex()
 		m.auths[auth.ID] = auth.Clone()
 	}
+	cfg, _ := m.runtimeConfig.Load().(*internalconfig.Config)
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &internalconfig.Config{}
+	}
+	m.rebuildAPIKeyModelAliasLocked(cfg)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -395,8 +591,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeMixedOnce(ctx context.Context, providers []string, req
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		resp, errExec := executor.Execute(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -443,8 +640,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeCountMixedOnce(ctx context.Context, providers []string,
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		resp, errExec := executor.CountTokens(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -491,8 +689,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeStreamMixedOnce(ctx context.Context, providers []string
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		chunks, errStream := executor.ExecuteStream(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		if errStream != nil {
 			rerr := &Error{Message: errStream.Error()}
@@ -556,8 +755,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string, req
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		resp, errExec := executor.Execute(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -604,8 +804,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeCountWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string,
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		resp, errExec := executor.CountTokens(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		result := Result{AuthID: auth.ID, Provider: provider, Model: routeModel, Success: errExec == nil}
 		if errExec != nil {
@@ -652,8 +853,9 @@ func (m *Manager) executeStreamWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string
 			execCtx = context.WithValue(execCtx, "cliproxy.roundtripper", rt)
 		}
 		execReq := req
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, req.Metadata, auth)
-		execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata = m.applyOAuthModelMapping(auth, execReq.Model, execReq.Metadata)
+		execReq.Model = rewriteModelForAuth(routeModel, auth)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
+		execReq.Model = m.applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth, execReq.Model)
 		chunks, errStream := executor.ExecuteStream(execCtx, auth, execReq, opts)
 		if errStream != nil {
 			rerr := &Error{Message: errStream.Error()}
@@ -691,51 +893,229 @@ func (m *Manager) executeStreamWithProvider(ctx context.Context, provider string
 	}
 }
 
-func rewriteModelForAuth(model string, metadata map[string]any, auth *Auth) (string, map[string]any) {
+func rewriteModelForAuth(model string, auth *Auth) string {
 	if auth == nil || model == "" {
-		return model, metadata
+		return model
 	}
 	prefix := strings.TrimSpace(auth.Prefix)
 	if prefix == "" {
-		return model, metadata
+		return model
 	}
 	needle := prefix + "/"
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(model, needle) {
-		return model, metadata
+		return model
 	}
-	rewritten := strings.TrimPrefix(model, needle)
-	return rewritten, stripPrefixFromMetadata(metadata, needle)
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(model, needle)
 }
 
