diff --git a/app.js b/app.js
index 70b8d16..293b1d1 100644
--- a/app.js
+++ b/app.js
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ import {
     MIN_AUTH_FILES_PAGE_SIZE,
     MAX_AUTH_FILES_PAGE_SIZE,
     OAUTH_CARD_IDS,
-    STORAGE_KEY_AUTH_FILES_PAGE_SIZE
+    STORAGE_KEY_AUTH_FILES_PAGE_SIZE,
+    STATUS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS
 } from './src/utils/constants.js';
 
 // 核心服务导入
@@ -41,9 +42,9 @@ class CLIProxyManager {
         this.isConnected = false;
         this.isLoggedIn = false;
 
-        // 配置缓存
-        this.configCache = null;
-        this.cacheTimestamp = null;
+        // 配置缓存 - 改为分段缓存
+        this.configCache = {};  // 改为对象，按配置段缓存
+        this.cacheTimestamps = {};  // 每个配置段的时间戳
         this.cacheExpiry = CACHE_EXPIRY_MS;
 
         // 状态更新定时器
@@ -708,37 +709,91 @@ class CLIProxyManager {
     }
 
     // 检查缓存是否有效
-    isCacheValid() {
-        if (!this.configCache || !this.cacheTimestamp) {
+    isCacheValid(section = null) {
+        if (section) {
+            // 检查特定配置段的缓存
+            // 注意：配置值可能是 false、0、'' 等 falsy 值，不能用 ! 判断
+            if (!(section in this.configCache) || !(section in this.cacheTimestamps)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return (Date.now() - this.cacheTimestamps[section]) < this.cacheExpiry;
+        }
+        // 检查全局缓存（兼容旧代码）
+        if (!this.configCache['__full__'] || !this.cacheTimestamps['__full__']) {
             return false;
         }
-        return (Date.now() - this.cacheTimestamp) < this.cacheExpiry;
+        return (Date.now() - this.cacheTimestamps['__full__']) < this.cacheExpiry;
     }
 
-    // 获取配置（优先使用缓存）
-    async getConfig(forceRefresh = false) {
-        if (!forceRefresh && this.isCacheValid()) {
-            this.updateConnectionStatus(); // 更新状态显示
-            return this.configCache;
+    // 获取配置（优先使用缓存，支持按段获取）
+    async getConfig(section = null, forceRefresh = false) {
+        const now = Date.now();
+
+        // 如果请求特定配置段且该段缓存有效
+        if (section && !forceRefresh && this.isCacheValid(section)) {
+            this.updateConnectionStatus();
+            return this.configCache[section];
+        }
+
+        // 如果请求全部配置且全局缓存有效
+        if (!section && !forceRefresh && this.isCacheValid()) {
+            this.updateConnectionStatus();
+            return this.configCache['__full__'];
         }
 
         try {
             const config = await this.makeRequest('/config');
-            this.configCache = config;
-            this.cacheTimestamp = Date.now();
-            this.updateConnectionStatus(); // 更新状态显示
-            return config;
+
+            if (section) {
+                // 缓存特定配置段
+                this.configCache[section] = config[section];
+                this.cacheTimestamps[section] = now;
+                // 同时更新全局缓存中的这一段
+                if (this.configCache['__full__']) {
+                    this.configCache['__full__'][section] = config[section];
+                } else {
+                    // 如果全局缓存不存在，也创建它
+                    this.configCache['__full__'] = config;
+                    this.cacheTimestamps['__full__'] = now;
+                }
+                this.updateConnectionStatus();
+                return config[section];
+            } else {
+                // 缓存全部配置
+                this.configCache['__full__'] = config;
+                this.cacheTimestamps['__full__'] = now;
+
+                // 同时缓存各个配置段
+                Object.keys(config).forEach(key => {
+                    this.configCache[key] = config[key];
+                    this.cacheTimestamps[key] = now;
+                });
+
+                this.updateConnectionStatus();
+                return config;
+            }
         } catch (error) {
             console.error('获取配置失败:', error);
             throw error;
         }
     }
 
