diff --git a/docs/PL导出与辐射定标.md b/docs/PL导出与辐射定标.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..544c061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PL导出与辐射定标.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# PL、ABS 保存与辐射定标
+
+## 输出文件
+
+菜单导出、快速保存和每轮自动保存共用同一规则。样品名称为 `sample`、启用三个激发通道时：
+
+- `sample_532.csv`、`sample_577.csv`、`sample_671.csv`：各通道的设备采集 Counts。A1 为波长，B1 分别为 `sample_532 (Count)` 等；C、D 列记录测试信息。
+- `sample_PL.csv`：客户 PL 汇总模板，包括三个通道的 W/nm 及三个通道的原始 Counts。
+- `sample_ABS.csv`：客户 ABS 汇总模板，包括拼接、近红外和可见光吸光度。只有实际存在吸光度结果时输出。
+
+未启用的通道不生成单独文件，汇总对应列留空。PL 与 ABS 保持两份汇总文件，不合并工作簿。重复保存时整组使用同一个递增序号，例如 `sample_532_002.csv`、`sample_PL_002.csv`。导出多轮历史数据时另外使用 Loop 编号。采集时间记录在文件内，不自动加入文件名。已有文件不会覆盖。
+
+样品名称末尾自带 `_PL` 或 `_ABS` 时原样保留。当前“导入光谱数据”只支持单条 Counts 曲线；PL、ABS 多曲线汇总文件会明确拒绝导入，避免把 W/nm 或 OD 数值误标为 Counts。回读原始数据请选择各激发波长单独保存的文件。
+
+新单通道文件回读时从 B1 恢复激发波长，可以继续导出 Counts 和 PL 汇总。无法识别激发波长的旧通用单谱不会生成空 PL 文件，而是提示无法识别通道。普通连续和定时连续都会保留本次会话已完成的各轮结果，即使关闭自动保存，停止后仍可导出各轮文件；开始新会话会清除上一会话的历史。
+
+原始 Counts 是 SDK 返回、按配置波长范围截取的数据，未扣纯水背景、未进行软件平滑；SDK 的平均及 Boxcar 等采集设置仍适用。显示继续使用扣除纯水背景的结果。历史数据若未保留原始 Counts，不会将扣背景后的数据冒充原始数据。
+
+## W/nm 换算
+
+按客户提供的公式逐像素计算：
+
+`功率谱密度 = (样品Counts - 独立暗谱Counts) × C / (像素带宽nm × 积分时间秒)`
+
+此处系数 C 的量纲必须为 **J/count**，等价于 W·s/count；除以 nm 和 s 后得到 W/nm。供应商系数若已经包含积分时间、像素带宽或使用其他单位，必须先适配到此约定，不能重复归一化。图片中系数单位文字与公式量纲不一致，以公式及最终 W/nm 为准。
+
+不以平均次数乘积分时间代替 t：当前采集参数表示多次读数平均。使用各激光该轮实际请求的积分时间并从 ms 除以 1000 转为 s。当前 SeaSDK 适配器积分时间上限为 10000 ms；超过该范围时不生成换算数据，防止使用被硬件截断之前的请求值计算。
+
+使用每个像素的定标带宽，不把仪器的光学分辨率直接当作像素带宽。保留负值。输出使用足够有效数字，避免小功率数值被四位小数舍入成零。这里计算的是光谱功率密度，不是样品的荧光量子产率百分比。
+
+## 导入和测量
+
+1. 切换为开发者，为荧光模块绑定实际光谱仪，在原上方菜单位置选择“文件 → PL换算参数”。普通用户和管理员不显示该入口；采集或校准期间不能修改。
+   窗口中可以查看、修改定标编号、定标时的增益/Boxcar/暗噪声条件，以及各像素的 C（J/count）和像素带宽（nm）。系数支持 `1e-12` 等科学计数法；“统一 C / 统一带宽 → 应用全部”只修改当前草稿，各像素也可分别编辑。点击“保存参数”后持久化，取消或关闭窗口不生效。积分时间仍自动取各激光的采集设置，单位由 ms 换算为 s，不在此处重复填写。
+   已有 JSON 可通过窗口内“从文件载入”填入草稿，再检查并保存。允许只覆盖实际测量范围的合法像素子集。旧参数文件损坏或不适配当前设备像素时，仍可打开窗口修复，保存前不会覆盖原文件。
+2. 定标文件必须匹配设备序列号、增益、Boxcar 和暗噪声设置；必须覆盖测量所用像素波长。波长严格按像素匹配，不插值或外推系数。
+3. 导入后执行自动校准。软件先关闭所有激光和 shutter，将六槽轮切至第 5 档，按各启用激光通道的积分时间采集独立暗谱，再恢复原档位并执行原有纯水背景校准。此模式需要六槽滤光轮。暗谱按设备、通道、完整采集参数和波长范围保存，不能用纯水背景代替。
+4. 换成样品并采集。原始 Counts、扣背景结果及换算结果在采集时分别保留；之后改变界面参数或导入其他系数，不会重算历史结果。
+5. 若缺少定标文件、暗谱或参数不匹配，仍保存原始 Counts，W/nm 列留空；界面警告及 PL 文件内记录具体原因。未导入定标文件时，原有纯水背景校准流程不增加暗谱动作。
+
+JSON 字段（大小写固定）：
+
+| 字段 | 内容 |
+| --- | --- |
+| DeviceSerialNumber | 光谱仪序列号，字符串 |
+| CalibrationId | 定标文件编号或版本，字符串，写入测量结果 |
+| InternalAnalogGainLevel | 对应请求增益档位，0 或 1 |
+| BoxcarWidth | 对应 Boxcar 参数，非负整数 |
+| DarkNoiseCorrection | 对应暗噪声设置，true 或 false |
+| WavelengthsNm | 严格递增的像素波长数组，nm |
+| FactorsJPerCount | 同长度的逐像素实际定标系数数组，J/count |
+| PixelBandwidthsNm | 同长度的逐像素实际带宽数组，nm |
+
+三组数组要求有限正数，不能用 1 或其他占位系数代替实际标定。定标文件保存在运行目录 `calibration/radiometric/`，荧光独立暗谱保存在对应 `calibration/fluorescence/<参数摘要>/dark.csv`。
+
+当前模拟增益硬件写入仍受 `ISSUES.md` 的临时禁用措施约束；SeaSDK 桌面适配器也尚未读取或应用实际硬件暗噪声模式。上述增益和暗噪声匹配检查只能校验请求值，不能证明实际硬件模式。转换状态会记录“实际硬件增益及暗噪声模式需人工确认”。正式测量需要确认实际硬件条件与供应商定标条件一致；本次不恢复增益写入，也不盲目改变硬件暗噪声参数。
+
+厂商资料说明绝对辐射定标针对光谱仪及所接光学系统，改变光纤或收光配置会使原定标失效：[Ocean Optics Calibration FAQs](https://www.oceanoptics.com/faq/calibration-faqs/)。用户需确保导入文件适用于当前整套光路。
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml b/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml
index 92daab0..3986630 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml
+++ b/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
       <MenuItem Header="文件">
         <MenuItem Header="导入光谱数据" Click="OnImportClick" />
         <MenuItem Header="导出光谱数据" Click="OnExportClick" />
+        <MenuItem Header="PL换算参数" Click="OnRadiometricSettingsClick"
+                  IsVisible="{Binding IsDeveloper}" />
         <MenuItem Header="拷贝光谱数据" Click="OnCopyClick" />
         <Separator />
         <MenuItem Header="光谱存为图片" Click="OnSaveImageClick" />
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml.cs b/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml.cs
index e215312..010d7a5 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/MainWindow.axaml.cs
@@ -237,6 +237,17 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
         }
     }
 
+    private async void OnRadiometricSettingsClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var draft = Vm.CreateRadiometricSettings();
+            var dialog = new Views.RadiometricSettingsDialog(Vm, draft);
+            await dialog.ShowDialog(this);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) { AppToastService.Error(ex.Message, "PL换算参数"); }
+    }
+
     private async void OnExportClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
     {
         var exportSeries = Vm.GetExportSeries();
@@ -286,13 +297,17 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
             return;
         }
 
-        var text = SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText(exportSeries);
-        var clipboard = GetTopLevel(this)?.Clipboard;
-        if (clipboard != null)
+        try
         {
-            await clipboard.SetTextAsync(text);
-            AppToastService.Success($"已复制 {exportSeries.Count} 组光谱到剪贴板");
+            var text = SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText(exportSeries);
+            var clipboard = GetTopLevel(this)?.Clipboard;
+            if (clipboard != null)
+            {
+                await clipboard.SetTextAsync(text);
+                AppToastService.Success($"已复制 {exportSeries.Count} 组光谱到剪贴板");
+            }
         }
+        catch (Exception ex) { AppToastService.Error(ex.Message, "复制失败"); }
     }
 
     private async void OnSaveImageClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Models/SpectrumData.cs b/src/RamanApp/Models/SpectrumData.cs
index 2d29b33..75fed12 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/Models/SpectrumData.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Models/SpectrumData.cs
@@ -10,13 +10,15 @@ public class SpectrumData
     public double[] Intensities { get; }
     public DateTime AcquiredAt { get; }
     public string Source { get; }
+    public string? ExcitationWavelengthNm { get; }
 
