rebuild branch

internal/api/handlers/claude/code_handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Package claude provides HTTP handlers for Claude API code-related functionality.
+// This package implements Claude-compatible streaming chat completions with sophisticated
+// client rotation and quota management systems to ensure high availability and optimal
+// resource utilization across multiple backend clients. It handles request translation
+// between Claude API format and the underlying Gemini backend, providing seamless
+// API compatibility while maintaining robust error handling and connection management.
+package claude
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers"
+	. "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/constant"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// ClaudeCodeAPIHandler contains the handlers for Claude API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service.
+type ClaudeCodeAPIHandler struct {
+	*handlers.BaseAPIHandler
+}
+
+// NewClaudeCodeAPIHandler creates a new Claude API handlers instance.
+// It takes an BaseAPIHandler instance as input and returns a ClaudeCodeAPIHandler.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - apiHandlers: The base API handler instance.
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler: A new Claude code API handler instance.
+func NewClaudeCodeAPIHandler(apiHandlers *handlers.BaseAPIHandler) *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler {
+	return &ClaudeCodeAPIHandler{
+		BaseAPIHandler: apiHandlers,
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerType returns the identifier for this handler implementation.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) HandlerType() string {
+	return Claude
+}
+
+// Models returns a list of models supported by this handler.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) Models() []map[string]any {
+	// Get dynamic models from the global registry
+	modelRegistry := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	return modelRegistry.GetAvailableModels("claude")
+}
+
+// ClaudeMessages handles Claude-compatible streaming chat completions.
+// This function implements a sophisticated client rotation and quota management system
+// to ensure high availability and optimal resource utilization across multiple backend clients.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) ClaudeMessages(c *gin.Context) {
+	// Extract raw JSON data from the incoming request
+	rawJSON, err := c.GetRawData()
+	// If data retrieval fails, return a 400 Bad Request error.
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the client requested a streaming response.
+	streamResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "stream")
+	if !streamResult.Exists() || streamResult.Type == gjson.False {
+		h.handleNonStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	} else {
+		h.handleStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	}
+}
+
+// ClaudeMessages handles Claude-compatible streaming chat completions.
+// This function implements a sophisticated client rotation and quota management system
+// to ensure high availability and optimal resource utilization across multiple backend clients.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) ClaudeCountTokens(c *gin.Context) {
+	// Extract raw JSON data from the incoming request
+	rawJSON, err := c.GetRawData()
+	// If data retrieval fails, return a 400 Bad Request error.
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, alt)
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+// ClaudeModels handles the Claude models listing endpoint.
+// It returns a JSON response containing available Claude models and their specifications.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) ClaudeModels(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+		"data": h.Models(),
+	})
+}
+
+// handleNonStreamingResponse handles non-streaming content generation requests for Claude models.
+// This function processes the request synchronously and returns the complete generated
+// response in a single API call. It supports various generation parameters and
+// response formats.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request
+//   - modelName: The name of the Gemini model to use for content generation
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON request body containing generation parameters and content
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) handleNonStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, alt)
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+// handleStreamingResponse streams Claude-compatible responses backed by Gemini.
+// It sets up SSE, selects a backend client with rotation/quota logic,
+// forwards chunks, and translates them to Claude CLI format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request.
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON request body.
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) handleStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	// Set up Server-Sent Events (SSE) headers for streaming response
+	// These headers are essential for maintaining a persistent connection
+	// and enabling real-time streaming of chat completions
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	// This is crucial for streaming as it allows immediate sending of data chunks
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+
+	// Create a cancellable context for the backend client request
+	// This allows proper cleanup and cancellation of ongoing requests
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, "")
+	h.forwardClaudeStream(c, flusher, func(err error) { cliCancel(err) }, dataChan, errChan)
+	return
+}
+
+func (h *ClaudeCodeAPIHandler) forwardClaudeStream(c *gin.Context, flusher http.Flusher, cancel func(error), data <-chan []byte, errs <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, ok := <-data:
+			if !ok {
+				flusher.Flush()
+				cancel(nil)
+				return
+			}
+
+			if bytes.HasPrefix(chunk, []byte("event:")) {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))
+			}
+
+			_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+			_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))
+
+			flusher.Flush()
+		case errMsg, ok := <-errs:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/gemini/gemini-cli_handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Package gemini provides HTTP handlers for Gemini CLI API functionality.
+// This package implements handlers that process CLI-specific requests for Gemini API operations,
+// including content generation and streaming content generation endpoints.
+// The handlers restrict access to localhost only and manage communication with the backend service.
+package gemini
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers"
+	. "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/constant"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// GeminiCLIAPIHandler contains the handlers for Gemini CLI API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service.
+type GeminiCLIAPIHandler struct {
+	*handlers.BaseAPIHandler
+}
+
+// NewGeminiCLIAPIHandler creates a new Gemini CLI API handlers instance.
+// It takes an BaseAPIHandler instance as input and returns a GeminiCLIAPIHandler.
+func NewGeminiCLIAPIHandler(apiHandlers *handlers.BaseAPIHandler) *GeminiCLIAPIHandler {
+	return &GeminiCLIAPIHandler{
+		BaseAPIHandler: apiHandlers,
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerType returns the type of this handler.