-    // 清除缓存
-    clearCache() {
-        this.configCache = null;
-        this.cacheTimestamp = null;
-        this.configYamlCache = '';
+    // 清除缓存（支持清除特定配置段）
+    clearCache(section = null) {
+        if (section) {
+            // 清除特定配置段的缓存
+            delete this.configCache[section];
+            delete this.cacheTimestamps[section];
+            // 同时清除全局缓存中的这一段
+            if (this.configCache['__full__']) {
+                delete this.configCache['__full__'][section];
+            }
+        } else {
+            // 清除所有缓存
+            this.configCache = {};
+            this.cacheTimestamps = {};
+            this.configYamlCache = '';
+        }
     }
 
     // 启动状态更新定时器
@@ -750,7 +805,7 @@ class CLIProxyManager {
             if (this.isConnected) {
                 this.updateConnectionStatus();
             }
-        }, 1000); // 每秒更新一次
+        }, STATUS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS);
     }
 
     // 停止状态更新定时器
@@ -766,7 +821,8 @@ class CLIProxyManager {
         try {
             console.log(i18n.t('system_info.real_time_data'));
             // 使用新的 /config 端点一次性获取所有配置
-            const config = await this.getConfig(forceRefresh);
+            // 注意：getConfig(section, forceRefresh)，不传 section 表示获取全部
+            const config = await this.getConfig(null, forceRefresh);
 
             // 获取一次usage统计数据，供渲染函数和loadUsageStats复用
             let usageData = null;
diff --git a/src/modules/settings.js b/src/modules/settings.js
index 48bf65b..2197cc2 100644
--- a/src/modules/settings.js
+++ b/src/modules/settings.js
@@ -1,81 +1,106 @@
 // 设置与开关相关方法模块
-// 注意：这些函数依赖于在 CLIProxyManager 实例上提供的 makeRequest/clearCache/showNotification 等基础能力
+// 注意：这些函数依赖于在 CLIProxyManager 实例上提供的 makeRequest/clearCache/showNotification/errorHandler 等基础能力
 
 export async function updateDebug(enabled) {
+    const previousValue = !enabled;
     try {
         await this.makeRequest('/debug', {
             method: 'PUT',
             body: JSON.stringify({ value: enabled })
         });
-        this.clearCache(); // 清除缓存
+        this.clearCache('debug'); // 仅清除 debug 配置段的缓存
         this.showNotification(i18n.t('notification.debug_updated'), 'success');
     } catch (error) {
-        this.showNotification(`${i18n.t('notification.update_failed')}: ${error.message}`, 'error');
-        // 恢复原状态
-        document.getElementById('debug-toggle').checked = !enabled;
+        this.errorHandler.handleUpdateError(
+            error,
+            i18n.t('settings.debug_mode') || '调试模式',
+            () => document.getElementById('debug-toggle').checked = previousValue
+        );
     }
 }
 
 export async function updateProxyUrl() {
     const proxyUrl = document.getElementById('proxy-url').value.trim();
+    const previousValue = document.getElementById('proxy-url').getAttribute('data-previous-value') || '';
 
     try {
         await this.makeRequest('/proxy-url', {
             method: 'PUT',
             body: JSON.stringify({ value: proxyUrl })
         });
-        this.clearCache(); // 清除缓存
+        this.clearCache('proxy-url'); // 仅清除 proxy-url 配置段的缓存
+        document.getElementById('proxy-url').setAttribute('data-previous-value', proxyUrl);
         this.showNotification(i18n.t('notification.proxy_updated'), 'success');
     } catch (error) {
-        this.showNotification(`${i18n.t('notification.update_failed')}: ${error.message}`, 'error');
+        this.errorHandler.handleUpdateError(
+            error,
+            i18n.t('settings.proxy_url') || '代理设置',
+            () => document.getElementById('proxy-url').value = previousValue
+        );
     }
 }
 