-    public SpectrumData(double[] wavelengths, double[] intensities, string source = "")
+    public SpectrumData(double[] wavelengths, double[] intensities, string source = "", string? excitationWavelengthNm = null)
     {
         Wavelengths = wavelengths;
         Intensities = intensities;
         AcquiredAt = DateTime.Now;
         Source = source;
+        ExcitationWavelengthNm = excitationWavelengthNm;
     }
 
     public double[] ToWavenumbers(double laserWavelengthNm)
@@ -174,7 +176,10 @@ public record SpectrumExportSeries(
     int? LoopIndex = null,
     DateTime? LoopTimestamp = null,
     string DataType = "Raw",
-    SpectrumExportMetadata? Metadata = null);
+    SpectrumExportMetadata? Metadata = null,
+    SpectrumData? OriginalCounts = null,
+    SpectrumData? RadiometricSpectrum = null,
+    string? RadiometricStatus = null);
 
 public sealed record SpectrumExportMetadata(
     DateTime? AcquiredAt,
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Services/CalibrationStore.cs b/src/RamanApp/Services/CalibrationStore.cs
index 294590e..c4085f0 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/Services/CalibrationStore.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Services/CalibrationStore.cs
@@ -35,6 +35,43 @@ public class CalibrationStore
     public bool HasFluorescenceBackground(FluorescenceCalibrationKey key)
         => File.Exists(Path.Combine(GetKeyDirectory("fluorescence", key), "background.csv"));
 
+    public void SaveFluorescenceDark(FluorescenceCalibrationKey key, SpectrumData spectrum)
+    {
+        var directory = GetKeyDirectory("fluorescence", key);
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        SpectrumFileService.ExportCsv(Path.Combine(directory, "dark.csv"), spectrum, 0);
+    }
+
+    public SpectrumData? LoadFluorescenceDark(FluorescenceCalibrationKey key)
+    {
+        var path = Path.Combine(GetKeyDirectory("fluorescence", key), "dark.csv");
+        return File.Exists(path) ? SpectrumFileService.ImportCsv(path) : null;
+    }
+
+    public void SaveRadiometricCalibration(RadiometricCalibration calibration)
+    {
+        calibration.Validate();
+        var directory = GetKeyDirectory("radiometric", calibration.DeviceSerialNumber.ToUpperInvariant());
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        var path = Path.Combine(directory, "calibration.json");
+        var temporary = path + "." + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + ".tmp";
+        try
+        {
+            File.WriteAllText(temporary, JsonSerializer.Serialize(calibration));
+            File.Move(temporary, path, true);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(temporary)) File.Delete(temporary);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public RadiometricCalibration? LoadRadiometricCalibration(string serialNumber)
+    {
+        var path = Path.Combine(GetKeyDirectory("radiometric", serialNumber.ToUpperInvariant()), "calibration.json");
+        return File.Exists(path) ? RadiometricCalibration.Read(path) : null;
+    }
+
     public void SaveStitchedAbsorbanceCalibration(
         AbsorbanceCalibrationKey key, SpectrumData reference, SpectrumData dark)
     {
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Services/RadiometricCalibration.cs b/src/RamanApp/Services/RadiometricCalibration.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e06327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Services/RadiometricCalibration.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using RamanApp.Models;
+
+namespace RamanApp.Services;
+
+/// <summary>Pixel factors in J/count; bandwidths in nm. Output: W/nm.</summary>
+public sealed record RadiometricCalibration(
+    string DeviceSerialNumber,
+    string CalibrationId,
+    int InternalAnalogGainLevel,
+    int BoxcarWidth,
+    bool DarkNoiseCorrection,
+    double[] WavelengthsNm,
+    double[] FactorsJPerCount,
+    double[] PixelBandwidthsNm)
+{
+    public static RadiometricCalibration Read(string path)
+    {
+        var calibration = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RadiometricCalibration>(File.ReadAllText(path))
+            ?? throw new InvalidDataException("辐射定标文件为空");
+        calibration.Validate();
+        return calibration;
+    }
+
+    public void Validate()
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(DeviceSerialNumber) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(CalibrationId)
+            || WavelengthsNm == null || FactorsJPerCount == null || PixelBandwidthsNm == null
+            || WavelengthsNm.Length == 0 || FactorsJPerCount.Length != WavelengthsNm.Length
+            || PixelBandwidthsNm.Length != WavelengthsNm.Length
+            || InternalAnalogGainLevel is < 0 or > 1 || BoxcarWidth < 0)
+            throw new InvalidDataException("辐射定标文件的设备、编号、参数或像素数组无效");
+        for (int i = 0; i < WavelengthsNm.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (!double.IsFinite(WavelengthsNm[i]) || WavelengthsNm[i] <= 0
+                || (i > 0 && WavelengthsNm[i] <= WavelengthsNm[i - 1])
+                || !double.IsFinite(FactorsJPerCount[i]) || FactorsJPerCount[i] <= 0
+                || !double.IsFinite(PixelBandwidthsNm[i]) || PixelBandwidthsNm[i] <= 0)
+                throw new InvalidDataException("辐射定标波长必须递增，系数及像素带宽必须为有限正数");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SpectrumData Convert(SpectrumData sample, SpectrumData dark,
+        string serialNumber, SpectrometerSettings settings)
+    {
+        Validate();
+        if (!string.Equals(DeviceSerialNumber, serialNumber, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || settings.InternalAnalogGainLevel != InternalAnalogGainLevel
+            || settings.BoxcarWidth != BoxcarWidth || settings.DarkNoiseCorrection != DarkNoiseCorrection)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("辐射定标的设备或增益、Boxcar、暗噪声设置不匹配，请重新导入适用的定标文件");
+        if (settings.IntegrationTimeMs <= 0 || settings.IntegrationTimeMs > 10_000 || sample.Wavelengths.Length == 0
+            || sample.Intensities.Length != sample.Wavelengths.Length
+            || dark.Intensities.Length != dark.Wavelengths.Length
+            || !sample.Wavelengths.SequenceEqual(dark.Wavelengths))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("PL 原始数据与暗谱像素不匹配或积分时间无效，请重新自动校准");
+        double seconds = settings.IntegrationTimeMs / 1000.0;
+        var values = new double[sample.Wavelengths.Length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
+        {
+            int pixel = Array.BinarySearch(WavelengthsNm, sample.Wavelengths[i]);
+            if (pixel < 0)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("辐射定标文件未覆盖当前像素波长，不允许外推系数");
+            values[i] = (sample.Intensities[i] - dark.Intensities[i])
+                * FactorsJPerCount[pixel] / (PixelBandwidthsNm[pixel] * seconds);
+            if (!double.IsFinite(values[i]))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("PL 辐射定标产生无效数值");
+        }
+        return new SpectrumData(sample.Wavelengths.ToArray(), values, "radiometric-W-per-nm");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Services/SpectrumFileService.cs b/src/RamanApp/Services/SpectrumFileService.cs
index 02ade76..d3bb9bb 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/Services/SpectrumFileService.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Services/SpectrumFileService.cs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ namespace RamanApp.Services;
 
 public static class SpectrumFileService
 {
+    private static readonly object ExportGate = new();
     public static IReadOnlyList<string> ExportCustomerTemplates(
         string directory,
         string baseFileName,
@@ -20,16 +21,17 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
 
         Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
         string stem = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(baseFileName);
-        if (stem.EndsWith("_PL", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-            || stem.EndsWith("_ABS", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            stem = stem[..^3];
 
         var groups = series
             .GroupBy(item => item.LoopIndex)
             .OrderBy(group => group.Key ?? 0)
             .ToArray();
         bool appendLoop = groups.Length > 1;
-        var paths = new List<string>();
+        stem = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(stem) ? "spectrum" : stem;
+        stem = new string(stem.Select(c => Path.GetInvalidFileNameChars().Contains(c) ? '_' : c).ToArray())
+            .Trim().TrimEnd('.');
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(stem)) stem = "spectrum";
+        var outputs = new List<(string Suffix, string Content)>();
 
         foreach (var group in groups)
         {
@@ -49,22 +51,89 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
 
             if (plItems.Length > 0)
             {
-                string path = Path.Combine(directory, $"{stem}{loopSuffix}_PL.csv");
-                WriteAllTextAtomic(path, BuildPlTemplate(plItems));
-                paths.Add(path);
+                foreach (string laser in new[] { "532", "577", "671" })
+                {
+                    var item = FindSeries(plItems, entry => GetLaserLabel(entry) == laser
+                        && !IsRadiometricallyCalibrated(entry));
+                    if (item != null)
+                        outputs.Add(($"{loopSuffix}_{laser}", BuildSinglePlTemplate(stem, laser, item)));
+                }
+                outputs.Add(($"{loopSuffix}_PL", BuildPlTemplate(plItems)));
             }
 
             if (absorbanceItems.Length > 0)
             {
-                string path = Path.Combine(directory, $"{stem}{loopSuffix}_ABS.csv");
-                WriteAllTextAtomic(path, BuildAbsTemplate(absorbanceItems));
-                paths.Add(path);
+                outputs.Add(($"{loopSuffix}_ABS", BuildAbsTemplate(absorbanceItems)));
             }
         }
 