-func stripPrefixFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any, needle string) map[string]any {
-	if len(metadata) == 0 || needle == "" {
-		return metadata
+func (m *Manager) applyAPIKeyModelAlias(auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	if m == nil || auth == nil {
+		return requestedModel
 	}
-	keys := []string{
-		util.ThinkingOriginalModelMetadataKey,
-		util.GeminiOriginalModelMetadataKey,
-		util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey,
+
+	kind, _ := auth.AccountInfo()
+	if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(kind), "api_key") {
+		return requestedModel
 	}
-	var out map[string]any
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		raw, ok := metadata[key]
-		if !ok {
+
+	requestedModel = strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel)
+	if requestedModel == "" {
+		return requestedModel
+	}
+
+	// Fast path: lookup per-auth mapping table (keyed by auth.ID).
+	if resolved := m.lookupAPIKeyUpstreamModel(auth.ID, requestedModel); resolved != "" {
+		return resolved
+	}
+
+	// Slow path: scan config for the matching credential entry and resolve alias.
+	// This acts as a safety net if mappings are stale or auth.ID is missing.
+	cfg, _ := m.runtimeConfig.Load().(*internalconfig.Config)
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &internalconfig.Config{}
+	}
+
+	provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+	upstreamModel := ""
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini":
+		upstreamModel = resolveUpstreamModelForGeminiAPIKey(cfg, auth, requestedModel)
+	case "claude":
+		upstreamModel = resolveUpstreamModelForClaudeAPIKey(cfg, auth, requestedModel)
+	case "codex":
+		upstreamModel = resolveUpstreamModelForCodexAPIKey(cfg, auth, requestedModel)
+	case "vertex":
+		upstreamModel = resolveUpstreamModelForVertexAPIKey(cfg, auth, requestedModel)
+	default:
+		upstreamModel = resolveUpstreamModelForOpenAICompatAPIKey(cfg, auth, requestedModel)
+	}
+
+	// Return upstream model if found, otherwise return requested model.
+	if upstreamModel != "" {
+		return upstreamModel
+	}
+	return requestedModel
+}
+
+// APIKeyConfigEntry is a generic interface for API key configurations.
+type APIKeyConfigEntry interface {
+	GetAPIKey() string
+	GetBaseURL() string
+}
+
+func resolveAPIKeyConfig[T APIKeyConfigEntry](entries []T, auth *Auth) *T {
+	if auth == nil || len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	attrKey, attrBase := "", ""
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		attrKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["api_key"])
+		attrBase = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["base_url"])
+	}
+	for i := range entries {
+		entry := &entries[i]
+		cfgKey := strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetAPIKey())
+		cfgBase := strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetBaseURL())
+		if attrKey != "" && attrBase != "" {
+			if strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
+			}
 			continue
 		}
-		value, okStr := raw.(string)
-		if !okStr || !strings.HasPrefix(value, needle) {
-			continue
-		}
-		if out == nil {
-			out = make(map[string]any, len(metadata))
-			for k, v := range metadata {
-				out[k] = v
+		if attrKey != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgKey, attrKey) {
+			if cfgBase == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+				return entry
 			}
 		}
-		out[key] = strings.TrimPrefix(value, needle)
+		if attrKey == "" && attrBase != "" && strings.EqualFold(cfgBase, attrBase) {
+			return entry
+		}
 	}
-	if out == nil {
-		return metadata
+	if attrKey != "" {
+		for i := range entries {
+			entry := &entries[i]
+			if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace((*entry).GetAPIKey()), attrKey) {
+				return entry
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func resolveGeminiAPIKeyConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth) *internalconfig.GeminiKey {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.GeminiKey, auth)
+}
+
+func resolveClaudeAPIKeyConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth) *internalconfig.ClaudeKey {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.ClaudeKey, auth)
+}
+
+func resolveCodexAPIKeyConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth) *internalconfig.CodexKey {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.CodexKey, auth)
+}
+
+func resolveVertexAPIKeyConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth) *internalconfig.VertexCompatKey {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return resolveAPIKeyConfig(cfg.VertexCompatAPIKey, auth)
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelForGeminiAPIKey(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	entry := resolveGeminiAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel, asModelAliasEntries(entry.Models))
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelForClaudeAPIKey(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	entry := resolveClaudeAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel, asModelAliasEntries(entry.Models))
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelForCodexAPIKey(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	entry := resolveCodexAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel, asModelAliasEntries(entry.Models))
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelForVertexAPIKey(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	entry := resolveVertexAPIKeyConfig(cfg, auth)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel, asModelAliasEntries(entry.Models))
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelForOpenAICompatAPIKey(cfg *internalconfig.Config, auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	providerKey := ""
+	compatName := ""
+	if auth != nil && len(auth.Attributes) > 0 {
+		providerKey = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["provider_key"])
+		compatName = strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["compat_name"])
+	}
+	if compatName == "" && !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider), "openai-compatibility") {
+		return ""
+	}
+	entry := resolveOpenAICompatConfig(cfg, providerKey, compatName, auth.Provider)
+	if entry == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel, asModelAliasEntries(entry.Models))
+}
+
+type apiKeyModelAliasTable map[string]map[string]string
+
+func resolveOpenAICompatConfig(cfg *internalconfig.Config, providerKey, compatName, authProvider string) *internalconfig.OpenAICompatibility {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	candidates := make([]string, 0, 3)
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(compatName); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(providerKey); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(authProvider); v != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, v)
+	}
+	for i := range cfg.OpenAICompatibility {
+		compat := &cfg.OpenAICompatibility[i]
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate != "" && strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(candidate), compat.Name) {
+				return compat
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func asModelAliasEntries[T interface {
+	GetName() string
+	GetAlias() string
+}](models []T) []modelAliasEntry {
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]modelAliasEntry, 0, len(models))
+	for i := range models {
+		out = append(out, models[i])
 	}
 	return out
 }
@@ -1304,6 +1684,13 @@ func (m *Manager) pickNext(ctx context.Context, provider, model string, opts cli
 	}
 	candidates := make([]*Auth, 0, len(m.auths))
 	modelKey := strings.TrimSpace(model)
+	// Always use base model name (without thinking suffix) for auth matching.
+	if modelKey != "" {
+		parsed := thinking.ParseSuffix(modelKey)
+		if parsed.ModelName != "" {
+			modelKey = strings.TrimSpace(parsed.ModelName)
+		}
+	}
 	registryRef := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
 	for _, candidate := range m.auths {
 		if candidate.Provider != provider || candidate.Disabled {
@@ -1359,6 +1746,13 @@ func (m *Manager) pickNextMixed(ctx context.Context, providers []string, model s
 	m.mu.RLock()
 	candidates := make([]*Auth, 0, len(m.auths))
 	modelKey := strings.TrimSpace(model)
+	// Always use base model name (without thinking suffix) for auth matching.
+	if modelKey != "" {
+		parsed := thinking.ParseSuffix(modelKey)
+		if parsed.ModelName != "" {
+			modelKey = strings.TrimSpace(parsed.ModelName)
+		}
+	}
 	registryRef := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
 	for _, candidate := range m.auths {
 		if candidate == nil || candidate.Disabled {