 export async function clearProxyUrl() {
+    const previousValue = document.getElementById('proxy-url').value;
+
     try {
         await this.makeRequest('/proxy-url', { method: 'DELETE' });
         document.getElementById('proxy-url').value = '';
-        this.clearCache(); // 清除缓存
+        document.getElementById('proxy-url').setAttribute('data-previous-value', '');
+        this.clearCache('proxy-url'); // 仅清除 proxy-url 配置段的缓存
         this.showNotification(i18n.t('notification.proxy_cleared'), 'success');
     } catch (error) {
-        this.showNotification(`${i18n.t('notification.update_failed')}: ${error.message}`, 'error');
+        this.errorHandler.handleUpdateError(
+            error,
+            i18n.t('settings.proxy_url') || '代理设置',
+            () => document.getElementById('proxy-url').value = previousValue
+        );
     }
 }
 
 export async function updateRequestRetry() {
-    const retryCount = parseInt(document.getElementById('request-retry').value);
+    const retryInput = document.getElementById('request-retry');
+    const retryCount = parseInt(retryInput.value);
+    const previousValue = retryInput.getAttribute('data-previous-value') || '0';
 
     try {
         await this.makeRequest('/request-retry', {
             method: 'PUT',
             body: JSON.stringify({ value: retryCount })
         });
-        this.clearCache(); // 清除缓存
+        this.clearCache('request-retry'); // 仅清除 request-retry 配置段的缓存
+        retryInput.setAttribute('data-previous-value', retryCount.toString());
         this.showNotification(i18n.t('notification.retry_updated'), 'success');
     } catch (error) {
-        this.showNotification(`${i18n.t('notification.update_failed')}: ${error.message}`, 'error');
+        this.errorHandler.handleUpdateError(
+            error,
+            i18n.t('settings.request_retry') || '重试设置',
+            () => retryInput.value = previousValue
+        );
     }
 }
 
 export async function loadDebugSettings() {
     try {
-        const config = await this.getConfig();
-        if (config.debug !== undefined) {
-            document.getElementById('debug-toggle').checked = config.debug;
+        const debugValue = await this.getConfig('debug'); // 仅获取 debug 配置段
+        if (debugValue !== undefined) {
+            document.getElementById('debug-toggle').checked = debugValue;
         }
     } catch (error) {
-        console.error('加载调试设置失败:', error);
+        this.errorHandler.handleLoadError(error, i18n.t('settings.debug_mode') || '调试设置');
     }
 }
 