-        if (paths.Count == 0)
+        if (outputs.Count == 0)
             throw new InvalidDataException("当前数据无法匹配 PL 或 ABS 导出模板");
-        return paths;
+        lock (ExportGate)
+        {
+            int sequence = 1;
+            string Name((string Suffix, string Content) output) => Path.Combine(directory,
+                $"{stem}{output.Suffix}{(sequence == 1 ? "" : $"_{sequence:D3}")}.csv");
+            while (outputs.Any(output => File.Exists(Name(output)))) sequence++;
+            var paths = new List<string>();
+            try
+            {
+                foreach (var output in outputs)
+                {
+                    string path = Name(output);
+                    using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.CreateNew, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None);
+                    paths.Add(path);
+                    using var writer = new StreamWriter(stream, new UTF8Encoding(true));
+                    writer.Write(output.Content);
+                }
+                return paths;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                foreach (string path in paths)
+                {
+                    try { File.Delete(path); } catch { /* Preserve the write error. */ }
+                }
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static SpectrumData? GetOriginalCounts(SpectrumExportSeries series)
+        => series.OriginalCounts ?? (series.Spectrum.Source == "fluorescence-background-corrected"
+            ? null : series.Spectrum);
+
+    private static string BuildSinglePlTemplate(string sampleName, string laser, SpectrumExportSeries series)
+    {
+        var sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.AppendLine($"波长,{EscapeCsv($"{sampleName}_{laser} (Count)")},参数,值");
+        var metadata = series.Metadata;
+        var conditions = new (string Name, string Value)[]
+        {
+            ("样品名称", metadata?.SampleName ?? sampleName),
+            ("激发波长 (nm)", laser),
+            ("采集时间", (metadata?.AcquiredAt ?? series.Spectrum.AcquiredAt).ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.fff")),
+            ("设备", metadata?.DeviceName ?? series.DeviceName),
+            ("序列号", metadata?.DeviceSerialNumber ?? ""),
+            ("积分时间 (ms)", metadata?.IntegrationTimeMs ?? ""),
+            ("平均次数", metadata?.AverageCount ?? ""),
+            ("Boxcar", metadata?.BoxcarWidth ?? ""),
+            ("请求增益", metadata?.InternalAnalogGain ?? ""),
+            ("滤光轮", metadata?.FilterWheelPositions ?? ""),
+            ("数据", "设备采集 Counts，未扣纯水背景、未做软件平滑；保留采集时SDK设置"),
+            ("PL换算", series.RadiometricStatus ?? "未提供辐射定标数据"),
+        };
+        var original = GetOriginalCounts(series);
+        int count = Math.Max(original?.Wavelengths.Length ?? 0, conditions.Length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            string x = original != null && i < original.Wavelengths.Length ? FormatNumber(original.Wavelengths[i]) : "";
+            string y = original != null && i < original.Intensities.Length ? FormatNumber(original.Intensities[i]) : "";
+            sb.AppendLine(string.Join(",", new[] { x, y,
+                i < conditions.Length ? conditions[i].Name : "",
+                i < conditions.Length ? conditions[i].Value : "" }.Select(EscapeCsv)));
+        }
+        return sb.ToString();
     }
 
     public static void ExportCsv(string path, SpectrumData spectrum, double laserWavelengthNm,
@@ -88,13 +157,13 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
             if (smoothedSpectrum != null && i < smoothedSpectrum.Intensities.Length)
             {
                 sb.AppendLine(string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                    "{0:F4},{1:F4},{2:F4}",
+                    "{0:G17},{1:G17},{2:G17}",
                     spectrum.Wavelengths[i], spectrum.Intensities[i], smoothedSpectrum.Intensities[i]));
             }
             else
             {
                 sb.AppendLine(string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                    "{0:F4},{1:F4}", spectrum.Wavelengths[i], spectrum.Intensities[i]));
+                    "{0:G17},{1:G17}", spectrum.Wavelengths[i], spectrum.Intensities[i]));
             }
         }
 
@@ -113,14 +182,27 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
         var wavelengths = new List<double>();
         var intensities = new List<double>();
         string source = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(path);
+        string? excitationWavelength = null;
 
         foreach (var line in File.ReadLines(path, Encoding.UTF8))
         {
             var trimmed = line.Trim();
             if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(trimmed) || trimmed.StartsWith('#'))
                 continue;
-            if (trimmed.StartsWith("Wavelength", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (trimmed.StartsWith("波长,", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                var matches = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Matches(trimmed, @"_(532|577|671) \(Count\)");
+                if (matches.Count > 0) excitationWavelength = matches[^1].Groups[1].Value;
                 continue;
+            }
+            if (trimmed.StartsWith("Wavelength", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (trimmed.Contains("-PL", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    || trimmed.Contains("-raw", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    || trimmed.Contains("ABS-", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    throw new InvalidDataException("PL/ABS 汇总文件包含多条曲线及不同单位，不能作为单条 Counts 导入；请选择按激发波长单独保存的 Counts 文件");
+                continue;
+            }
 
             var parts = trimmed.Split([',', '\t', ' '], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
             if (parts.Length >= 2
@@ -135,7 +217,7 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
         if (wavelengths.Count == 0)
             throw new InvalidDataException("文件中未找到有效的光谱数据");
 
-        return new SpectrumData([.. wavelengths], [.. intensities], source);
+        return new SpectrumData([.. wavelengths], [.. intensities], source, excitationWavelength);
     }
 
     public static string ToClipboardText(SpectrumData spectrum, SpectrumData? smoothedSpectrum = null)
@@ -197,11 +279,25 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
                 && !IsRadiometricallyCalibrated(item)));
         var calibrated = lasers.ToDictionary(
             laser => laser,
-            laser => FindSeries(series, item => GetLaserLabel(item) == laser
-                && IsRadiometricallyCalibrated(item)));
+            laser =>
+            {
+                var item = raw[laser];
+                return item?.RadiometricSpectrum != null
+                    ? item with { Spectrum = item.RadiometricSpectrum, SmoothedSpectrum = null }
+                    : FindSeries(series, entry => GetLaserLabel(entry) == laser
+                        && entry.Metadata?.IntensityUnit == "W/nm");
+            });
+        foreach (var laser in lasers)
+        {
+            var item = raw[laser];
+            raw[laser] = item != null && GetOriginalCounts(item) is SpectrumData original
+                ? item with { Spectrum = original, SmoothedSpectrum = null } : null;
+        }
+        if (!series.Any(item => GetLaserLabel(item) is "532" or "577" or "671"))
+            throw new InvalidDataException("没有可导出的 PL 数据或无法识别激发波长，请使用带532、577或671通道信息的光谱文件");
 
         sb.AppendLine("Wavelength,532-PL,577-PL,671-PL,,532-raw,577-raw,671-raw");
-        sb.AppendLine("nm,pW/nm,pW/nm,pW/nm,,Counts,Counts,Counts");
+        sb.AppendLine("nm,W/nm,W/nm,W/nm,,Counts,Counts,Counts");
 
         var wavelengths = CollectWavelengths(raw.Values.Concat(calibrated.Values));
         foreach (double wavelength in wavelengths)
@@ -283,6 +379,15 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
                 sb.AppendLine($"# {laser} Integration time: {item?.Metadata?.IntegrationTimeMs ?? ""} ms,,{processingCell},,,,");
             }
             sb.AppendLine($"# Averaging time: {first?.AverageCount ?? ""},,,,,,");
+            foreach (var laser in lasers)
+            {
+                var item = FindSeries(series, entry => GetLaserLabel(entry) == laser);
+                if (item == null) continue;
+                sb.AppendLine($"# {laser} PL conversion: {EscapeCsv(item.RadiometricStatus ?? "未提供辐射定标数据，W/nm 列为空")},,,,,,,");
+                if (GetOriginalCounts(item) == null)
+                    sb.AppendLine($"# {laser} raw: 历史结果没有保留设备原始Counts，raw列为空,,,,,,,");
+            }
+            sb.AppendLine("# raw: 设备采集Counts，未扣纯水背景、未做软件平滑；W/nm使用独立暗谱校正,,,,,,,");
         }
         else
         {
@@ -372,7 +477,7 @@ public static class SpectrumFileService
         => candidates.Any(candidate => value.Contains(candidate, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
 
     private static string FormatNumber(double value)
-        => value.ToString("0.####", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+        => value.ToString("G17", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
 
     private static void AppendWideTable(StringBuilder sb, IReadOnlyList<SpectrumExportSeries> series,
         string delimiter, Func<string, string> escape)
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/AcquisitionViewModel.cs b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/AcquisitionViewModel.cs
index 4d3591e..ded8f7e 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/AcquisitionViewModel.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/AcquisitionViewModel.cs
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ public partial class AcquisitionViewModel : ObservableObject
         var token = _activeCts.Token;
         IsContinuousSessionActive = true;
         StartProgress("连续");
+        OnContinuousStarted?.Invoke(0, 0);
         int cycleIndex = 0;
         int saveFailureCount = 0;
 