sdk/cliproxy/auth/model_name_mappings.go

@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-package auth
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-
-	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
-)
-
-type modelNameMappingTable struct {
-	// reverse maps channel -> alias (lower) -> original upstream model name.
-	reverse map[string]map[string]string
-}
-
-func compileModelNameMappingTable(mappings map[string][]internalconfig.ModelNameMapping) *modelNameMappingTable {
-	if len(mappings) == 0 {
-		return &modelNameMappingTable{}
-	}
-	out := &modelNameMappingTable{
-		reverse: make(map[string]map[string]string, len(mappings)),
-	}
-	for rawChannel, entries := range mappings {
-		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
-		if channel == "" || len(entries) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		rev := make(map[string]string, len(entries))
-		for _, entry := range entries {
-			name := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name)
-			alias := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias)
-			if name == "" || alias == "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if strings.EqualFold(name, alias) {
-				continue
-			}
-			aliasKey := strings.ToLower(alias)
-			if _, exists := rev[aliasKey]; exists {
-				continue
-			}
-			rev[aliasKey] = name
-		}
-		if len(rev) > 0 {
-			out.reverse[channel] = rev
-		}
-	}
-	if len(out.reverse) == 0 {
-		out.reverse = nil
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-// SetOAuthModelMappings updates the OAuth model name mapping table used during execution.
-// The mapping is applied per-auth channel to resolve the upstream model name while keeping the
-// client-visible model name unchanged for translation/response formatting.
-func (m *Manager) SetOAuthModelMappings(mappings map[string][]internalconfig.ModelNameMapping) {
-	if m == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	table := compileModelNameMappingTable(mappings)
-	// atomic.Value requires non-nil store values.
-	if table == nil {
-		table = &modelNameMappingTable{}
-	}
-	m.modelNameMappings.Store(table)
-}
-
-// applyOAuthModelMapping resolves the upstream model from OAuth model mappings
-// and returns the resolved model along with updated metadata. If a mapping exists,
-// the returned model is the upstream model and metadata contains the original
-// requested model for response translation.
-func (m *Manager) applyOAuthModelMapping(auth *Auth, requestedModel string, metadata map[string]any) (string, map[string]any) {
-	upstreamModel := m.resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth, requestedModel)
-	if upstreamModel == "" {
-		return requestedModel, metadata
-	}
-	out := make(map[string]any, 1)
-	if len(metadata) > 0 {
-		out = make(map[string]any, len(metadata)+1)
-		for k, v := range metadata {
-			out[k] = v
-		}
-	}
-	// Store the requested alias (e.g., "gp") so downstream can use it to look up
-	// model metadata from the global registry where it was registered under this alias.
-	out[util.ModelMappingOriginalModelMetadataKey] = requestedModel
-	return upstreamModel, out
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
-	if m == nil || auth == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	channel := modelMappingChannel(auth)
-	if channel == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	key := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel))
-	if key == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	raw := m.modelNameMappings.Load()
-	table, _ := raw.(*modelNameMappingTable)
-	if table == nil || table.reverse == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	rev := table.reverse[channel]
-	if rev == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	original := strings.TrimSpace(rev[key])
-	if original == "" || strings.EqualFold(original, requestedModel) {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return original
-}
-
-// modelMappingChannel extracts the OAuth model mapping channel from an Auth object.
-// It determines the provider and auth kind from the Auth's attributes and delegates
-// to OAuthModelMappingChannel for the actual channel resolution.
-func modelMappingChannel(auth *Auth) string {
-	if auth == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
-	authKind := ""
-	if auth.Attributes != nil {
-		authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["auth_kind"]))
-	}
-	if authKind == "" {
-		if kind, _ := auth.AccountInfo(); strings.EqualFold(kind, "api_key") {
-			authKind = "apikey"
-		}
-	}
-	return OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind)
-}
-
-// OAuthModelMappingChannel returns the OAuth model mapping channel name for a given provider
-// and auth kind. Returns empty string if the provider/authKind combination doesn't support
-// OAuth model mappings (e.g., API key authentication).
-//
-// Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
-func OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind string) string {
-	provider = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider))
-	authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(authKind))
-	switch provider {
-	case "gemini":
-		// gemini provider uses gemini-api-key config, not oauth-model-mappings.
-		// OAuth-based gemini auth is converted to "gemini-cli" by the synthesizer.
-		return ""
-	case "vertex":
-		if authKind == "apikey" {
-			return ""
-		}
-		return "vertex"
-	case "claude":
-		if authKind == "apikey" {
-			return ""
-		}
-		return "claude"
-	case "codex":
-		if authKind == "apikey" {
-			return ""
-		}
-		return "codex"
-	case "gemini-cli", "aistudio", "antigravity", "qwen", "iflow":
-		return provider
-	default:
-		return ""
-	}
-}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/oauth_model_alias.go