 export async function loadProxySettings() {
     try {
-        const config = await this.getConfig();
-        if (config['proxy-url'] !== undefined) {
-            document.getElementById('proxy-url').value = config['proxy-url'] || '';
+        const proxyUrl = await this.getConfig('proxy-url'); // 仅获取 proxy-url 配置段
+        const proxyInput = document.getElementById('proxy-url');
+        if (proxyUrl !== undefined) {
+            proxyInput.value = proxyUrl || '';
+            proxyInput.setAttribute('data-previous-value', proxyUrl || '');
         }
     } catch (error) {
-        console.error('加载代理设置失败:', error);
+        this.errorHandler.handleLoadError(error, i18n.t('settings.proxy_settings') || '代理设置');
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/utils/dom.js b/src/utils/dom.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fb22b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/dom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/**
+ * DOM 操作工具函数模块
+ * 提供高性能的 DOM 操作方法
+ */
+
+/**
+ * 批量渲染列表项，使用 DocumentFragment 减少重绘
+ * @param {HTMLElement} container - 容器元素
+ * @param {Array} items - 数据项数组
+ * @param {Function} renderItemFn - 渲染单个项目的函数，返回 HTML 字符串或 Element
+ * @param {boolean} append - 是否追加模式（默认 false，清空后渲染）
+ *
+ * @example
+ * renderList(container, files, (file) => `
+ *     <div class="file-item">${file.name}</div>
+ * `);
+ */
+export function renderList(container, items, renderItemFn, append = false) {
+    if (!container) return;
+
+    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+    items.forEach((item, index) => {
+        const rendered = renderItemFn(item, index);
+
+        if (typeof rendered === 'string') {
+            // HTML 字符串，创建临时容器
+            const temp = document.createElement('div');
+            temp.innerHTML = rendered;
+            // 将所有子元素添加到 fragment
+            while (temp.firstChild) {
+                fragment.appendChild(temp.firstChild);
+            }
+        } else if (rendered instanceof HTMLElement) {
+            // DOM 元素，直接添加
+            fragment.appendChild(rendered);
+        }
+    });
+
+    if (!append) {
+        container.innerHTML = '';
+    }
+    container.appendChild(fragment);
+}
+
+/**
+ * 创建 DOM 元素的快捷方法
+ * @param {string} tag - 标签名
+ * @param {Object} attrs - 属性对象
+ * @param {string|Array<HTMLElement>} content - 内容（文本或子元素数组）
+ * @returns {HTMLElement}
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const div = createElement('div', { class: 'item', 'data-id': '123' }, 'Hello');
+ * const ul = createElement('ul', {}, [
+ *     createElement('li', {}, 'Item 1'),
+ *     createElement('li', {}, 'Item 2')
+ * ]);
+ */
+export function createElement(tag, attrs = {}, content = null) {
+    const element = document.createElement(tag);
+
+    // 设置属性
+    Object.keys(attrs).forEach(key => {
+        if (key === 'class') {
+            element.className = attrs[key];
+        } else if (key === 'style' && typeof attrs[key] === 'object') {
+            Object.assign(element.style, attrs[key]);
+        } else if (key.startsWith('on') && typeof attrs[key] === 'function') {
+            const eventName = key.substring(2).toLowerCase();
+            element.addEventListener(eventName, attrs[key]);
+        } else {
+            element.setAttribute(key, attrs[key]);
+        }
+    });
+
+    // 设置内容
+    if (content !== null && content !== undefined) {
+        if (typeof content === 'string') {
+            element.textContent = content;
+        } else if (Array.isArray(content)) {
+            content.forEach(child => {
+                if (child instanceof HTMLElement) {
+                    element.appendChild(child);
+                }
+            });
+        } else if (content instanceof HTMLElement) {
+            element.appendChild(content);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return element;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 批量更新元素属性，减少重绘
+ * @param {HTMLElement} element - 目标元素
+ * @param {Object} updates - 更新对象
+ *
+ * @example
+ * batchUpdate(element, {
+ *     className: 'active',
+ *     style: { color: 'red', fontSize: '16px' },
+ *     textContent: 'Updated'
+ * });
+ */
+export function batchUpdate(element, updates) {
+    if (!element) return;
+
+    // 使用 requestAnimationFrame 批量更新
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        Object.keys(updates).forEach(key => {
+            if (key === 'style' && typeof updates[key] === 'object') {
+                Object.assign(element.style, updates[key]);
+            } else {
+                element[key] = updates[key];
+            }
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * 延迟渲染大列表，避免阻塞 UI
+ * @param {HTMLElement} container - 容器元素
+ * @param {Array} items - 数据项数组
+ * @param {Function} renderItemFn - 渲染函数
+ * @param {number} batchSize - 每批渲染数量
+ * @returns {Promise} 完成渲染的 Promise