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.Calibration.cs b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.Calibration.cs
index aedc707..6715b2b 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.Calibration.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.Calibration.cs
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel
             throw new InvalidOperationException("请至少启用一个荧光激光通道");
         var fluorescencePlans = lasers.Select(laser =>
             (Laser: laser, Settings: CreateFluorescenceSettings(fluorescence, laser))).ToArray();
+        bool collectRadiometricDark = calibrateFluorescence
+            && _calibrationStore.LoadRadiometricCalibration(fluorescence.SelectedDevice!.SerialNumber) != null;
+        var fluorescenceDarkWheel = collectRadiometricDark ? Ello.GetAbsorbanceCalibrationWheel() : null;
         EasyTtl.ValidateShutterChannel();
 
         SpectroscopyModuleViewModel[] absorptionModules =
@@ -52,15 +55,45 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel
             wheel = Ello.GetAbsorbanceCalibrationWheel();
         }
 
-        Acquisition.BeginProgressSteps(lasers.Count + (calibrateAbsorbance ? 6 : 0) + 2);
+        Acquisition.BeginProgressSteps(lasers.Count + (calibrateAbsorbance ? 6 : 0) + 2
+            + (collectRadiometricDark ? lasers.Count + 2 : 0));
         int restoreSlot = wheel?.CurrentSlot ?? 6;
         bool wheelMoved = false;
         var backgrounds = new List<(FluorescenceCalibrationKey Key, SpectrumData Spectrum)>();
+        var fluorescenceDarks = new List<(FluorescenceCalibrationKey Key, SpectrumData Spectrum)>();
         IReadOnlyList<ModuleAcquisitionResult> references = [];
         IReadOnlyList<ModuleAcquisitionResult> darks = [];
         try
         {
             await TurnOffAllLasersAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+            if (fluorescenceDarkWheel != null)
+            {
+                int originalSlot = fluorescenceDarkWheel.CurrentSlot ?? 6;
+                try
+                {
+                    ReportCalibrationStage("关闭激光和 shutter，第5档采集 PL 独立暗谱");
+                    await EasyTtl.CloseShutterAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+                    await Ello.MoveAbsorbanceWheelAsync(fluorescenceDarkWheel, 5, cancellationToken);
+                    Acquisition.CompleteProgressStep();
+                    foreach (var plan in fluorescencePlans)
+                    {
+                        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                        var result = await AcquireModuleAsync(fluorescence, AcquisitionTarget.Dark,
+                            plan.Laser.SelectedChannel.Channel, plan.Laser.DisplayName, cancellationToken,
+                            settingsOverride: plan.Settings)
+                            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("PL 暗谱没有有效波长数据");
+                        fluorescenceDarks.Add((CreateFluorescenceKey(fluorescence,
+                            plan.Laser.SelectedChannel.Channel, plan.Laser.DisplayName, plan.Settings), result.Spectrum));
+                        Acquisition.CompleteProgressStep();
+                    }
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    await EasyTtl.CloseShutterAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+                    await Ello.MoveAbsorbanceWheelAsync(fluorescenceDarkWheel, originalSlot, CancellationToken.None);
+                }
+                Acquisition.CompleteProgressStep();
+            }
             foreach (var plan in fluorescencePlans)
             {
                 var laser = plan.Laser;
@@ -131,6 +164,8 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel
 
         foreach (var background in backgrounds)
             _calibrationStore.SaveFluorescenceBackground(background.Key, background.Spectrum);
+        foreach (var dark in fluorescenceDarks)
+            _calibrationStore.SaveFluorescenceDark(dark.Key, dark.Spectrum);
         foreach (var result in references)
             _lightByModule[result.ModuleKind] = result.Spectrum;
         foreach (var result in darks)
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs
index 69fb458..97171da 100644
--- a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs
+++ b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs
@@ -112,7 +112,10 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
         string AcquisitionMode,
         int? LoopTotal,
         int? ContinuousIntervalMs,
-        string FilterWheelPositions);
+        string FilterWheelPositions,
+        SpectrumData? OriginalCounts = null,
+        SpectrumData? RadiometricSpectrum = null,
+        string? RadiometricStatus = null);
 
     private sealed record LoopAcquisitionFrame(
         int LoopIndex,
@@ -217,6 +220,48 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
     public Task InitializeStartupHardwareAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
         => Ello.InitializeStartupAsync(cancellationToken);
 
+    public void ImportRadiometricCalibration(string path)
+        => SaveRadiometricCalibration(RadiometricCalibration.Read(path));
+
+    private void EnsureRadiometricParametersEditable()
+    {
+        if (!IsDeveloper)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("仅开发者可以修改 PL 换算参数");
+        if (Acquisition.IsAcquiring)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("采集或校准期间不能修改 PL 换算参数");
+    }
+
+    public RadiometricSettingsViewModel CreateRadiometricSettings()
+    {
+        EnsureRadiometricParametersEditable();
+        var module = DeviceSettings.Fluorescence;
+        var device = module.SelectedDevice
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("请先为荧光模块绑定光谱仪");
+        var draft = new RadiometricSettingsViewModel(device.SerialNumber, device.GetWavelengths(),
+            module.ToSettings(), null);
+        try
+        {
+            var calibration = _calibrationStore.LoadRadiometricCalibration(device.SerialNumber);
+            if (calibration != null) draft.Load(calibration);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or InvalidDataException or System.Text.Json.JsonException)
+        {
+            draft.Status = $"已有参数未能载入：{ex.Message}。可重新填写或从文件载入，保存前不会覆盖已有文件。";
+        }
+        return draft;
+    }
+
+    public void SaveRadiometricCalibration(RadiometricCalibration calibration)
+    {
+        EnsureRadiometricParametersEditable();
+        var device = DeviceSettings.Fluorescence.SelectedDevice
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("请先为荧光模块绑定光谱仪");
+        if (!string.Equals(calibration.DeviceSerialNumber, device.SerialNumber, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("定标参数序列号与当前荧光光谱仪不一致");
+        _calibrationStore.SaveRadiometricCalibration(calibration);
+        AppToastService.Success("PL 换算参数已保存");
+    }
+
     private void OnModulePropertyChanged(SpectroscopyModuleViewModel module, string? propertyName)
     {
         if (propertyName is nameof(SpectroscopyModuleViewModel.IntegrationTimeMs)
@@ -406,18 +451,9 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
         {
             int? loopIndex = context.AcquisitionMode == "单次" ? null : context.CycleIndex;
             var exportSeries = BuildExportSeriesForResults(results, loopIndex, completedAt);
-            string suffix = context.AcquisitionMode switch
-            {
-                "定时连续" => $"_Loop{Math.Max(1, context.CycleIndex):D3}",
-                "连续" => $"_Run{Math.Max(1, context.CycleIndex):D3}",
-                _ => "",
-            };
-            string fileStem = $"{SanitizeFileName(context.SampleName)}_" +
-                context.StartedAt.ToString("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss_fff", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture) + suffix;
-            string path = GetUniqueCsvPath(context.SaveDirectory, fileStem);
             var savedPaths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(
                 context.SaveDirectory,
-                Path.GetFileName(path),
+                SanitizeFileName(context.SampleName) + ".csv",
                 exportSeries);
             Log.Information(
                 "Spectrum auto saved sample={SampleName} mode={Mode} cycle={Cycle} paths={Paths}",
@@ -536,9 +572,28 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
                     spectrum.Intensities.Select(value => value * 0.1).ToArray(), "simulated-pure-water");
         }
 
+        SpectrumData? originalCounts = null;
+        SpectrumData? radiometric = null;
+        string? radiometricStatus = null;
         if (target == AcquisitionTarget.Sample && module.Kind == SpectroscopyModuleKind.Fluorescence)
         {
+            originalCounts = spectrum;
             var key = CreateFluorescenceKey(module, laserChannel!.Value, laserName, settings);
+            try
+            {
+                var calibration = _calibrationStore.LoadRadiometricCalibration(device.SerialNumber)
+                    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("未导入 PL 辐射定标系数，W/nm 列未生成");
+                var dark = _calibrationStore.LoadFluorescenceDark(key)
+                    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("缺少匹配的 PL 暗谱，请在导入定标文件后重新自动校准");
+                radiometric = calibration.Convert(originalCounts, dark, device.SerialNumber, settings);
+                radiometricStatus = $"已转换 W/nm; 定标编号={calibration.CalibrationId}; (S-D)*C/(带宽*积分秒数); 实际硬件增益及暗噪声模式需人工确认";
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is InvalidOperationException or InvalidDataException
+                or IOException or System.Text.Json.JsonException)
+            {
+                radiometricStatus = ex.Message;
+                AppToastService.Warning($"{laserName} nm: {radiometricStatus}");
+            }
             var background = _calibrationStore.LoadFluorescenceBackground(key)
                 ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"{laserName} nm 缺少当前参数的纯水背景，请先执行自动校准");
             spectrum = SpectrumProcessor.SubtractFluorescenceBackground(spectrum, background);
@@ -567,7 +622,10 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
             GetCurrentAcquisitionMode(),
             Acquisition.IsContinuousRunActive ? Acquisition.CurrentLoopTotal : null,
             Acquisition.IsContinuousRunActive ? Acquisition.ContinuousIntervalMs : null,
-            GetFilterWheelPositionSummary());
+            GetFilterWheelPositionSummary(),
+            originalCounts,
+            radiometric,
+            radiometricStatus);
     }
 