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/thinking"
+)
+
+type modelAliasEntry interface {
+	GetName() string
+	GetAlias() string
+}
+
+type oauthModelAliasTable struct {
+	// reverse maps channel -> alias (lower) -> original upstream model name.
+	reverse map[string]map[string]string
+}
+
+func compileOAuthModelAliasTable(aliases map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias) *oauthModelAliasTable {
+	if len(aliases) == 0 {
+		return &oauthModelAliasTable{}
+	}
+	out := &oauthModelAliasTable{
+		reverse: make(map[string]map[string]string, len(aliases)),
+	}
+	for rawChannel, entries := range aliases {
+		channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(rawChannel))
+		if channel == "" || len(entries) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		rev := make(map[string]string, len(entries))
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			name := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Name)
+			alias := strings.TrimSpace(entry.Alias)
+			if name == "" || alias == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if strings.EqualFold(name, alias) {
+				continue
+			}
+			aliasKey := strings.ToLower(alias)
+			if _, exists := rev[aliasKey]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			rev[aliasKey] = name
+		}
+		if len(rev) > 0 {
+			out.reverse[channel] = rev
+		}
+	}
+	if len(out.reverse) == 0 {
+		out.reverse = nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// SetOAuthModelAlias updates the OAuth model name alias table used during execution.
+// The alias is applied per-auth channel to resolve the upstream model name while keeping the
+// client-visible model name unchanged for translation/response formatting.
+func (m *Manager) SetOAuthModelAlias(aliases map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	table := compileOAuthModelAliasTable(aliases)
+	// atomic.Value requires non-nil store values.
+	if table == nil {
+		table = &oauthModelAliasTable{}
+	}
+	m.oauthModelAlias.Store(table)
+}
+
+// applyOAuthModelAlias resolves the upstream model from OAuth model alias.
+// If an alias exists, the returned model is the upstream model.
+func (m *Manager) applyOAuthModelAlias(auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	upstreamModel := m.resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth, requestedModel)
+	if upstreamModel == "" {
+		return requestedModel
+	}
+	return upstreamModel
+}
+
+func resolveModelAliasFromConfigModels(requestedModel string, models []modelAliasEntry) string {
+	requestedModel = strings.TrimSpace(requestedModel)
+	if requestedModel == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	requestResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(requestedModel)
+	base := requestResult.ModelName
+	candidates := []string{base}
+	if base != requestedModel {
+		candidates = append(candidates, requestedModel)
+	}
+
+	preserveSuffix := func(resolved string) string {
+		resolved = strings.TrimSpace(resolved)
+		if resolved == "" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		if thinking.ParseSuffix(resolved).HasSuffix {
+			return resolved
+		}
+		if requestResult.HasSuffix && requestResult.RawSuffix != "" {
+			return resolved + "(" + requestResult.RawSuffix + ")"
+		}
+		return resolved
+	}
+
+	for i := range models {
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(models[i].GetName())
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(models[i].GetAlias())
+		for _, candidate := range candidates {
+			if candidate == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if alias != "" && strings.EqualFold(alias, candidate) {
+				if name != "" {
+					return preserveSuffix(name)
+				}
+				return preserveSuffix(candidate)
+			}
+			if name != "" && strings.EqualFold(name, candidate) {
+				return preserveSuffix(name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// resolveOAuthUpstreamModel resolves the upstream model name from OAuth model alias.
+// If an alias exists, returns the original (upstream) model name that corresponds
+// to the requested alias.
+//
+// If the requested model contains a thinking suffix (e.g., "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)"),
+// the suffix is preserved in the returned model name. However, if the alias's
+// original name already contains a suffix, the config suffix takes priority.
+func (m *Manager) resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth *Auth, requestedModel string) string {
+	return resolveUpstreamModelFromAliasTable(m, auth, requestedModel, modelAliasChannel(auth))
+}
+
+func resolveUpstreamModelFromAliasTable(m *Manager, auth *Auth, requestedModel, channel string) string {
+	if m == nil || auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if channel == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// Extract thinking suffix from requested model using ParseSuffix
+	requestResult := thinking.ParseSuffix(requestedModel)
+	baseModel := requestResult.ModelName
+
+	// Candidate keys to match: base model and raw input (handles suffix-parsing edge cases).
+	candidates := []string{baseModel}
+	if baseModel != requestedModel {
+		candidates = append(candidates, requestedModel)
+	}
+
+	raw := m.oauthModelAlias.Load()
+	table, _ := raw.(*oauthModelAliasTable)
+	if table == nil || table.reverse == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	rev := table.reverse[channel]
+	if rev == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		key := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(candidate))
+		if key == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		original := strings.TrimSpace(rev[key])
+		if original == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.EqualFold(original, baseModel) {
+			return ""
+		}
+
+		// If config already has suffix, it takes priority.
+		if thinking.ParseSuffix(original).HasSuffix {
+			return original
+		}
+		// Preserve user's thinking suffix on the resolved model.
+		if requestResult.HasSuffix && requestResult.RawSuffix != "" {
+			return original + "(" + requestResult.RawSuffix + ")"
+		}
+		return original
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+// modelAliasChannel extracts the OAuth model alias channel from an Auth object.
+// It determines the provider and auth kind from the Auth's attributes and delegates
+// to OAuthModelAliasChannel for the actual channel resolution.
+func modelAliasChannel(auth *Auth) string {
+	if auth == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	provider := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+	authKind := ""
+	if auth.Attributes != nil {
+		authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Attributes["auth_kind"]))
+	}
+	if authKind == "" {
+		if kind, _ := auth.AccountInfo(); strings.EqualFold(kind, "api_key") {
+			authKind = "apikey"
+		}
+	}
+	return OAuthModelAliasChannel(provider, authKind)
+}
+
+// OAuthModelAliasChannel returns the OAuth model alias channel name for a given provider
+// and auth kind. Returns empty string if the provider/authKind combination doesn't support
+// OAuth model alias (e.g., API key authentication).
+//
+// Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow.
+func OAuthModelAliasChannel(provider, authKind string) string {
+	provider = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider))
+	authKind = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(authKind))
+	switch provider {
+	case "gemini":
+		// gemini provider uses gemini-api-key config, not oauth-model-alias.
+		// OAuth-based gemini auth is converted to "gemini-cli" by the synthesizer.
+		return ""
+	case "vertex":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "vertex"
+	case "claude":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "claude"
+	case "codex":
+		if authKind == "apikey" {
+			return ""
+		}
+		return "codex"
+	case "gemini-cli", "aistudio", "antigravity", "qwen", "iflow":
+		return provider
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}