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) HandlerType() string {
+	return GeminiCLI
+}
+
+// Models returns a list of models supported by this handler.
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) Models() []map[string]any {
+	return make([]map[string]any, 0)
+}
+
+// CLIHandler handles CLI-specific requests for Gemini API operations.
+// It restricts access to localhost only and routes requests to appropriate internal handlers.
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) CLIHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(c.Request.RemoteAddr, "127.0.0.1:") {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusForbidden, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "CLI reply only allow local access",
+				Type:    "forbidden",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	rawJSON, _ := c.GetRawData()
+	requestRawURI := c.Request.URL.Path
+
+	if requestRawURI == "/v1internal:generateContent" {
+		h.handleInternalGenerateContent(c, rawJSON)
+	} else if requestRawURI == "/v1internal:streamGenerateContent" {
+		h.handleInternalStreamGenerateContent(c, rawJSON)
+	} else {
+		reqBody := bytes.NewBuffer(rawJSON)
+		req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", fmt.Sprintf("https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com%s", c.Request.URL.RequestURI()), reqBody)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+				Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+					Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+					Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+				},
+			})
+			return
+		}
+		for key, value := range c.Request.Header {
+			req.Header[key] = value
+		}
+
+		httpClient := util.SetProxy(h.Cfg, &http.Client{})
+
+		resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+				Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+					Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+					Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+				},
+			})
+			return
+		}
+
+		if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
+			defer func() {
+				if err = resp.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("warn: failed to close response body: %v", err)
+				}
+			}()
+			bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+				Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+					Message: string(bodyBytes),
+					Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+				},
+			})
+			return
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		}()
+
+		for key, value := range resp.Header {
+			c.Header(key, value[0])
+		}
+		output, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed to read response body: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		_, _ = c.Writer.Write(output)
+		c.Set("API_RESPONSE", output)
+	}
+}
+
+// handleInternalStreamGenerateContent handles streaming content generation requests.
+// It sets up a server-sent event stream and forwards the request to the backend client.
+// The function continuously proxies response chunks from the backend to the client.
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) handleInternalStreamGenerateContent(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+
+	if alt == "" {
+		c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+		c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+		c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+	}
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	modelResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model")
+	modelName := modelResult.String()
+
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, "")
+	h.forwardCLIStream(c, flusher, "", func(err error) { cliCancel(err) }, dataChan, errChan)
+	return
+}
+
+// handleInternalGenerateContent handles non-streaming content generation requests.
+// It sends a request to the backend client and proxies the entire response back to the client at once.
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) handleInternalGenerateContent(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	modelResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model")
+	modelName := modelResult.String()
+
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, "")
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+func (h *GeminiCLIAPIHandler) forwardCLIStream(c *gin.Context, flusher http.Flusher, alt string, cancel func(error), data <-chan []byte, errs <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, ok := <-data:
+			if !ok {
+				cancel(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			if alt == "" {
+				if bytes.Equal(chunk, []byte("data: [DONE]")) || bytes.Equal(chunk, []byte("[DONE]")) {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if !bytes.HasPrefix(chunk, []byte("data:")) {
+					_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("data: "))
+				}
+
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n\n"))
+			} else {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+			}
+			flusher.Flush()
+		case errMsg, ok := <-errs:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/gemini/gemini_handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+// Package gemini provides HTTP handlers for Gemini API endpoints.
+// This package implements handlers for managing Gemini model operations including
+// model listing, content generation, streaming content generation, and token counting.
+// It serves as a proxy layer between clients and the Gemini backend service,
+// handling request translation, client management, and response processing.
+package gemini
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers"
+	. "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/constant"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+)
+
+// GeminiAPIHandler contains the handlers for Gemini API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service.
+type GeminiAPIHandler struct {
+	*handlers.BaseAPIHandler
+}
+
+// NewGeminiAPIHandler creates a new Gemini API handlers instance.
+// It takes an BaseAPIHandler instance as input and returns a GeminiAPIHandler.
+func NewGeminiAPIHandler(apiHandlers *handlers.BaseAPIHandler) *GeminiAPIHandler {
+	return &GeminiAPIHandler{
+		BaseAPIHandler: apiHandlers,
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerType returns the identifier for this handler implementation.
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) HandlerType() string {
+	return Gemini
+}
+
+// Models returns the Gemini-compatible model metadata supported by this handler.
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) Models() []map[string]any {
+	// Get dynamic models from the global registry
+	modelRegistry := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	return modelRegistry.GetAvailableModels("gemini")
+}
+
+// GeminiModels handles the Gemini models listing endpoint.
+// It returns a JSON response containing available Gemini models and their specifications.
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) GeminiModels(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+		"models": h.Models(),
+	})
+}
+
+// GeminiGetHandler handles GET requests for specific Gemini model information.
+// It returns detailed information about a specific Gemini model based on the action parameter.