     private SpectrumData? ApplyEffectiveWavelengthRange(
@@ -594,7 +652,7 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
 
     private async Task<AcquisitionCycleResult> AcquireOnceAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        if (!Acquisition.IsContinuousRunActive)
+        if (!Acquisition.IsContinuousSessionActive)
             _loopFrames.Clear();
 
         var frameStartedAt = DateTime.Now;
@@ -702,7 +760,7 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
         }
 
         var frameCompletedAt = DateTime.Now;
-        if (Acquisition.IsContinuousRunActive)
+        if (Acquisition.IsContinuousSessionActive)
         {
             _loopFrames.Add(new LoopAcquisitionFrame(
                 Acquisition.CurrentLoopIndex,
@@ -1256,10 +1314,9 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
                 : Path.GetFullPath(Acquisition.SaveDirectory);
             Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
             string fileStem = GetSuggestedExportFileName(exportSeries);
-            string path = GetUniqueCsvPath(directory, fileStem);
             var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(
                 directory,
-                Path.GetFileName(path),
+                fileStem + ".csv",
                 exportSeries);
             AppToastService.Success($"已快速保存 {string.Join("、", paths.Select(Path.GetFileName))}");
         }
@@ -1308,7 +1365,7 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
                 ? DataProcessing.ApplySmoothing(_importedSpectrum)
                 : null;
             series.Add(new SpectrumExportSeries(
-                "默认",
+                _importedSpectrum.ExcitationWavelengthNm ?? "默认",
                 null,
                 "导入光谱",
                 _importedSpectrum,
@@ -1344,7 +1401,7 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
             .FirstOrDefault(name => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
             ?? Acquisition.SampleName;
         string prefix = SanitizeFileName(sampleName);
-        return $"{prefix}_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMdd_HHmmss_fff}";
+        return prefix;
     }
 
     private List<SpectrumExportSeries> BuildExportSeriesForResults(
@@ -1378,7 +1435,10 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ObservableObject, IDisposable
             loopIndex,
             loopTimestamp,
             "Raw",
-            CreateExportMetadata([result], "Counts", absorbance: false, stitched: false)));
+            CreateExportMetadata([result], "Counts", absorbance: false, stitched: false),
+            result.OriginalCounts,
+            result.RadiometricSpectrum,
+            result.RadiometricStatus));
 
         var absorbance = TryComputeAbsorbance(result);
         if (absorbance != null)
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/RadiometricSettingsViewModel.cs b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/RadiometricSettingsViewModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f439e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/RamanApp/ViewModels/RadiometricSettingsViewModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel;
+using RamanApp.Services;
+
+namespace RamanApp.ViewModels;
+
+public partial class RadiometricPixelViewModel : ObservableObject
+{
+    public double WavelengthNm { get; }
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string Factor { get; set; } = "";
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string Bandwidth { get; set; } = "";
+    public RadiometricPixelViewModel(double wavelengthNm) => WavelengthNm = wavelengthNm;
+}
+
+public partial class RadiometricSettingsViewModel : ObservableObject
+{
+    private readonly HashSet<double> _deviceWavelengths;
+    public string DeviceSerialNumber { get; }
+    public ObservableCollection<RadiometricPixelViewModel> Pixels { get; } = [];
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string CalibrationId { get; set; } = "";
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial int GainLevel { get; set; }
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial int BoxcarWidth { get; set; }
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial bool DarkNoiseCorrection { get; set; }
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string UniformFactor { get; set; } = "";
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string UniformBandwidth { get; set; } = "";
+    [ObservableProperty] public partial string Status { get; set; } = "";
+
+    public RadiometricSettingsViewModel(string serialNumber, double[] wavelengths,
+        SpectrometerSettings settings, RadiometricCalibration? calibration)
+    {
+        DeviceSerialNumber = serialNumber;
+        _deviceWavelengths = new HashSet<double>(wavelengths);
+        GainLevel = settings.InternalAnalogGainLevel;
+        BoxcarWidth = settings.BoxcarWidth;
+        DarkNoiseCorrection = settings.DarkNoiseCorrection;
+        foreach (double wavelength in wavelengths) Pixels.Add(new(wavelength));
+        if (calibration != null) Load(calibration);
+    }
+
+    public void Load(RadiometricCalibration calibration)
+    {
+        calibration.Validate();
+        if (!string.Equals(calibration.DeviceSerialNumber, DeviceSerialNumber, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            throw new InvalidDataException("定标参数的序列号与当前荧光设备不一致");
+        // Validate before replacing the draft so a failed import leaves edits intact.
+        if (calibration.WavelengthsNm.Any(wavelength => !_deviceWavelengths.Contains(wavelength)))
+            throw new InvalidDataException("定标参数的像素波长与当前设备不一致");
+        CalibrationId = calibration.CalibrationId;
+        GainLevel = calibration.InternalAnalogGainLevel;
+        BoxcarWidth = calibration.BoxcarWidth;
+        DarkNoiseCorrection = calibration.DarkNoiseCorrection;
+        Pixels.Clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < calibration.WavelengthsNm.Length; i++)
+            Pixels.Add(new(calibration.WavelengthsNm[i])
+            {
+                Factor = calibration.FactorsJPerCount[i].ToString("G17", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                Bandwidth = calibration.PixelBandwidthsNm[i].ToString("G17", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+            });
+    }
+
+    private static double PositiveNumber(string text, string name)
+    {
+        if (!double.TryParse(text, NumberStyles.Float, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out double value)
+            || !double.IsFinite(value) || value <= 0)
+            throw new InvalidDataException($"{name}必须为正数，支持科学计数法，例如 1e-12");
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    public void ApplyUniformFactor()
+    {
+        PositiveNumber(UniformFactor, "系数 C");
+        foreach (var pixel in Pixels) pixel.Factor = UniformFactor;
+    }
+
+    public void ApplyUniformBandwidth()
+    {
+        PositiveNumber(UniformBandwidth, "像素带宽");
+        foreach (var pixel in Pixels) pixel.Bandwidth = UniformBandwidth;
+    }
+
+    public RadiometricCalibration Build()
+    {
+        var result = new RadiometricCalibration(DeviceSerialNumber, CalibrationId.Trim(), GainLevel,
+            BoxcarWidth, DarkNoiseCorrection, Pixels.Select(p => p.WavelengthNm).ToArray(),
+            Pixels.Select(p => PositiveNumber(p.Factor, $"{p.WavelengthNm} nm 系数 C")).ToArray(),
+            Pixels.Select(p => PositiveNumber(p.Bandwidth, $"{p.WavelengthNm} nm 像素带宽")).ToArray());
+        result.Validate();
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml b/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..117b321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<Window xmlns="https://github.com/avaloniaui"
+        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
+        xmlns:vm="using:RamanApp.ViewModels"
+        x:Class="RamanApp.Views.RadiometricSettingsDialog"
+        x:DataType="vm:RadiometricSettingsViewModel"
+        Title="PL换算参数" Width="820" Height="700" MinWidth="700" MinHeight="520"
+        WindowStartupLocation="CenterOwner">
+  <Grid Margin="20" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto,*,Auto,Auto" RowSpacing="12">
+    <Grid ColumnDefinitions="90,*,90,*" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto" RowSpacing="8">
+      <TextBlock Text="设备序列号" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      <TextBox Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding DeviceSerialNumber}" IsReadOnly="True" Margin="0,0,12,0" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Column="2" Text="定标编号" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      <TextBox Grid.Column="3" Text="{Binding CalibrationId}" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Text="定标增益档位" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      <NumericUpDown Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" Value="{Binding GainLevel}" Minimum="0" Maximum="1" Increment="1" FormatString="0" Margin="0,0,12,0" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="2" Text="定标Boxcar" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      <NumericUpDown Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="3" Value="{Binding BoxcarWidth}" Minimum="0" Maximum="100" Increment="1" FormatString="0" />
+    </Grid>
+    <CheckBox Grid.Row="1" Content="定标时启用暗噪声校正" IsChecked="{Binding DarkNoiseCorrection}" />
+    <Grid Grid.Row="2" ColumnDefinitions="Auto,*,Auto,Auto,*,Auto" ColumnSpacing="8">
+      <TextBlock Text="统一 C" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+      <TextBox Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding UniformFactor}" Watermark="J/count" />
+      <Button Grid.Column="2" Content="应用全部" Click="OnApplyFactorClick" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Column="3" Text="统一带宽" VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="8,0,0,0" />
+      <TextBox Grid.Column="4" Text="{Binding UniformBandwidth}" Watermark="nm" />
+      <Button Grid.Column="5" Content="应用全部" Click="OnApplyBandwidthClick" />
+    </Grid>
+    <Grid Grid.Row="3" ColumnDefinitions="140,*,*" ColumnSpacing="12">
+      <TextBlock Text="像素波长 (nm)" FontWeight="SemiBold" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Column="1" Text="系数 C (J/count)" FontWeight="SemiBold" />
+      <TextBlock Grid.Column="2" Text="像素带宽 (nm)" FontWeight="SemiBold" />
+    </Grid>
+    <ListBox Grid.Row="4" ItemsSource="{Binding Pixels}">
+      <ListBox.Styles>
+        <Style Selector="ListBoxItem">
+          <Setter Property="HorizontalContentAlignment" Value="Stretch" />
+        </Style>
+      </ListBox.Styles>
+        <ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+          <DataTemplate x:DataType="vm:RadiometricPixelViewModel">
+            <Grid ColumnDefinitions="140,*,*" ColumnSpacing="12" Margin="0,0,0,6">
+              <TextBlock Text="{Binding WavelengthNm, StringFormat={}{0:G17}}" VerticalAlignment="Center" />
+              <TextBox Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding Factor}" />
+              <TextBox Grid.Column="2" Text="{Binding Bandwidth}" />
+            </Grid>
+          </DataTemplate>
+        </ListBox.ItemTemplate>
+    </ListBox>
+    <TextBlock Grid.Row="5" Text="{Binding Status}" TextWrapping="Wrap" Foreground="{DynamicResource SemiColorPrimary}" />
+    <StackPanel Grid.Row="6" Orientation="Horizontal" HorizontalAlignment="Right" Spacing="10">
+      <Button Content="从文件载入" Click="OnImportClick" />
+      <Button Content="取消" Click="OnCancelClick" />
+      <Button Content="保存参数" Click="OnSaveClick" />
+    </StackPanel>
+  </Grid>
+</Window>
diff --git a/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml.cs b/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67942e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/RamanApp/Views/RadiometricSettingsDialog.axaml.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+using System;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Interactivity;
+using Avalonia.Platform.Storage;
+using RamanApp.Services;
+using RamanApp.ViewModels;
+
+namespace RamanApp.Views;
+
+public partial class RadiometricSettingsDialog : Window
+{
+    private readonly MainWindowViewModel? _owner;
+    private RadiometricSettingsViewModel Draft => (RadiometricSettingsViewModel)DataContext!;
+
+    public RadiometricSettingsDialog() => InitializeComponent();
+
+    public RadiometricSettingsDialog(MainWindowViewModel owner, RadiometricSettingsViewModel draft) : this()
+    {
+        _owner = owner;
+        DataContext = draft;
+    }
+
+    private void OnApplyFactorClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        try { Draft.ApplyUniformFactor(); Draft.Status = ""; }
+        catch (Exception ex) { Draft.Status = ex.Message; }
+    }
+
+    private void OnApplyBandwidthClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        try { Draft.ApplyUniformBandwidth(); Draft.Status = ""; }
+        catch (Exception ex) { Draft.Status = ex.Message; }
+    }
+
+    private async void OnImportClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var files = await StorageProvider.OpenFilePickerAsync(new FilePickerOpenOptions
+            {
+                Title = "载入 PL 定标参数", AllowMultiple = false,
+                FileTypeFilter = [new FilePickerFileType("定标 JSON") { Patterns = ["*.json"] }],
+            });
+            if (files.Count == 0 || files[0].TryGetLocalPath() is not string path) return;
+            Draft.Load(RadiometricCalibration.Read(path));
+            Draft.Status = "已载入";
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) { Draft.Status = ex.Message; }
+    }
+
+    private void OnSaveClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (_owner == null) throw new InvalidOperationException("参数窗口尚未初始化");
+            _owner.SaveRadiometricCalibration(Draft.Build());
+            Close(true);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) { Draft.Status = ex.Message; }
+    }
+
+    private void OnCancelClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e) => Close(false);
+}
diff --git a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests.cs b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests.cs
index 9054e2a..7dc9e3d 100644
--- a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests.cs
+++ b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests.cs
@@ -6,6 +6,138 @@ namespace Raman.TUI.Tests.App;
 
