diff --git a/src/account.rs b/src/account.rs
index 10a04d9..517f2ab 100644
--- a/src/account.rs
+++ b/src/account.rs
@@ -53,9 +53,32 @@ pub fn add_api_key(key: String, base_url: Option<String>, switch: bool) -> Resul
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn list_accounts(json: bool) -> Result<()> {
+pub async fn list_accounts(json: bool, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
     let home = paths::codex_home(None)?;
-    let store = Store::load(&home)?;
+    let mut store = Store::load(&home)?;
+    let quota_concurrency = store.settings.quota_concurrency;
+    let quota_max_age_seconds = if force { 0 } else { 60 };
+    let ids = store
+        .accounts
+        .iter()
+        .map(|account| account.id.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let quota_report = crate::quota::refresh_stale_quotas(
+        &mut store,
+        &ids,
+        quota_max_age_seconds,
+        quota_concurrency,
+    )
+    .await;
+    if !quota_report.errors.is_empty() {
+        eprintln!(
+            "提示: {} 个账号配额刷新失败，已使用本地缓存。",
+            quota_report.errors.len()
+        );
+    }
+    if quota_report.changed {
+        store.save(&home)?;
+    }
     if json {
         println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&store.accounts)?);
         return Ok(());
diff --git a/src/cli.rs b/src/cli.rs
index 26f8056..589202f 100644
--- a/src/cli.rs
+++ b/src/cli.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ pub enum Commands {
     List {
         #[arg(long)]
         json: bool,
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        force: bool,
     },
     /// Switch Codex auth.json to a saved account.
     Switch {
@@ -124,6 +126,8 @@ pub enum AccountCommands {
     List {
         #[arg(long)]
         json: bool,
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        force: bool,
     },
     Current {
         #[arg(long)]
diff --git a/src/config_store.rs b/src/config_store.rs
index 705f301..d9882eb 100644
--- a/src/config_store.rs
+++ b/src/config_store.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ pub struct Store {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub sync: SyncConfig,
     #[serde(default)]
+    pub settings: Settings,
+    #[serde(default)]
     pub accounts: Vec<Account>,
 }
 
@@ -102,6 +104,20 @@ pub struct Quota {
     pub updated_at: i64,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Settings {
+    #[serde(default = "default_quota_concurrency")]
+    pub quota_concurrency: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for Settings {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            quota_concurrency: default_quota_concurrency(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Home {
     pub name: String,
@@ -223,6 +239,7 @@ impl Store {
             homes: Vec::new(),
             server: ServerConfig::default(),
             sync: SyncConfig::default(),
+            settings: Settings::default(),
             accounts: Vec::new(),
         };
         store.ensure_default_home(codex_home);
@@ -248,3 +265,7 @@ pub fn path_to_string(path: &Path) -> String {
 fn default_version() -> u32 {
     1
 }
+
+fn default_quota_concurrency() -> usize {
+    4
+}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 4adbd3c..b0dd49f 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ use crate::cli::{
 #[tokio::main]
 async fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let cli = Cli::parse();
-    match cli.command.unwrap_or(Commands::List { json: false }) {
+    match cli.command.unwrap_or(Commands::List {
+        json: false,
+        force: false,
+    }) {
         Commands::Login(args) => match args.command {
             Some(LoginCommands::Oauth {
                 manual,
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
             }) => account::import_auth(file, codex_home, switch),
             None => account::import_auth(args.file, args.codex_home, args.switch),
         },
-        Commands::List { json } => account::list_accounts(json),
+        Commands::List { json, force } => account::list_accounts(json, force).await,
         Commands::Switch {
             account,
             codex_home,
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
         Commands::Quota { account, all, json } => quota::quota_command(account, all, json).await,
         Commands::RefreshToken { account } => token::refresh_token_command(&account).await,
         Commands::Account { command } => match command {
-            AccountCommands::List { json } => account::list_accounts(json),
+            AccountCommands::List { json, force } => account::list_accounts(json, force).await,
             AccountCommands::Current { json } => account::current_account(json),
             AccountCommands::Show { account, json } => account::show_account(&account, json),
             AccountCommands::Remove { account } => account::remove_account(&account),
diff --git a/src/quota.rs b/src/quota.rs
index 968d6fb..b1ae150 100644
--- a/src/quota.rs
+++ b/src/quota.rs
@@ -42,9 +42,22 @@ struct QuotaDisplay<'a> {
     error: Option<String>,
 }
 
+pub struct QuotaRefreshReport {
+    pub errors: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    pub changed: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct QuotaFetchInput {
+    id: String,
+    access_token: String,
+    account_id: Option<String>,
+}
+
 pub async fn quota_command(account: Option<String>, all: bool, json: bool) -> Result<()> {
     let home = crate::paths::codex_home(None)?;
     let mut store = Store::load(&home)?;
+    let concurrency = store.settings.quota_concurrency;
     // Selection order matches CLI expectations: explicit --all, explicit
     // account, current account, then the first saved account.
     let ids = if all {
@@ -74,14 +87,11 @@ pub async fn quota_command(account: Option<String>, all: bool, json: bool) -> Re
         return Err(anyhow!("没有可查询的账号"));
     }
 