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) GeminiGetHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var request struct {
+		Action string `uri:"action" binding:"required"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&request); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+	switch request.Action {
+	case "gemini-2.5-pro":
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"name":             "models/gemini-2.5-pro",
+			"version":          "2.5",
+			"displayName":      "Gemini 2.5 Pro",
+			"description":      "Stable release (June 17th, 2025) of Gemini 2.5 Pro",
+			"inputTokenLimit":  1048576,
+			"outputTokenLimit": 65536,
+			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
+				"generateContent",
+				"countTokens",
+				"createCachedContent",
+				"batchGenerateContent",
+			},
+			"temperature":    1,
+			"topP":           0.95,
+			"topK":           64,
+			"maxTemperature": 2,
+			"thinking":       true,
+		},
+		)
+	case "gemini-2.5-flash":
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"name":             "models/gemini-2.5-flash",
+			"version":          "001",
+			"displayName":      "Gemini 2.5 Flash",
+			"description":      "Stable version of Gemini 2.5 Flash, our mid-size multimodal model that supports up to 1 million tokens, released in June of 2025.",
+			"inputTokenLimit":  1048576,
+			"outputTokenLimit": 65536,
+			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
+				"generateContent",
+				"countTokens",
+				"createCachedContent",
+				"batchGenerateContent",
+			},
+			"temperature":    1,
+			"topP":           0.95,
+			"topK":           64,
+			"maxTemperature": 2,
+			"thinking":       true,
+		})
+	case "gpt-5":
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"name":             "gpt-5",
+			"version":          "001",
+			"displayName":      "GPT 5",
+			"description":      "Stable version of GPT 5, The best model for coding and agentic tasks across domains.",
+			"inputTokenLimit":  400000,
+			"outputTokenLimit": 128000,
+			"supportedGenerationMethods": []string{
+				"generateContent",
+			},
+			"temperature":    1,
+			"topP":           0.95,
+			"topK":           64,
+			"maxTemperature": 2,
+			"thinking":       true,
+		})
+	default:
+		c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Not Found",
+				Type:    "not_found",
+			},
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// GeminiHandler handles POST requests for Gemini API operations.
+// It routes requests to appropriate handlers based on the action parameter (model:method format).
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) GeminiHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var request struct {
+		Action string `uri:"action" binding:"required"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&request); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+	action := strings.Split(request.Action, ":")
+	if len(action) != 2 {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("%s not found.", c.Request.URL.Path),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	method := action[1]
+	rawJSON, _ := c.GetRawData()
+
+	switch method {
+	case "generateContent":
+		h.handleGenerateContent(c, action[0], rawJSON)
+	case "streamGenerateContent":
+		h.handleStreamGenerateContent(c, action[0], rawJSON)
+	case "countTokens":
+		h.handleCountTokens(c, action[0], rawJSON)
+	}
+}
+
+// handleStreamGenerateContent handles streaming content generation requests for Gemini models.
+// This function establishes a Server-Sent Events connection and streams the generated content
+// back to the client in real-time. It supports both SSE format and direct streaming based
+// on the 'alt' query parameter.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request
+//   - modelName: The name of the Gemini model to use for content generation
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON request body containing generation parameters
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) handleStreamGenerateContent(c *gin.Context, modelName string, rawJSON []byte) {
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+
+	if alt == "" {
+		c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+		c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+		c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+	}
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, alt)
+	h.forwardGeminiStream(c, flusher, alt, func(err error) { cliCancel(err) }, dataChan, errChan)
+	return
+}
+
+// handleCountTokens handles token counting requests for Gemini models.
+// This function counts the number of tokens in the provided content without
+// generating a response. It's useful for quota management and content validation.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request
+//   - modelName: The name of the Gemini model to use for token counting
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON request body containing the content to count
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) handleCountTokens(c *gin.Context, modelName string, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, alt)
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+// handleGenerateContent handles non-streaming content generation requests for Gemini models.
+// This function processes the request synchronously and returns the complete generated
+// response in a single API call. It supports various generation parameters and
+// response formats.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context for the request
+//   - modelName: The name of the Gemini model to use for content generation
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON request body containing generation parameters and content
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) handleGenerateContent(c *gin.Context, modelName string, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	alt := h.GetAlt(c)
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, alt)
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+func (h *GeminiAPIHandler) forwardGeminiStream(c *gin.Context, flusher http.Flusher, alt string, cancel func(error), data <-chan []byte, errs <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, ok := <-data:
+			if !ok {
+				cancel(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			if alt == "" {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("data: "))
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n\n"))
+			} else {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+			}
+			flusher.Flush()
+		case errMsg, ok := <-errs:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+// Package handlers provides core API handler functionality for the CLI Proxy API server.
+// It includes common types, client management, load balancing, and error handling
+// shared across all API endpoint handlers (OpenAI, Claude, Gemini).
+package handlers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	coreexecutor "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/executor"
+	sdktranslator "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/translator"
+	"golang.org/x/net/context"
+)
+
+// ErrorResponse represents a standard error response format for the API.
+// It contains a single ErrorDetail field.
+type ErrorResponse struct {
+	// Error contains detailed information about the error that occurred.
+	Error ErrorDetail `json:"error"`
+}
+
+// ErrorDetail provides specific information about an error that occurred.
+// It includes a human-readable message, an error type, and an optional error code.
+type ErrorDetail struct {
+	// Message is a human-readable message providing more details about the error.
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+
+	// Type is the category of error that occurred (e.g., "invalid_request_error").