 public sealed class AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests
 {
+    private static void EnableRadiometry(CalibrationFixture fixture)
+    {
+        var settings = fixture.Vm.DeviceSettings.Fluorescence.ToSettings();
+        fixture.Store.SaveRadiometricCalibration(new RadiometricCalibration("nir", "test-only",
+            settings.InternalAnalogGainLevel, settings.BoxcarWidth, settings.DarkNoiseCorrection,
+            [900, 1000, 1200, 1400], [1e-12, 2e-12, 3e-12, 4e-12], [100, 100, 200, 200]));
+        fixture.Vm.DeviceSettings.NearInfraredAbsorbance.AcquireEnabled = false;
+        fixture.Vm.DeviceSettings.VisibleAbsorbance.AcquireEnabled = false;
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Developer_can_repair_corrupt_parameters_and_save_is_blocked_for_other_roles_or_acquisition()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        EnableRadiometry(fixture);
+        var vm = fixture.Vm;
+        var savedRole = vm.CurrentUserRole;
+        try
+        {
+            vm.CurrentUserRole = AppUserRole.Developer;
+            string path = Directory.GetFiles(fixture.DirectoryPath, "calibration.json", SearchOption.AllDirectories).Single();
+            File.WriteAllText(path, "{broken");
+            var draft = vm.CreateRadiometricSettings();
+            Assert.Contains("已有参数未能载入", draft.Status);
+            Assert.Equal("{broken", File.ReadAllText(path));
+            draft.CalibrationId = "repaired";
+            draft.UniformFactor = "1e-12";
+            draft.UniformBandwidth = "2";
+            draft.ApplyUniformFactor();
+            draft.ApplyUniformBandwidth();
+            var profile = draft.Build();
+            vm.CurrentUserRole = AppUserRole.User;
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => vm.CreateRadiometricSettings());
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => vm.SaveRadiometricCalibration(profile));
+            vm.CurrentUserRole = AppUserRole.Administrator;
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => vm.SaveRadiometricCalibration(profile));
+            vm.CurrentUserRole = AppUserRole.Developer;
+            vm.Acquisition.IsAcquiring = true;
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => vm.SaveRadiometricCalibration(profile));
+            vm.Acquisition.IsAcquiring = false;
+            vm.SaveRadiometricCalibration(profile);
+            Assert.Equal("repaired", fixture.Store.LoadRadiometricCalibration("nir")!.CalibrationId);
+        }
+        finally { vm.Acquisition.IsAcquiring = false; vm.CurrentUserRole = savedRole; }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Imported_single_channel_counts_keep_excitation_during_reexport()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        fixture.Vm.ImportSpectrum(new SpectrumData([500, 501], [100, 110], "sample_577", "577"));
+        var series = fixture.Vm.GetExportSeries();
+        Assert.Equal("577", Assert.Single(series).LaserName);
+        Assert.Contains("500,,,,,,100,", SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText(series));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Ordinary_continuous_acquisition_without_auto_save_keeps_every_completed_cycle()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        var vm = fixture.Vm;
+        vm.DeviceSettings.NearInfraredAbsorbance.AcquireEnabled = false;
+        vm.DeviceSettings.VisibleAbsorbance.AcquireEnabled = false;
+        await vm.Acquisition.OnAutoCalibration!(CancellationToken.None);
+        fixture.Readings.Clear();
+        fixture.OnRead = _ =>
+        {
+            if (fixture.Readings.Count == 2) vm.Acquisition.StopAcquireCommand.Execute(null);
+        };
+        await vm.Acquisition.ContinuousAcquireCommand.ExecuteAsync(null);
+        var series = vm.GetExportSeries();
+        Assert.Equal([1, 2], series.Select(item => item.LoopIndex));
+        Assert.All(series, item => Assert.NotNull(item.OriginalCounts));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Damaged_radiometric_dark_keeps_acquired_counts_and_records_conversion_failure()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        EnableRadiometry(fixture);
+        await fixture.Vm.Acquisition.OnAutoCalibration!(CancellationToken.None);
+        fixture.Store.SaveFluorescenceDark(fixture.BackgroundKey(fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Lasers[0]),
+            new SpectrumData([], []));
+        await fixture.Vm.Acquisition.OnSingleAcquire!(CancellationToken.None);
+        var result = Assert.Single(fixture.Vm.GetExportSeries());
+        Assert.NotNull(result.OriginalCounts);
+        Assert.Null(result.RadiometricSpectrum);
+        Assert.Contains("未找到有效的光谱数据", result.RadiometricStatus!);
+        Assert.All(fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Channels, channel => Assert.False(channel.HardwareEnabled));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Radiometric_calibration_collects_independent_dark_and_exports_snapshotted_conversion()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        EnableRadiometry(fixture);
+        await fixture.Vm.Acquisition.OnAutoCalibration!(CancellationToken.None);
+        var darkReading = fixture.Readings.First();
+        Assert.Equal("dark", darkReading.Target);
+        Assert.False(darkReading.LaserOn);
+        Assert.False(darkReading.ShutterOpen);
+        Assert.Equal(5, darkReading.Slot);
+        Assert.Equal(6, fixture.Wheel.CurrentSlot);
+        var key = fixture.BackgroundKey(fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Lasers[0]);
+        var dark = fixture.Store.LoadFluorescenceDark(key);
+        Assert.NotNull(dark);
+        await fixture.Vm.Acquisition.OnSingleAcquire!(CancellationToken.None);
+        var result = Assert.Single(fixture.Vm.GetExportSeries());
+        Assert.NotNull(result.OriginalCounts);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.RadiometricSpectrum);
+        Assert.NotEqual(result.OriginalCounts.Intensities[0], result.Spectrum.Intensities[0]);
+        Assert.Equal((result.OriginalCounts.Intensities[0] - dark.Intensities[0]) * 1e-12 / (100 * 0.1),
+            result.RadiometricSpectrum.Intensities[0], 1e-24);
+        double acquiredValue = result.RadiometricSpectrum.Intensities[0];
+        fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Lasers[0].FluorescenceIntegrationTimeMs = 200;
+        Assert.Equal(acquiredValue, Assert.Single(fixture.Vm.GetExportSeries()).RadiometricSpectrum!.Intensities[0]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Radiometric_dark_failure_restores_wheel_and_does_not_save_partial_calibration()
+    {
+        using var fixture = new CalibrationFixture();
+        EnableRadiometry(fixture);
+        fixture.FailureTarget = "dark";
+        await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(() => fixture.Vm.Acquisition.OnAutoCalibration!(CancellationToken.None));
+        Assert.Equal(6, fixture.Wheel.CurrentSlot);
+        Assert.All(fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Channels, channel => Assert.False(channel.HardwareEnabled));
+        var key = fixture.BackgroundKey(fixture.Vm.EasyTtl.Lasers[0]);
+        Assert.Null(fixture.Store.LoadFluorescenceDark(key));
+        Assert.Null(fixture.Store.LoadFluorescenceBackground(key));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task Combined_calibration_collects_each_laser_then_light_and_dark_with_shutter()
     {
@@ -440,6 +572,7 @@ public sealed class AutoCalibrationWorkflowTests
     private sealed class CalibrationFixture : IDisposable
     {