+ *
+ * @example
+ * await renderListAsync(container, largeArray, renderItem, 50);
+ */
+export function renderListAsync(container, items, renderItemFn, batchSize = 50) {
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        if (!container || !items.length) {
+            resolve();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        container.innerHTML = '';
+        let index = 0;
+
+        function renderBatch() {
+            const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+            const end = Math.min(index + batchSize, items.length);
+
+            for (let i = index; i < end; i++) {
+                const rendered = renderItemFn(items[i], i);
+                if (typeof rendered === 'string') {
+                    const temp = document.createElement('div');
+                    temp.innerHTML = rendered;
+                    while (temp.firstChild) {
+                        fragment.appendChild(temp.firstChild);
+                    }
+                } else if (rendered instanceof HTMLElement) {
+                    fragment.appendChild(rendered);
+                }
+            }
+
+            container.appendChild(fragment);
+            index = end;
+
+            if (index < items.length) {
+                requestAnimationFrame(renderBatch);
+            } else {
+                resolve();
+            }
+        }
+
+        requestAnimationFrame(renderBatch);
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * 虚拟滚动渲染（仅渲染可见区域）
+ * @param {Object} config - 配置对象
+ * @param {HTMLElement} config.container - 容器元素
+ * @param {Array} config.items - 数据项数组
+ * @param {Function} config.renderItemFn - 渲染函数
+ * @param {number} config.itemHeight - 每项高度（像素）
+ * @param {number} [config.overscan=5] - 额外渲染的项数（上下各）
+ * @returns {Object} 包含 update 和 destroy 方法的对象
+ */
+export function createVirtualScroll({ container, items, renderItemFn, itemHeight, overscan = 5 }) {
+    if (!container) return { update: () => {}, destroy: () => {} };
+
+    const totalHeight = items.length * itemHeight;
+    const viewportHeight = container.clientHeight;
+
+    // 创建占位容器
+    const placeholder = document.createElement('div');
+    placeholder.style.height = `${totalHeight}px`;
+    placeholder.style.position = 'relative';
+
+    const content = document.createElement('div');
+    content.style.position = 'absolute';
+    content.style.top = '0';
+    content.style.width = '100%';
+
+    placeholder.appendChild(content);
+    container.innerHTML = '';
+    container.appendChild(placeholder);
+
+    function render() {
+        const scrollTop = container.scrollTop;
+        const startIndex = Math.max(0, Math.floor(scrollTop / itemHeight) - overscan);
+        const endIndex = Math.min(
+            items.length,
+            Math.ceil((scrollTop + viewportHeight) / itemHeight) + overscan
+        );
+
+        const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+
+        for (let i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
+            const element = renderItemFn(items[i], i);
+            if (typeof element === 'string') {
+                const temp = document.createElement('div');
+                temp.innerHTML = element;
+                while (temp.firstChild) {
+                    fragment.appendChild(temp.firstChild);
+                }
+            } else if (element instanceof HTMLElement) {
+                fragment.appendChild(element);
+            }
+        }
+
+        content.style.top = `${startIndex * itemHeight}px`;
+        content.innerHTML = '';
+        content.appendChild(fragment);
+    }
+
+    const handleScroll = () => requestAnimationFrame(render);
+    container.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);
+
+    // 初始渲染
+    render();
+
+    return {
+        update: (newItems) => {
+            items = newItems;
+            placeholder.style.height = `${newItems.length * itemHeight}px`;
+            render();
+        },
+        destroy: () => {
+            container.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * 防抖包装器（用于搜索、输入等）
+ * @param {Function} fn - 要防抖的函数
+ * @param {number} delay - 延迟时间（毫秒）
+ * @returns {Function} 防抖后的函数
+ */
+export function debounce(fn, delay = 300) {
+    let timer;
+    return function (...args) {
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        timer = setTimeout(() => fn.apply(this, args), delay);
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * 节流包装器（用于滚动、resize 等）
+ * @param {Function} fn - 要节流的函数
+ * @param {number} limit - 限制时间（毫秒）
+ * @returns {Function} 节流后的函数
+ */
+export function throttle(fn, limit = 100) {
+    let inThrottle;
+    return function (...args) {
+        if (!inThrottle) {
+            fn.apply(this, args);
+            inThrottle = true;
+            setTimeout(() => inThrottle = false, limit);
+        }
+    };
+}