+	Type string `json:"type"`
+
+	// Code is a short code identifying the error, if applicable.
+	Code string `json:"code,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// BaseAPIHandler contains the handlers for API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service and manages
+// load balancing, client selection, and configuration.
+type BaseAPIHandler struct {
+	// AuthManager manages auth lifecycle and execution in the new architecture.
+	AuthManager *coreauth.Manager
+
+	// Cfg holds the current application configuration.
+	Cfg *config.Config
+}
+
+// NewBaseAPIHandlers creates a new API handlers instance.
+// It takes a slice of clients and configuration as input.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - cliClients: A slice of AI service clients
+//   - cfg: The application configuration
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - *BaseAPIHandler: A new API handlers instance
+func NewBaseAPIHandlers(cfg *config.Config, authManager *coreauth.Manager) *BaseAPIHandler {
+	return &BaseAPIHandler{
+		Cfg:         cfg,
+		AuthManager: authManager,
+	}
+}
+
+// UpdateClients updates the handlers' client list and configuration.
+// This method is called when the configuration or authentication tokens change.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - clients: The new slice of AI service clients
+//   - cfg: The new application configuration
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) UpdateClients(cfg *config.Config) { h.Cfg = cfg }
+
+// GetAlt extracts the 'alt' parameter from the request query string.
+// It checks both 'alt' and '$alt' parameters and returns the appropriate value.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - string: The alt parameter value, or empty string if it's "sse"
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) GetAlt(c *gin.Context) string {
+	var alt string
+	var hasAlt bool
+	alt, hasAlt = c.GetQuery("alt")
+	if !hasAlt {
+		alt, _ = c.GetQuery("$alt")
+	}
+	if alt == "sse" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return alt
+}
+
+// GetContextWithCancel creates a new context with cancellation capabilities.
+// It embeds the Gin context and the API handler into the new context for later use.
+// The returned cancel function also handles logging the API response if request logging is enabled.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - handler: The API handler associated with the request.
+//   - c: The Gin context of the current request.
+//   - ctx: The parent context.
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - context.Context: The new context with cancellation and embedded values.
+//   - APIHandlerCancelFunc: A function to cancel the context and log the response.
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) GetContextWithCancel(handler interfaces.APIHandler, c *gin.Context, ctx context.Context) (context.Context, APIHandlerCancelFunc) {
+	newCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	newCtx = context.WithValue(newCtx, "gin", c)
+	newCtx = context.WithValue(newCtx, "handler", handler)
+	return newCtx, func(params ...interface{}) {
+		if h.Cfg.RequestLog {
+			if len(params) == 1 {
+				data := params[0]
+				switch data.(type) {
+				case []byte:
+					c.Set("API_RESPONSE", data.([]byte))
+				case error:
+					c.Set("API_RESPONSE", []byte(data.(error).Error()))
+				case string:
+					c.Set("API_RESPONSE", []byte(data.(string)))
+				case bool:
+				case nil:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		cancel()
+	}
+}
+
+// ExecuteWithAuthManager executes a non-streaming request via the core auth manager.
+// This path is the only supported execution route.
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) ([]byte, *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	providers := util.GetProviderName(modelName, h.Cfg)
+	if len(providers) == 0 {
+		return nil, &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, Error: fmt.Errorf("unknown provider for model %s", modelName)}
+	}
+	req := coreexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   modelName,
+		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+	}
+	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
+		Stream:          false,
+		Alt:             alt,
+		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
+	}
+	resp, err := h.AuthManager.Execute(ctx, providers, req, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, Error: err}
+	}
+	return cloneBytes(resp.Payload), nil
+}
+
+// ExecuteCountWithAuthManager executes a non-streaming request via the core auth manager.
+// This path is the only supported execution route.
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteCountWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) ([]byte, *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	providers := util.GetProviderName(modelName, h.Cfg)
+	if len(providers) == 0 {
+		return nil, &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, Error: fmt.Errorf("unknown provider for model %s", modelName)}
+	}
+	req := coreexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   modelName,
+		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+	}
+	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
+		Stream:          false,
+		Alt:             alt,
+		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
+	}
+	resp, err := h.AuthManager.ExecuteCount(ctx, providers, req, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, Error: err}
+	}
+	return cloneBytes(resp.Payload), nil
+}
+
+// ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager executes a streaming request via the core auth manager.
+// This path is the only supported execution route.
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(ctx context.Context, handlerType, modelName string, rawJSON []byte, alt string) (<-chan []byte, <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	providers := util.GetProviderName(modelName, h.Cfg)
+	if len(providers) == 0 {
+		errChan := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
+		errChan <- &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, Error: fmt.Errorf("unknown provider for model %s", modelName)}
+		close(errChan)
+		return nil, errChan
+	}
+	req := coreexecutor.Request{
+		Model:   modelName,
+		Payload: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+	}
+	opts := coreexecutor.Options{
+		Stream:          true,
+		Alt:             alt,
+		OriginalRequest: cloneBytes(rawJSON),
+		SourceFormat:    sdktranslator.FromString(handlerType),
+	}
+	chunks, err := h.AuthManager.ExecuteStream(ctx, providers, req, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		errChan := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
+		errChan <- &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, Error: err}
+		close(errChan)
+		return nil, errChan
+	}
+	dataChan := make(chan []byte)
+	errChan := make(chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage, 1)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(dataChan)
+		defer close(errChan)
+		for chunk := range chunks {
+			if chunk.Err != nil {
+				errChan <- &interfaces.ErrorMessage{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, Error: chunk.Err}
+				return
+			}
+			if len(chunk.Payload) > 0 {
+				dataChan <- cloneBytes(chunk.Payload)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return dataChan, errChan
+}
+
+func cloneBytes(src []byte) []byte {
+	if len(src) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	dst := make([]byte, len(src))
+	copy(dst, src)
+	return dst
+}
+
+// WriteErrorResponse writes an error message to the response writer using the HTTP status embedded in the message.