         private readonly string _directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "raman-calibration-tests", Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        public string DirectoryPath => _directory;
         public MainWindowViewModel Vm { get; }
         public CalibrationStore Store { get; }
         public ElloDeviceViewModel Wheel { get; }
diff --git a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricCalibrationTests.cs b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricCalibrationTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8c86b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricCalibrationTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+using RamanApp.Models;
+using RamanApp.Services;
+
+namespace Raman.TUI.Tests.App;
+
+public sealed class RadiometricCalibrationTests
+{
+    private static RadiometricCalibration Profile() => new("device", "test-only", 0, 0, false,
+        [500, 502], [1e-12, 2e-12], [2, 2]);
+    private static SpectrometerSettings Settings() => new(100, 3, 0, false, 0);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Conversion_subtracts_dark_uses_seconds_and_each_pixel_factor_and_bandwidth()
+    {
+        var result = Profile().Convert(new SpectrumData([500, 502], [110, 5]),
+            new SpectrumData([500, 502], [10, 10]), "device", Settings());
+        Assert.Equal(5e-10, result.Intensities[0], 1e-24);
+        Assert.Equal(-5e-11, result.Intensities[1], 1e-24);
+        var longer = Profile().Convert(new SpectrumData([500, 502], [110, 5]),
+            new SpectrumData([500, 502], [10, 10]), "device", Settings() with { IntegrationTimeMs = 200 });
+        Assert.Equal(result.Intensities[0] / 2, longer.Intensities[0]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Conversion_rejects_wrong_device_settings_and_uncovered_pixels()
+    {
+        var sample = new SpectrumData([500, 502], [110, 120]);
+        var dark = new SpectrumData([500, 502], [10, 10]);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(sample, dark, "other", Settings()));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(sample, dark, "device", Settings() with { BoxcarWidth = 1 }));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(sample, dark, "device", Settings() with { InternalAnalogGainLevel = 1 }));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(sample, dark, "device", Settings() with { IntegrationTimeMs = 0 }));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(sample, new SpectrumData([500, 503], [10, 10]), "device", Settings()));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => Profile().Convert(new SpectrumData([501], [1]), new SpectrumData([501], [0]), "device", Settings()));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Invalid_coefficients_bandwidths_and_duplicate_wavelengths_are_rejected()
+    {
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => (Profile() with { FactorsJPerCount = [double.NaN, 1] }).Validate());
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => (Profile() with { PixelBandwidthsNm = [0, 1] }).Validate());
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => (Profile() with { WavelengthsNm = [500, 500] }).Validate());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricSettingsViewModelTests.cs b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricSettingsViewModelTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a3c08a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/RadiometricSettingsViewModelTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+using RamanApp.Services;
+using RamanApp.ViewModels;
+
+namespace Raman.TUI.Tests.App;
+
+public sealed class RadiometricSettingsViewModelTests
+{
+    private static RadiometricSettingsViewModel Draft(RadiometricCalibration? calibration = null)
+        => new("device", [500, 502], new SpectrometerSettings(100, 1, 0, false, 0), calibration);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Editing_and_uniform_values_build_valid_parameters_and_persist_without_rounding()
+    {
+        var draft = Draft();
+        draft.CalibrationId = "manual-v1";
+        draft.UniformFactor = "1.2345678901234567e-12";
+        draft.UniformBandwidth = "2";
+        draft.ApplyUniformFactor();
+        draft.ApplyUniformBandwidth();
+        draft.Pixels[1].Factor = "3e-12";
+        var profile = draft.Build();
+        Assert.Equal([1.2345678901234567e-12, 3e-12], profile.FactorsJPerCount);
+        Assert.Equal([2, 2], profile.PixelBandwidthsNm);
+        string directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "raman-parameters-" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        try
+        {
+            var store = new CalibrationStore(directory);
+            store.SaveRadiometricCalibration(profile);
+            var restored = Draft(store.LoadRadiometricCalibration("device"));
+            Assert.Equal(profile.FactorsJPerCount, restored.Build().FactorsJPerCount);
+            restored.Pixels[0].Factor = "9e-12";
+            Assert.Equal(profile.FactorsJPerCount, store.LoadRadiometricCalibration("device")!.FactorsJPerCount);
+        }
+        finally { if (Directory.Exists(directory)) Directory.Delete(directory, true); }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("")]
+    [InlineData("0")]
+    [InlineData("-1")]
+    [InlineData("NaN")]
+    [InlineData("Infinity")]
+    public void Invalid_uniform_input_does_not_change_draft(string value)
+    {
+        var draft = Draft();
+        draft.Pixels[0].Factor = "4e-12";
+        draft.UniformFactor = value;
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(draft.ApplyUniformFactor);
+        Assert.Equal("4e-12", draft.Pixels[0].Factor);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Empty_or_missing_pixel_parameters_cannot_be_saved()
+    {
+        var draft = Draft();
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => draft.Build());
+        draft.CalibrationId = "manual";
+        draft.Pixels[0].Factor = "1e-12";
+        draft.Pixels[0].Bandwidth = "2";
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => draft.Build());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Failed_import_preserves_unsaved_edits()
+    {
+        var draft = Draft();
+        draft.CalibrationId = "draft";
+        var profile = new RadiometricCalibration("other", "file", 0, 0, false, [500, 502], [1, 1], [2, 2]);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => draft.Load(profile));
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => draft.Load(profile with { DeviceSerialNumber = "device", WavelengthsNm = [500, 503] }));
+        Assert.Equal("draft", draft.CalibrationId);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Existing_subset_calibration_can_be_loaded_edited_and_replaced_with_other_device_pixels()
+    {
+        var subset = new RadiometricCalibration("device", "subset", 0, 0, false, [502], [1e-12], [2]);
+        var draft = Draft(subset);
+        Assert.Equal(502, Assert.Single(draft.Pixels).WavelengthNm);
+        draft.Pixels[0].Factor = "3e-12";
+        Assert.Equal([502], draft.Build().WavelengthsNm);
+        draft.Load(subset with { WavelengthsNm = [500] });
+        Assert.Equal(500, Assert.Single(draft.Pixels).WavelengthNm);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/SpectrumFileServiceTests.cs b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/SpectrumFileServiceTests.cs
index a26aa09..480f1d5 100644
--- a/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/SpectrumFileServiceTests.cs
+++ b/test/Raman.TUI.Tests/App/SpectrumFileServiceTests.cs
@@ -3,128 +3,137 @@ using RamanApp.Services;
 