sdk/cliproxy/auth/oauth_model_alias_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestResolveOAuthUpstreamModel_SuffixPreservation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		aliases map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias
+		channel string
+		input   string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "numeric suffix preserved",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "level suffix preserved",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"claude": {{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250514", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5"}},
+			},
+			channel: "claude",
+			input:   "claude-sonnet-4-5(high)",
+			want:    "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250514(high)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no suffix unchanged",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "config suffix takes priority",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"claude": {{Name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250514(low)", Alias: "claude-sonnet-4-5"}},
+			},
+			channel: "claude",
+			input:   "claude-sonnet-4-5(high)",
+			want:    "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250514(low)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "auto suffix preserved",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(auto)",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(auto)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "none suffix preserved",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(none)",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(none)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "case insensitive alias lookup with suffix",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "Gemini-2.5-Pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(high)",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(high)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no alias returns empty",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "unknown-model(high)",
+			want:    "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "wrong channel returns empty",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "claude",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(high)",
+			want:    "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty suffix filtered out",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro()",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "incomplete suffix treated as no suffix",
+			aliases: map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+				"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro(high"}},
+			},
+			channel: "gemini-cli",
+			input:   "gemini-2.5-pro(high",
+			want:    "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+			mgr.SetConfig(&internalconfig.Config{})
+			mgr.SetOAuthModelAlias(tt.aliases)
+
+			auth := createAuthForChannel(tt.channel)
+			got := mgr.resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(auth, tt.input)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("resolveOAuthUpstreamModel(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func createAuthForChannel(channel string) *Auth {
+	switch channel {
+	case "gemini-cli":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "gemini-cli"}
+	case "claude":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "claude", Attributes: map[string]string{"auth_kind": "oauth"}}
+	case "vertex":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "vertex", Attributes: map[string]string{"auth_kind": "oauth"}}
+	case "codex":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "codex", Attributes: map[string]string{"auth_kind": "oauth"}}
+	case "aistudio":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "aistudio"}
+	case "antigravity":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "antigravity"}
+	case "qwen":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "qwen"}
+	case "iflow":
+		return &Auth{Provider: "iflow"}
+	default:
+		return &Auth{Provider: channel}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyOAuthModelAlias_SuffixPreservation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	aliases := map[string][]internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias{
+		"gemini-cli": {{Name: "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25", Alias: "gemini-2.5-pro"}},
+	}
+
+	mgr := NewManager(nil, nil, nil)
+	mgr.SetConfig(&internalconfig.Config{})
+	mgr.SetOAuthModelAlias(aliases)
+
+	auth := &Auth{ID: "test-auth-id", Provider: "gemini-cli"}
+
+	resolvedModel := mgr.applyOAuthModelAlias(auth, "gemini-2.5-pro(8192)")
+	if resolvedModel != "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)" {
+		t.Errorf("applyOAuthModelAlias() model = %q, want %q", resolvedModel, "gemini-2.5-pro-exp-03-25(8192)")
+	}
+}

sdk/cliproxy/builder.go

@@ -215,7 +215,8 @@ func (b *Builder) Build() (*Service, error) {
 	}
 	// Attach a default RoundTripper provider so providers can opt-in per-auth transports.
 	coreManager.SetRoundTripperProvider(newDefaultRoundTripperProvider())
-	coreManager.SetOAuthModelMappings(b.cfg.OAuthModelMappings)
+	coreManager.SetConfig(b.cfg)
+	coreManager.SetOAuthModelAlias(b.cfg.OAuthModelAlias)
 
 	service := &Service{
 		cfg:            b.cfg,

sdk/cliproxy/service.go

@@ -553,7 +553,8 @@ func (s *Service) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		s.cfg = newCfg
 		s.cfgMu.Unlock()
 		if s.coreManager != nil {
-			s.coreManager.SetOAuthModelMappings(newCfg.OAuthModelMappings)
+			s.coreManager.SetConfig(newCfg)
+			s.coreManager.SetOAuthModelAlias(newCfg.OAuthModelAlias)
 		}
 		s.rebindExecutors()
 	}
@@ -825,6 +826,7 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 							OwnedBy:     compat.Name,
 							Type:        "openai-compatibility",
 							DisplayName: modelID,
+							UserDefined: true,
 						})
 					}
 					// Register and return
@@ -847,7 +849,7 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	models = applyOAuthModelMappings(s.cfg, provider, authKind, models)
+	models = applyOAuthModelAlias(s.cfg, provider, authKind, models)
 	if len(models) > 0 {
 		key := provider
 		if key == "" {
@@ -1157,6 +1159,7 @@ func buildConfigModels[T modelEntry](models []T, ownedBy, modelType string) []*M
 			OwnedBy:     ownedBy,
 			Type:        modelType,
 			DisplayName: display,
+			UserDefined: true,
 		}
 		if name != "" {
 			if upstream := registry.LookupStaticModelInfo(name); upstream != nil && upstream.Thinking != nil {
@@ -1209,6 +1212,9 @@ func rewriteModelInfoName(name, oldID, newID string) string {
 	if strings.EqualFold(oldID, newID) {
 		return name
 	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(trimmed, oldID) {
+		return newID
+	}
 	if strings.HasSuffix(trimmed, "/"+oldID) {
 		prefix := strings.TrimSuffix(trimmed, oldID)
 		return prefix + newID
@@ -1219,28 +1225,28 @@ func rewriteModelInfoName(name, oldID, newID string) string {
 	return name
 }
 