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) WriteErrorResponse(c *gin.Context, msg *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	status := http.StatusInternalServerError
+	if msg != nil && msg.StatusCode > 0 {
+		status = msg.StatusCode
+	}
+	c.Status(status)
+	if msg != nil && msg.Error != nil {
+		_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte(msg.Error.Error()))
+	} else {
+		_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte(http.StatusText(status)))
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *BaseAPIHandler) LoggingAPIResponseError(ctx context.Context, err *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	if h.Cfg.RequestLog {
+		if ginContext, ok := ctx.Value("gin").(*gin.Context); ok {
+			if apiResponseErrors, isExist := ginContext.Get("API_RESPONSE_ERROR"); isExist {
+				if slicesAPIResponseError, isOk := apiResponseErrors.([]*interfaces.ErrorMessage); isOk {
+					slicesAPIResponseError = append(slicesAPIResponseError, err)
+					ginContext.Set("API_RESPONSE_ERROR", slicesAPIResponseError)
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Create new response data entry
+				ginContext.Set("API_RESPONSE_ERROR", []*interfaces.ErrorMessage{err})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// APIHandlerCancelFunc is a function type for canceling an API handler's context.
+// It can optionally accept parameters, which are used for logging the response.
+type APIHandlerCancelFunc func(params ...interface{})

internal/api/handlers/management/auth_files.go

@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/claude"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/codex"
+	geminiAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/gemini"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/auth/qwen"
+	// legacy client removed
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/misc"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/util"
+	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
+)
+
+var (
+	oauthStatus = make(map[string]string)
+)
+
+var lastRefreshKeys = []string{"last_refresh", "lastRefresh", "last_refreshed_at", "lastRefreshedAt"}
+
+func extractLastRefreshTimestamp(meta map[string]any) (time.Time, bool) {
+	if len(meta) == 0 {
+		return time.Time{}, false
+	}
+	for _, key := range lastRefreshKeys {
+		if val, ok := meta[key]; ok {
+			if ts, ok1 := parseLastRefreshValue(val); ok1 {
+				return ts, true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
+func parseLastRefreshValue(v any) (time.Time, bool) {
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case string:
+		s := strings.TrimSpace(val)
+		if s == "" {
+			return time.Time{}, false
+		}
+		layouts := []string{time.RFC3339, time.RFC3339Nano, "2006-01-02 15:04:05", "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00"}
+		for _, layout := range layouts {
+			if ts, err := time.Parse(layout, s); err == nil {
+				return ts.UTC(), true
+			}
+		}
+		if unix, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 64); err == nil && unix > 0 {
+			return time.Unix(unix, 0).UTC(), true
+		}
+	case float64:
+		if val <= 0 {
+			return time.Time{}, false
+		}
+		return time.Unix(int64(val), 0).UTC(), true
+	case int64:
+		if val <= 0 {
+			return time.Time{}, false
+		}
+		return time.Unix(val, 0).UTC(), true
+	case int:
+		if val <= 0 {
+			return time.Time{}, false
+		}
+		return time.Unix(int64(val), 0).UTC(), true
+	case json.Number:
+		if i, err := val.Int64(); err == nil && i > 0 {
+			return time.Unix(i, 0).UTC(), true
+		}
+	}
+	return time.Time{}, false
+}
+
+// List auth files
+func (h *Handler) ListAuthFiles(c *gin.Context) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(h.cfg.AuthDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to read auth dir: %v", err)})
+		return
+	}
+	files := make([]gin.H, 0)
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if e.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := e.Name()
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".json") {
+			continue
+		}
+		if info, errInfo := e.Info(); errInfo == nil {
+			fileData := gin.H{"name": name, "size": info.Size(), "modtime": info.ModTime()}
+
+			// Read file to get type field
+			full := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, name)
+			if data, errRead := os.ReadFile(full); errRead == nil {
+				typeValue := gjson.GetBytes(data, "type").String()
+				fileData["type"] = typeValue
+			}
+
+			files = append(files, fileData)
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"files": files})
+}
+
+// Download single auth file by name
+func (h *Handler) DownloadAuthFile(c *gin.Context) {
+	name := c.Query("name")
+	if name == "" || strings.Contains(name, string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid name"})
+		return
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".json") {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "name must end with .json"})
+		return
+	}
+	full := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, name)
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(full)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "file not found"})
+		} else {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to read file: %v", err)})
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	c.Header("Content-Disposition", fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", name))
+	c.Data(200, "application/json", data)
+}
+
+// Upload auth file: multipart or raw JSON with ?name=
+func (h *Handler) UploadAuthFile(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.authManager == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{"error": "core auth manager unavailable"})
+		return
+	}
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+	if file, err := c.FormFile("file"); err == nil && file != nil {
+		name := filepath.Base(file.Filename)
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".json") {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "file must be .json"})
+			return
+		}
+		dst := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, name)