 namespace Raman.TUI.Tests.App;
 
-public sealed class SpectrumFileServiceTests
+public sealed class SpectrumFileServiceTests : IDisposable
 {
+    private readonly string _directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "raman-export-" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+
+    private static SpectrumExportSeries Fluorescence(string laser = "532", int? loop = null)
+        => new(laser, 1, "荧光光谱", new SpectrumData([500, 501], [8, 9], "fluorescence-background-corrected"),
+            new SpectrumData([500, 501], [7, 7]), LoopIndex: loop,
+            OriginalCounts: new SpectrumData([500, 501], [100, 110]),
+            RadiometricSpectrum: new SpectrumData([500, 501], [1e-12, 2e-12]),
+            RadiometricStatus: "已转换 W/nm; 定标编号=fixture");
+
     [Fact]
-    public void ExportCsv_writes_multiple_spectra_as_wide_columns()
+    public void Export_keeps_pl_abs_separate_and_adds_laser_counts_file_without_timestamp()
     {
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            CreateSeries("Laser1", 1, "光谱仪1", [500, 501], [10, 11]),
-            CreateSeries("Laser2", 2, "光谱仪2", [500, 501], [20, 21]),
-        };
-
-        var lines = ExportLines(series);
-
-        Assert.Contains("# Layout: Wide", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("Wavelength(nm),Raw|Laser1|Ch1|光谱仪1,Raw|Laser2|Ch2|光谱仪2", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("500.0000,10.0000,20.0000", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("501.0000,11.0000,21.0000", lines);
-        Assert.DoesNotContain(lines, line => line.StartsWith("Raw,Laser1", StringComparison.Ordinal));
+        SpectrumExportSeries[] series = [Fluorescence(), new("无激光", null, "可见光吸收光谱",
+            new SpectrumData([500], [0.25]), DataType: "Absorbance")];
+        var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "样品.csv", series);
+        Assert.Equal(["样品_532.csv", "样品_PL.csv", "样品_ABS.csv"], paths.Select(Path.GetFileName));
+        var single = File.ReadAllLines(paths[0]);
+        Assert.Equal("波长,样品_532 (Count),参数,值", single[0]);
+        Assert.StartsWith("500,100,", single[1]);
+        Assert.Contains(single, line => line.Contains("激发波长 (nm),532"));
+        Assert.Contains(single, line => line.Contains("采集时间,"));
+        Assert.Contains("Wavelength,ABS-combined,Wavelength,ABS-NIR,Wavelength,ABS-VIS", File.ReadAllText(paths[2]));
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ExportCsv_places_smoothed_column_next_to_source_column()
+    public void Pl_template_uses_original_counts_and_preserves_small_converted_values()
     {
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            CreateSeries("Laser1", 1, "光谱仪1", [500, 501], [10, 11], [9.5, 10.5]),
-        };
-
-        var lines = ExportLines(series);
-
-        Assert.Contains("Wavelength(nm),Raw|Laser1|Ch1|光谱仪1,Raw|Laser1|Ch1|光谱仪1|Smoothed", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("500.0000,10.0000,9.5000", lines);
+        var text = SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText([Fluorescence()]);
+        Assert.Contains("nm,W/nm,W/nm,W/nm,,Counts,Counts,Counts", text);
+        var row = text.Split('\n').Single(line => line.StartsWith("500,"));
+        var cells = row.Trim().Split(',');
+        Assert.Equal(1e-12, double.Parse(cells[1], System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+        Assert.Equal("100", cells[5]);
+        Assert.Equal("", cells[2]);
+        Assert.Contains("定标编号=fixture", text);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ExportCsv_aligns_by_wavelength_union_and_leaves_missing_cells_empty()
+    public void Missing_calibration_keeps_raw_counts_and_records_reason_in_template()
     {
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            CreateSeries("Laser1", 1, "光谱仪1", [500, 501], [10, 11]),
-            CreateSeries("Laser2", 2, "光谱仪2", [500.5, 501], [20, 21]),
-        };
-
-        var lines = ExportLines(series);
-
-        Assert.Contains("500.0000,10.0000,", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("500.5000,,20.0000", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("501.0000,11.0000,21.0000", lines);
+        var text = SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText([Fluorescence() with
+            { RadiometricSpectrum = null, RadiometricStatus = "未导入 PL 辐射定标系数" }]);
+        Assert.Contains("500,,,,,100,,", text);
+        Assert.Contains("未导入 PL 辐射定标系数", text);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ExportCsv_includes_absorbance_and_loop_metadata_in_wide_headers()
+    public void Historical_corrected_data_is_not_mislabeled_as_original_counts()
     {
-        var timestamp = new DateTime(2026, 7, 4, 16, 20, 0, 123);
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            new SpectrumExportSeries(
-                "Laser1",
-                1,
-                "A+B",
-                new SpectrumData([500], [0.1234], "abs"),
-                LoopIndex: 2,
-                LoopTimestamp: timestamp,
-                DataType: "Absorbance"),
-        };
-
-        var lines = ExportLines(series);
-
-        Assert.Contains("Wavelength(nm),Loop2|2026-07-04 16:20:00.123|Absorbance|Laser1|Ch1|A+B", lines);
-        Assert.Contains("500.0000,0.1234", lines);
+        var text = SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText([Fluorescence() with
+            { OriginalCounts = null, RadiometricSpectrum = null }]);
+        Assert.Contains("历史结果没有保留设备原始Counts", text);
+        Assert.DoesNotContain("500,,,,,8", text);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ExportCsv_escapes_wide_headers()
+    public void Repeat_export_allocates_one_sequence_for_all_files_and_preserves_existing_data()
     {
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            CreateSeries("Laser, \"A\"", 1, "Spec,1", [500], [10]),
-        };
-
-        var lines = ExportLines(series);
-
-        Assert.Contains("\"Raw|Laser, \"\"A\"\"|Ch1|Spec,1\"", lines[5]);
+        var first = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "sample.csv", [Fluorescence()]);
+        File.WriteAllText(first[0], "existing measurement");
+        var second = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "sample.csv", [Fluorescence()]);
+        Assert.Equal(["sample_532_002.csv", "sample_PL_002.csv"], second.Select(Path.GetFileName));
+        Assert.Equal("existing measurement", File.ReadAllText(first[0]));
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void ToClipboardText_uses_same_wide_shape_with_tabs()
+    public void Multi_cycle_export_preserves_each_cycle_and_all_selected_lasers()
     {
-        var series = new[]
-        {
-            CreateSeries("Laser1", null, "光谱仪1", [500, 501], [10, 11]),
-            CreateSeries("Laser2", null, "光谱仪2", [500, 501], [20, 21]),
-        };
-
-        var text = SpectrumFileService.ToClipboardText(series);
-
-        Assert.StartsWith("Wavelength(nm)\tRaw|Laser1|光谱仪1\tRaw|Laser2|光谱仪2", text);
-        Assert.Contains("500.0000\t10.0000\t20.0000", text);
+        var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "sample.csv",
+            [Fluorescence("532", 1), Fluorescence("577", 1), Fluorescence("532", 2)]);
+        Assert.Equal(5, paths.Count);
+        Assert.Equal(2, paths.Count(path => path.EndsWith("_PL.csv")));
+        Assert.Contains(paths, path => path.Contains("532"));
+        Assert.Contains(paths, path => path.Contains("577"));
     }
 
-    private static SpectrumExportSeries CreateSeries(string laser, int? channel, string device,
-        double[] wavelengths, double[] intensities, double[]? smoothed = null)
-        => new(
-            laser,
-            channel,
-            device,
-            new SpectrumData(wavelengths, intensities, "raw"),
-            smoothed == null ? null : new SpectrumData(wavelengths, smoothed, "smoothed"));
-
-    private static string[] ExportLines(IReadOnlyList<SpectrumExportSeries> series)
+    [Fact]
+    public void Calibration_csv_round_trip_preserves_pixel_precision()
     {
-        var path = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}.csv");
-        try
-        {
-            SpectrumFileService.ExportCsv(path, series, 785);
-            return File.ReadAllLines(path);
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            if (File.Exists(path))
-                File.Delete(path);
-        }
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(_directory);
+        string path = Path.Combine(_directory, "dark.csv");
+        var dark = new SpectrumData([900.1234567890123, 902.1234567890123], [10.123456789, 11.123456789]);
+        SpectrumFileService.ExportCsv(path, dark, 0);
+        var restored = SpectrumFileService.ImportCsv(path);
+        Assert.Equal(dark.Wavelengths, restored.Wavelengths);
+        Assert.Equal(dark.Intensities, restored.Intensities);
     }
 
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("sample_PL")]
+    [InlineData("sample_ABS")]
+    public void Sample_name_suffix_is_preserved_in_file_names_and_count_header(string sampleName)
+    {
+        var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, sampleName + ".csv", [Fluorescence()]);
+        Assert.Equal(sampleName + "_532.csv", Path.GetFileName(paths[0]));
+        Assert.Equal(sampleName + "_PL.csv", Path.GetFileName(paths[1]));
+        Assert.Equal($"波长,{sampleName}_532 (Count),参数,值", File.ReadLines(paths[0]).First());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("532")]
+    [InlineData("577")]
+    public void Summary_import_is_rejected_instead_of_mislabeling_w_per_nm_as_counts(string laser)
+    {
+        var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "sample.csv", [Fluorescence(laser)]);
+        var exception = Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => SpectrumFileService.ImportCsv(paths[1]));
+        Assert.Contains("不同单位", exception.Message);
+        var counts = SpectrumFileService.ImportCsv(paths[0]);
+        Assert.Equal([100, 110], counts.Intensities);
+        Assert.Equal(laser, counts.ExcitationWavelengthNm);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Unknown_excitation_is_rejected_instead_of_exporting_an_empty_pl_file()
+    {
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => SpectrumFileService.ToCustomerTemplateText(
+            [new SpectrumExportSeries("默认", null, "导入光谱", new SpectrumData([500], [10]))]));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Abs_summary_import_is_rejected_instead_of_mislabeling_od_as_counts()
+    {
+        var paths = SpectrumFileService.ExportCustomerTemplates(_directory, "sample.csv",
+            [new SpectrumExportSeries("无激光", null, "可见光吸收光谱", new SpectrumData([500], [0.25]), DataType: "Absorbance")]);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => SpectrumFileService.ImportCsv(Assert.Single(paths)));
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (Directory.Exists(_directory)) Directory.Delete(_directory, true);
+    }
 }