-func applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg *config.Config, provider, authKind string, models []*ModelInfo) []*ModelInfo {
+func applyOAuthModelAlias(cfg *config.Config, provider, authKind string, models []*ModelInfo) []*ModelInfo {
 	if cfg == nil || len(models) == 0 {
 		return models
 	}
-	channel := coreauth.OAuthModelMappingChannel(provider, authKind)
-	if channel == "" || len(cfg.OAuthModelMappings) == 0 {
+	channel := coreauth.OAuthModelAliasChannel(provider, authKind)
+	if channel == "" || len(cfg.OAuthModelAlias) == 0 {
 		return models
 	}
-	mappings := cfg.OAuthModelMappings[channel]
-	if len(mappings) == 0 {
+	aliases := cfg.OAuthModelAlias[channel]
+	if len(aliases) == 0 {
 		return models
 	}
 
-	type mappingEntry struct {
+	type aliasEntry struct {
 		alias string
 		fork  bool
 	}
 
-	forward := make(map[string][]mappingEntry, len(mappings))
-	for i := range mappings {
-		name := strings.TrimSpace(mappings[i].Name)
-		alias := strings.TrimSpace(mappings[i].Alias)
+	forward := make(map[string][]aliasEntry, len(aliases))
+	for i := range aliases {
+		name := strings.TrimSpace(aliases[i].Name)
+		alias := strings.TrimSpace(aliases[i].Alias)
 		if name == "" || alias == "" {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -1248,7 +1254,7 @@ func applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg *config.Config, provider, authKind string, mode
 			continue
 		}
 		key := strings.ToLower(name)
-		forward[key] = append(forward[key], mappingEntry{alias: alias, fork: mappings[i].Fork})
+		forward[key] = append(forward[key], aliasEntry{alias: alias, fork: aliases[i].Fork})
 	}
 	if len(forward) == 0 {
 		return models

sdk/cliproxy/service_oauth_model_alias_test.go

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
 )
 
-func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_Rename(t *testing.T) {
+func TestApplyOAuthModelAlias_Rename(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.Config{
-		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{
+		OAuthModelAlias: map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias{
 			"codex": {
 				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5"},
 			},
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_Rename(t *testing.T) {
 		{ID: "gpt-5", Name: "models/gpt-5"},
 	}
 
-	out := applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
+	out := applyOAuthModelAlias(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
 	if len(out) != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 1 model, got %d", len(out))
 	}
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_Rename(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsAlias(t *testing.T) {
+func TestApplyOAuthModelAlias_ForkAddsAlias(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.Config{
-		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{
+		OAuthModelAlias: map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias{
 			"codex": {
 				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5", Fork: true},
 			},
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsAlias(t *testing.T) {
 		{ID: "gpt-5", Name: "models/gpt-5"},
 	}
 
-	out := applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
+	out := applyOAuthModelAlias(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
 	if len(out) != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 2 models, got %d", len(out))
 	}
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsAlias(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsMultipleAliases(t *testing.T) {
+func TestApplyOAuthModelAlias_ForkAddsMultipleAliases(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.Config{
-		OAuthModelMappings: map[string][]config.ModelNameMapping{
+		OAuthModelAlias: map[string][]config.OAuthModelAlias{
 			"codex": {
 				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5", Fork: true},
 				{Name: "gpt-5", Alias: "g5-2", Fork: true},
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func TestApplyOAuthModelMappings_ForkAddsMultipleAliases(t *testing.T) {
 		{ID: "gpt-5", Name: "models/gpt-5"},
 	}
 
-	out := applyOAuthModelMappings(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
+	out := applyOAuthModelAlias(cfg, "codex", "oauth", models)
 	if len(out) != 3 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 3 models, got %d", len(out))
 	}

sdk/config/config.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type StreamingConfig = internalconfig.StreamingConfig
 type TLSConfig = internalconfig.TLSConfig
 type RemoteManagement = internalconfig.RemoteManagement
 type AmpCode = internalconfig.AmpCode
-type ModelNameMapping = internalconfig.ModelNameMapping
+type OAuthModelAlias = internalconfig.OAuthModelAlias
 type PayloadConfig = internalconfig.PayloadConfig
 type PayloadRule = internalconfig.PayloadRule
 type PayloadModelRule = internalconfig.PayloadModelRule