-    let mut errors = Vec::<(String, String)>::new();
-    for id in &ids {
-        match refresh_one_quota(&mut store, id).await {
-            Ok(()) => {}
-            Err(error) => errors.push((id.clone(), error.to_string())),
-        }
+    let report = refresh_quotas(&mut store, &ids, None, concurrency).await;
+    let errors = report.errors;
+    if report.changed {
+        store.save(&home)?;
     }
-    store.save(&home)?;
 
     if json {
         let rows = ids
@@ -138,9 +148,139 @@ pub async fn quota_command(account: Option<String>, all: bool, json: bool) -> Re
     Ok(())
 }
 
-async fn refresh_one_quota(store: &mut Store, account_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+pub async fn refresh_stale_quotas(
+    store: &mut Store,
+    ids: &[String],
+    max_age_seconds: i64,
+    concurrency: usize,
+) -> QuotaRefreshReport {
+    refresh_quotas(store, ids, Some(max_age_seconds), concurrency).await
+}
+
+async fn refresh_quotas(
+    store: &mut Store,
+    ids: &[String],
+    max_age_seconds: Option<i64>,
+    concurrency: usize,
+) -> QuotaRefreshReport {
+    let mut inputs = Vec::new();
+    let mut errors = Vec::<(String, String)>::new();
+    let mut changed = false;
+
+    for id in ids {
+        match prepare_quota_fetch(store, id, max_age_seconds).await {
+            Ok((Some(input), token_changed)) => {
+                changed |= token_changed;
+                inputs.push(input);
+            }
+            Ok((None, token_changed)) => changed |= token_changed,
+            Err(error) => {
+                changed = true;
+                errors.push((id.clone(), error.to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut retry_ids = Vec::new();
+    for (id, result) in fetch_quotas_concurrently(inputs, concurrency).await {
+        match result {
+            Ok(quota) => {
+                apply_quota_result(store, &id, quota);
+                changed = true;
+            }
+            Err(error) if should_retry_with_refresh(&error.to_string()) => retry_ids.push(id),
+            Err(error) => errors.push((id, error.to_string())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    for id in retry_ids {
+        match refresh_one_quota(store, &id).await {
+            Ok(()) => changed = true,
+            Err(error) => errors.push((id, error.to_string())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    QuotaRefreshReport { errors, changed }
+}
+
+async fn prepare_quota_fetch(
+    store: &mut Store,
+    account_id: &str,
+    max_age_seconds: Option<i64>,
+) -> Result<(Option<QuotaFetchInput>, bool)> {
     // Quota requests need a fresh access token and, when available, the
     // ChatGPT-Account-Id header for multi-account organizations.
+    let account = store
+        .find_account(account_id)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("账号不存在: {account_id}"))?;
+    if account.auth_mode != AuthMode::Oauth {
+        return if max_age_seconds.is_some() {
+            Ok((None, false))
+        } else {
+            Err(anyhow!("API Key 账号不支持 Codex OAuth 配额查询"))
+        };
+    }
+    if let Some(max_age_seconds) = max_age_seconds {
+        let now = Utc::now().timestamp();
+        let fresh = account
+            .quota
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|quota| now - quota.updated_at < max_age_seconds)
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        if fresh {
+            return Ok((None, false));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let token_changed = crate::token::refresh_account_if_needed(store, account_id).await?;
+    let account = store
+        .find_account(account_id)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("账号不存在: {account_id}"))?
+        .clone();
+    let tokens = account
+        .tokens
+        .as_ref()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("OAuth 账号缺少 tokens: {account_id}"))?;
+    Ok((
+        Some(QuotaFetchInput {
+            id: account_id.to_string(),
+            access_token: tokens.access_token.clone(),
+            account_id: account.account_id.clone(),
+        }),
+        token_changed,
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn fetch_quotas_concurrently(
+    inputs: Vec<QuotaFetchInput>,
+    concurrency: usize,
+) -> Vec<(String, Result<FetchQuotaResult>)> {
+    let concurrency = concurrency.max(1);
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+    for chunk in inputs.chunks(concurrency) {
+        let mut handles = Vec::new();
+        for input in chunk.iter().cloned() {
+            handles.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let id = input.id;
+                let result =
+                    fetch_quota(input.access_token.as_str(), input.account_id.as_deref()).await;
+                (id, result)
+            }));
+        }
+        for handle in handles {
+            match handle.await {
+                Ok(result) => results.push(result),
+                Err(error) => results.push((
+                    "<unknown>".to_string(),
+                    Err(anyhow!("quota task join failed: {error}")),
+                )),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    results
+}
+
+async fn refresh_one_quota(store: &mut Store, account_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
     crate::token::refresh_account_if_needed(store, account_id).await?;
     let account = store
         .find_account(account_id)
@@ -174,15 +314,19 @@ async fn refresh_one_quota(store: &mut Store, account_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
         Err(error) => return Err(error),
     };
 
+    apply_quota_result(store, account_id, quota);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn apply_quota_result(store: &mut Store, account_id: &str, quota: FetchQuotaResult) {
     let account = store
         .find_account_mut(account_id)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("账号不存在: {account_id}"))?;
+        .expect("quota result references an existing account");
     if let Some(plan) = quota.plan_type {
         account.plan_type = Some(plan);
     }
     account.quota = Some(quota.quota);
     account.updated_at = Utc::now().timestamp();
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 struct FetchQuotaResult {