+		if !filepath.IsAbs(dst) {
+			if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(dst); errAbs == nil {
+				dst = abs
+			}
+		}
+		if errSave := c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst); errSave != nil {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to save file: %v", errSave)})
+			return
+		}
+		data, errRead := os.ReadFile(dst)
+		if errRead != nil {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to read saved file: %v", errRead)})
+			return
+		}
+		if errReg := h.registerAuthFromFile(ctx, dst, data); errReg != nil {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": errReg.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+		return
+	}
+	name := c.Query("name")
+	if name == "" || strings.Contains(name, string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid name"})
+		return
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".json") {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "name must end with .json"})
+		return
+	}
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	dst := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, filepath.Base(name))
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(dst) {
+		if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(dst); errAbs == nil {
+			dst = abs
+		}
+	}
+	if errWrite := os.WriteFile(dst, data, 0o600); errWrite != nil {
+		c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to write file: %v", errWrite)})
+		return
+	}
+	if err = h.registerAuthFromFile(ctx, dst, data); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+}
+
+// Delete auth files: single by name or all
+func (h *Handler) DeleteAuthFile(c *gin.Context) {
+	if h.authManager == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{"error": "core auth manager unavailable"})
+		return
+	}
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+	if all := c.Query("all"); all == "true" || all == "1" || all == "*" {
+		entries, err := os.ReadDir(h.cfg.AuthDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to read auth dir: %v", err)})
+			return
+		}
+		deleted := 0
+		for _, e := range entries {
+			if e.IsDir() {
+				continue
+			}
+			name := e.Name()
+			if !strings.HasSuffix(strings.ToLower(name), ".json") {
+				continue
+			}
+			full := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, name)
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(full) {
+				if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(full); errAbs == nil {
+					full = abs
+				}
+			}
+			if err = os.Remove(full); err == nil {
+				deleted++
+				h.disableAuth(ctx, full)
+			}
+		}
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok", "deleted": deleted})
+		return
+	}
+	name := c.Query("name")
+	if name == "" || strings.Contains(name, string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid name"})
+		return
+	}
+	full := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, filepath.Base(name))
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(full) {
+		if abs, errAbs := filepath.Abs(full); errAbs == nil {
+			full = abs
+		}
+	}
+	if err := os.Remove(full); err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "file not found"})
+		} else {
+			c.JSON(500, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to remove file: %v", err)})
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	h.disableAuth(ctx, full)
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) registerAuthFromFile(ctx context.Context, path string, data []byte) error {
+	if h.authManager == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if path == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("auth path is empty")
+	}
+	if data == nil {
+		var err error
+		data, err = os.ReadFile(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read auth file: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	metadata := make(map[string]any)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &metadata); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid auth file: %w", err)
+	}
+	provider, _ := metadata["type"].(string)
+	if provider == "" {
+		provider = "unknown"
+	}
+	label := provider
+	if email, ok := metadata["email"].(string); ok && email != "" {
+		label = email
+	}
+	lastRefresh, hasLastRefresh := extractLastRefreshTimestamp(metadata)
+
+	attr := map[string]string{
+		"path":   path,
+		"source": path,
+	}
+	auth := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:         path,
+		Provider:   provider,
+		Label:      label,
+		Status:     coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: attr,
+		Metadata:   metadata,
+		CreatedAt:  time.Now(),
+		UpdatedAt:  time.Now(),
+	}
+	if hasLastRefresh {
+		auth.LastRefreshedAt = lastRefresh
+	}
+	if existing, ok := h.authManager.GetByID(path); ok {
+		auth.CreatedAt = existing.CreatedAt
+		if !hasLastRefresh {
+			auth.LastRefreshedAt = existing.LastRefreshedAt
+		}
+		auth.NextRefreshAfter = existing.NextRefreshAfter
+		auth.Runtime = existing.Runtime
+		_, err := h.authManager.Update(ctx, auth)
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err := h.authManager.Register(ctx, auth)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) disableAuth(ctx context.Context, id string) {
+	if h.authManager == nil || id == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	if auth, ok := h.authManager.GetByID(id); ok {
+		auth.Disabled = true
+		auth.Status = coreauth.StatusDisabled
+		auth.StatusMessage = "removed via management API"
+		auth.UpdatedAt = time.Now()
+		_, _ = h.authManager.Update(ctx, auth)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) saveTokenRecord(ctx context.Context, record *sdkAuth.TokenRecord) (string, error) {
+	if record == nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("token record is nil")
+	}
+	store := h.tokenStore
+	if store == nil {
+		store = sdkAuth.GetTokenStore()
+		h.tokenStore = store
+	}
+	return store.Save(ctx, h.cfg, record)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) RequestAnthropicToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	log.Info("Initializing Claude authentication...")