test/gemini3_thinking_level_test.go

@@ -1,423 +0,0 @@
-package test
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
-	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
-)
-
-// registerGemini3Models loads Gemini 3 models into the registry for testing.
-func registerGemini3Models(t *testing.T) func() {
-	t.Helper()
-	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
-	uid := fmt.Sprintf("gemini3-test-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
-	reg.RegisterClient(uid+"-gemini", "gemini", registry.GetGeminiModels())
-	reg.RegisterClient(uid+"-aistudio", "aistudio", registry.GetAIStudioModels())
-	return func() {
-		reg.UnregisterClient(uid + "-gemini")
-		reg.UnregisterClient(uid + "-aistudio")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIsGemini3Model(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		model    string
-		expected bool
-	}{
-		{"gemini-3-pro-preview", true},
-		{"gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
-		{"gemini_3_pro_preview", true},
-		{"gemini-3-pro", true},
-		{"gemini-3-flash", true},
-		{"GEMINI-3-PRO-PREVIEW", true},
-		{"gemini-2.5-pro", false},
-		{"gemini-2.5-flash", false},
-		{"gpt-5", false},
-		{"claude-sonnet-4-5", false},
-		{"", false},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.model, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := util.IsGemini3Model(cs.model)
-			if got != cs.expected {
-				t.Fatalf("IsGemini3Model(%q) = %v, want %v", cs.model, got, cs.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIsGemini3ProModel(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		model    string
-		expected bool
-	}{
-		{"gemini-3-pro-preview", true},
-		{"gemini_3_pro_preview", true},
-		{"gemini-3-pro", true},
-		{"GEMINI-3-PRO-PREVIEW", true},
-		{"gemini-3-flash-preview", false},
-		{"gemini-3-flash", false},
-		{"gemini-2.5-pro", false},
-		{"", false},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.model, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := util.IsGemini3ProModel(cs.model)
-			if got != cs.expected {
-				t.Fatalf("IsGemini3ProModel(%q) = %v, want %v", cs.model, got, cs.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIsGemini3FlashModel(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		model    string
-		expected bool
-	}{
-		{"gemini-3-flash-preview", true},
-		{"gemini_3_flash_preview", true},
-		{"gemini-3-flash", true},
-		{"GEMINI-3-FLASH-PREVIEW", true},
-		{"gemini-3-pro-preview", false},
-		{"gemini-3-pro", false},
-		{"gemini-2.5-flash", false},
-		{"", false},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.model, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := util.IsGemini3FlashModel(cs.model)
-			if got != cs.expected {
-				t.Fatalf("IsGemini3FlashModel(%q) = %v, want %v", cs.model, got, cs.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name    string
-		model   string
-		level   string
-		wantOK  bool
-		wantVal string
-	}{
-		// Gemini 3 Pro: supports "low", "high"
-		{"pro-low", "gemini-3-pro-preview", "low", true, "low"},
-		{"pro-high", "gemini-3-pro-preview", "high", true, "high"},
-		{"pro-minimal-invalid", "gemini-3-pro-preview", "minimal", false, ""},
-		{"pro-medium-invalid", "gemini-3-pro-preview", "medium", false, ""},
-
-		// Gemini 3 Flash: supports "minimal", "low", "medium", "high"
-		{"flash-minimal", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "minimal", true, "minimal"},
-		{"flash-low", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "low", true, "low"},
-		{"flash-medium", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "medium", true, "medium"},
-		{"flash-high", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "high", true, "high"},
-
-		// Case insensitivity
-		{"flash-LOW-case", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "LOW", true, "low"},
-		{"flash-High-case", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "High", true, "high"},
-		{"pro-HIGH-case", "gemini-3-pro-preview", "HIGH", true, "high"},
-
-		// Invalid levels
-		{"flash-invalid", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "xhigh", false, ""},
-		{"flash-invalid-auto", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "auto", false, ""},
-		{"flash-empty", "gemini-3-flash-preview", "", false, ""},
-
-		// Non-Gemini 3 models
-		{"non-gemini3", "gemini-2.5-pro", "high", false, ""},
-		{"gpt5", "gpt-5", "high", false, ""},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, ok := util.ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(cs.model, cs.level)
-			if ok != cs.wantOK {
-				t.Fatalf("ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(%q, %q) ok = %v, want %v", cs.model, cs.level, ok, cs.wantOK)
-			}
-			if got != cs.wantVal {
-				t.Fatalf("ValidateGemini3ThinkingLevel(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", cs.model, cs.level, got, cs.wantVal)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name    string
-		model   string
-		budget  int
-		wantOK  bool
-		wantVal string
-	}{
-		// Gemini 3 Pro: maps to "low" or "high"
-		{"pro-dynamic", "gemini-3-pro-preview", -1, true, "high"},
-		{"pro-zero", "gemini-3-pro-preview", 0, true, "low"},
-		{"pro-small", "gemini-3-pro-preview", 1000, true, "low"},
-		{"pro-medium", "gemini-3-pro-preview", 8000, true, "low"},
-		{"pro-large", "gemini-3-pro-preview", 20000, true, "high"},
-		{"pro-huge", "gemini-3-pro-preview", 50000, true, "high"},
-
-		// Gemini 3 Flash: maps to "minimal", "low", "medium", "high"
-		{"flash-dynamic", "gemini-3-flash-preview", -1, true, "high"},
-		{"flash-zero", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 0, true, "minimal"},
-		{"flash-tiny", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 500, true, "minimal"},
-		{"flash-small", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 1000, true, "low"},
-		{"flash-medium-val", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 8000, true, "medium"},
-		{"flash-large", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 20000, true, "high"},
-		{"flash-huge", "gemini-3-flash-preview", 50000, true, "high"},
-
-		// Non-Gemini 3 models should return false
-		{"gemini25-budget", "gemini-2.5-pro", 8000, false, ""},
-		{"gpt5-budget", "gpt-5", 8000, false, ""},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, ok := util.ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(cs.model, cs.budget)
-			if ok != cs.wantOK {
-				t.Fatalf("ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(%q, %d) ok = %v, want %v", cs.model, cs.budget, ok, cs.wantOK)
-			}
-			if got != cs.wantVal {
-				t.Fatalf("ThinkingBudgetToGemini3Level(%q, %d) = %q, want %q", cs.model, cs.budget, got, cs.wantVal)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(t *testing.T) {
-	cleanup := registerGemini3Models(t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name         string
-		model        string
-		metadata     map[string]any
-		inputBody    string
-		wantLevel    string
-		wantInclude  bool
-		wantNoChange bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "flash-minimal-from-suffix",
-			model:       "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "minimal"},
-			inputBody:   `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "minimal",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "flash-medium-from-suffix",
-			model:       "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "medium"},
-			inputBody:   `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "medium",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "pro-high-from-suffix",
-			model:       "gemini-3-pro-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "high"},
-			inputBody:   `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "high",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "no-metadata-no-change",
-			model:        "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:     nil,
-			inputBody:    `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}`,
-			wantNoChange: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "non-gemini3-no-change",
-			model:        "gemini-2.5-pro",
-			metadata:     map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "high"},
-			inputBody:    `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"thinkingBudget":-1}}}`,
-			wantNoChange: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "invalid-level-no-change",
-			model:        "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:     map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "xhigh"},
-			inputBody:    `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}`,
-			wantNoChange: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			input := []byte(cs.inputBody)
-			result := util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadata(cs.model, cs.metadata, input)
-
-			if cs.wantNoChange {
-				if string(result) != cs.inputBody {
-					t.Fatalf("expected no change, but got: %s", string(result))
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			level := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
-			if !level.Exists() {
-				t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel not set in result: %s", string(result))
-			}
-			if level.String() != cs.wantLevel {
-				t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel = %q, want %q", level.String(), cs.wantLevel)
-			}
-
-			include := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts")
-			if cs.wantInclude && (!include.Exists() || !include.Bool()) {
-				t.Fatalf("includeThoughts should be true, got: %s", string(result))
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(t *testing.T) {
-	cleanup := registerGemini3Models(t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name         string
-		model        string
-		metadata     map[string]any
-		inputBody    string
-		wantLevel    string
-		wantInclude  bool
-		wantNoChange bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:        "flash-minimal-from-suffix-cli",
-			model:       "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "minimal"},
-			inputBody:   `{"request":{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "minimal",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "flash-low-from-suffix-cli",
-			model:       "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "low"},
-			inputBody:   `{"request":{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "low",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "pro-low-from-suffix-cli",
-			model:       "gemini-3-pro-preview",
-			metadata:    map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "low"},
-			inputBody:   `{"request":{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}}`,
-			wantLevel:   "low",
-			wantInclude: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "no-metadata-no-change-cli",
-			model:        "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			metadata:     nil,
-			inputBody:    `{"request":{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"includeThoughts":true}}}}`,
-			wantNoChange: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:         "non-gemini3-no-change-cli",
-			model:        "gemini-2.5-pro",
-			metadata:     map[string]any{"reasoning_effort": "high"},
-			inputBody:    `{"request":{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"thinkingBudget":-1}}}}`,
-			wantNoChange: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			input := []byte(cs.inputBody)
-			result := util.ApplyGemini3ThinkingLevelFromMetadataCLI(cs.model, cs.metadata, input)
-
-			if cs.wantNoChange {
-				if string(result) != cs.inputBody {
-					t.Fatalf("expected no change, but got: %s", string(result))
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			level := gjson.GetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
-			if !level.Exists() {
-				t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel not set in result: %s", string(result))
-			}
-			if level.String() != cs.wantLevel {
-				t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel = %q, want %q", level.String(), cs.wantLevel)
-			}
-
-			include := gjson.GetBytes(result, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts")
-			if cs.wantInclude && (!include.Exists() || !include.Bool()) {
-				t.Fatalf("includeThoughts should be true, got: %s", string(result))
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget_Gemini3Conversion(t *testing.T) {
-	cleanup := registerGemini3Models(t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name       string
-		model      string
-		inputBody  string
-		wantLevel  string
-		wantBudget bool // if true, expect thinkingBudget instead of thinkingLevel
-	}{
-		{
-			name:      "gemini3-flash-budget-to-level",
-			model:     "gemini-3-flash-preview",
-			inputBody: `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"thinkingBudget":8000}}}`,
-			wantLevel: "medium",
-		},
-		{
-			name:      "gemini3-pro-budget-to-level",
-			model:     "gemini-3-pro-preview",
-			inputBody: `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"thinkingBudget":20000}}}`,
-			wantLevel: "high",
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "gemini25-keeps-budget",
-			model:      "gemini-2.5-pro",
-			inputBody:  `{"generationConfig":{"thinkingConfig":{"thinkingBudget":8000}}}`,
-			wantBudget: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, cs := range cases {
-		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result := util.NormalizeGeminiThinkingBudget(cs.model, []byte(cs.inputBody))
-
-			if cs.wantBudget {
-				budget := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
-				if !budget.Exists() {
-					t.Fatalf("thinkingBudget should exist for non-Gemini3 model: %s", string(result))
-				}
-				level := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
-				if level.Exists() {
-					t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel should not exist for non-Gemini3 model: %s", string(result))
-				}
-			} else {
-				level := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel")
-				if !level.Exists() {
-					t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel should exist for Gemini3 model: %s", string(result))
-				}
-				if level.String() != cs.wantLevel {
-					t.Fatalf("thinkingLevel = %q, want %q", level.String(), cs.wantLevel)
-				}
-				budget := gjson.GetBytes(result, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget")
-				if budget.Exists() {
-					t.Fatalf("thinkingBudget should be removed for Gemini3 model: %s", string(result))
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}