+
+	// Generate PKCE codes
+	pkceCodes, err := claude.GeneratePKCECodes()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate PKCE codes: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Generate random state parameter
+	state, err := misc.GenerateRandomState()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate state parameter: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Initialize Claude auth service
+	anthropicAuth := claude.NewClaudeAuth(h.cfg)
+
+	// Generate authorization URL (then override redirect_uri to reuse server port)
+	authURL, state, err := anthropicAuth.GenerateAuthURL(state, pkceCodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate authorization URL: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	// Override redirect_uri in authorization URL to current server port
+
+	go func() {
+		// Helper: wait for callback file
+		waitFile := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, fmt.Sprintf(".oauth-anthropic-%s.oauth", state))
+		waitForFile := func(path string, timeout time.Duration) (map[string]string, error) {
+			deadline := time.Now().Add(timeout)
+			for {
+				if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+					oauthStatus[state] = "Timeout waiting for OAuth callback"
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for OAuth callback")
+				}
+				data, errRead := os.ReadFile(path)
+				if errRead == nil {
+					var m map[string]string
+					_ = json.Unmarshal(data, &m)
+					_ = os.Remove(path)
+					return m, nil
+				}
+				time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+			}
+		}
+
+		log.Info("Waiting for authentication callback...")
+		// Wait up to 5 minutes
+		resultMap, errWait := waitForFile(waitFile, 5*time.Minute)
+		if errWait != nil {
+			authErr := claude.NewAuthenticationError(claude.ErrCallbackTimeout, errWait)
+			log.Error(claude.GetUserFriendlyMessage(authErr))
+			return
+		}
+		if errStr := resultMap["error"]; errStr != "" {
+			oauthErr := claude.NewOAuthError(errStr, "", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			log.Error(claude.GetUserFriendlyMessage(oauthErr))
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Bad request"
+			return
+		}
+		if resultMap["state"] != state {
+			authErr := claude.NewAuthenticationError(claude.ErrInvalidState, fmt.Errorf("expected %s, got %s", state, resultMap["state"]))
+			log.Error(claude.GetUserFriendlyMessage(authErr))
+			oauthStatus[state] = "State code error"
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Parse code (Claude may append state after '#')
+		rawCode := resultMap["code"]
+		code := strings.Split(rawCode, "#")[0]
+
+		// Exchange code for tokens (replicate logic using updated redirect_uri)
+		// Extract client_id from the modified auth URL
+		clientID := ""
+		if u2, errP := url.Parse(authURL); errP == nil {
+			clientID = u2.Query().Get("client_id")
+		}
+		// Build request
+		bodyMap := map[string]any{
+			"code":          code,
+			"state":         state,
+			"grant_type":    "authorization_code",
+			"client_id":     clientID,
+			"redirect_uri":  "http://localhost:54545/callback",
+			"code_verifier": pkceCodes.CodeVerifier,
+		}
+		bodyJSON, _ := json.Marshal(bodyMap)
+
+		httpClient := util.SetProxy(h.cfg, &http.Client{})
+		req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://console.anthropic.com/v1/oauth/token", strings.NewReader(string(bodyJSON)))
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+		resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
+		if errDo != nil {
+			authErr := claude.NewAuthenticationError(claude.ErrCodeExchangeFailed, errDo)
+			log.Errorf("Failed to exchange authorization code for tokens: %v", authErr)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to exchange authorization code for tokens"
+			return
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+				log.Errorf("failed to close response body: %v", errClose)
+			}
+		}()
+		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			log.Errorf("token exchange failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+			oauthStatus[state] = fmt.Sprintf("token exchange failed with status %d", resp.StatusCode)
+			return
+		}
+		var tResp struct {
+			AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+			RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
+			ExpiresIn    int    `json:"expires_in"`
+			Account      struct {
+				EmailAddress string `json:"email_address"`
+			} `json:"account"`
+		}
+		if errU := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &tResp); errU != nil {
+			log.Errorf("failed to parse token response: %v", errU)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to parse token response"
+			return
+		}
+		bundle := &claude.ClaudeAuthBundle{
+			TokenData: claude.ClaudeTokenData{
+				AccessToken:  tResp.AccessToken,
+				RefreshToken: tResp.RefreshToken,
+				Email:        tResp.Account.EmailAddress,
+				Expire:       time.Now().Add(time.Duration(tResp.ExpiresIn) * time.Second).Format(time.RFC3339),
+			},
+			LastRefresh: time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		}
+
+		// Create token storage
+		tokenStorage := anthropicAuth.CreateTokenStorage(bundle)
+		record := &sdkAuth.TokenRecord{
+			Provider: "claude",
+			FileName: fmt.Sprintf("claude-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
+			Storage:  tokenStorage,
+			Metadata: map[string]string{"email": tokenStorage.Email},
+		}
+		savedPath, errSave := h.saveTokenRecord(ctx, record)
+		if errSave != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to save authentication tokens: %v", errSave)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to save authentication tokens"
+			return
+		}
+
+		log.Infof("Authentication successful! Token saved to %s", savedPath)
+		if bundle.APIKey != "" {
+			log.Info("API key obtained and saved")
+		}
+		log.Info("You can now use Claude services through this CLI")
+		delete(oauthStatus, state)
+	}()
+
+	oauthStatus[state] = ""
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok", "url": authURL, "state": state})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) RequestGeminiCLIToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Optional project ID from query
+	projectID := c.Query("project_id")
+
+	log.Info("Initializing Google authentication...")
+
+	// OAuth2 configuration (mirrors internal/auth/gemini)
+	conf := &oauth2.Config{
+		ClientID:     "681255809395-oo8ft2oprdrnp9e3aqf6av3hmdib135j.apps.googleusercontent.com",
+		ClientSecret: "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",
+		RedirectURL:  "http://localhost:8085/oauth2callback",
+		Scopes: []string{
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email",
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile",
+		},
+		Endpoint: google.Endpoint,
+	}
+
+	// Build authorization URL and return it immediately
+	state := fmt.Sprintf("gem-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
+	authURL := conf.AuthCodeURL(state, oauth2.AccessTypeOffline, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("prompt", "consent"))
+
+	go func() {
+		// Wait for callback file written by server route
+		waitFile := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, fmt.Sprintf(".oauth-gemini-%s.oauth", state))
+		log.Info("Waiting for authentication callback...")
+		deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
+		var authCode string
+		for {
+			if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+				log.Error("oauth flow timed out")
+				oauthStatus[state] = "OAuth flow timed out"
+				return
+			}
+			if data, errR := os.ReadFile(waitFile); errR == nil {
+				var m map[string]string
+				_ = json.Unmarshal(data, &m)
+				_ = os.Remove(waitFile)
+				if errStr := m["error"]; errStr != "" {
+					log.Errorf("Authentication failed: %s", errStr)
+					oauthStatus[state] = "Authentication failed"
+					return
+				}
+				authCode = m["code"]
+				if authCode == "" {
+					log.Errorf("Authentication failed: code not found")
+					oauthStatus[state] = "Authentication failed: code not found"
+					return
+				}
+				break
+			}
+			time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		}
+
+		// Exchange authorization code for token
+		token, err := conf.Exchange(ctx, authCode)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed to exchange token: %v", err)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to exchange token"
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Create token storage (mirrors internal/auth/gemini createTokenStorage)
+		httpClient := conf.Client(ctx, token)
+		req, errNewRequest := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo?alt=json", nil)
+		if errNewRequest != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Could not get user info: %v", errNewRequest)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Could not get user info"
+			return
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", fmt.Sprintf("Bearer %s", token.AccessToken))
+
+		resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
+		if errDo != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed to execute request: %v", errDo)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to execute request"
+			return
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if errClose := resp.Body.Close(); errClose != nil {
+				log.Printf("warn: failed to close response body: %v", errClose)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		bodyBytes, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
+			log.Errorf("Get user info request failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(bodyBytes))
+			oauthStatus[state] = fmt.Sprintf("Get user info request failed with status %d", resp.StatusCode)
+			return
+		}
+
+		email := gjson.GetBytes(bodyBytes, "email").String()
+		if email != "" {
+			log.Infof("Authenticated user email: %s", email)
+		} else {
+			log.Info("Failed to get user email from token")
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to get user email from token"
+		}
+
+		// Marshal/unmarshal oauth2.Token to generic map and enrich fields
+		var ifToken map[string]any
+		jsonData, _ := json.Marshal(token)
+		if errUnmarshal := json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &ifToken); errUnmarshal != nil {
+			log.Errorf("Failed to unmarshal token: %v", errUnmarshal)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to unmarshal token"
+			return
+		}
+
+		ifToken["token_uri"] = "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token"
+		ifToken["client_id"] = "681255809395-oo8ft2oprdrnp9e3aqf6av3hmdib135j.apps.googleusercontent.com"
+		ifToken["client_secret"] = "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"
+		ifToken["scopes"] = []string{
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email",
+			"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile",
+		}
+		ifToken["universe_domain"] = "googleapis.com"
+
+		ts := geminiAuth.GeminiTokenStorage{
+			Token:     ifToken,
+			ProjectID: projectID,
+			Email:     email,
+		}
+
+		// Initialize authenticated HTTP client via GeminiAuth to honor proxy settings
+		gemAuth := geminiAuth.NewGeminiAuth()
+		_, errGetClient := gemAuth.GetAuthenticatedClient(ctx, &ts, h.cfg, true)
+		if errGetClient != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("failed to get authenticated client: %v", errGetClient)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to get authenticated client"
+			return
+		}
+		log.Info("Authentication successful.")
+
+		record := &sdkAuth.TokenRecord{
+			Provider: "gemini",
+			FileName: fmt.Sprintf("gemini-%s.json", ts.Email),
+			Storage:  &ts,
+			Metadata: map[string]string{
+				"email":      ts.Email,
+				"project_id": ts.ProjectID,
+			},
+		}
+		savedPath, errSave := h.saveTokenRecord(ctx, record)
+		if errSave != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to save token to file: %v", errSave)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to save token to file"
+			return
+		}
+
+		delete(oauthStatus, state)
+		log.Infof("You can now use Gemini CLI services through this CLI; token saved to %s", savedPath)
+	}()
+
+	oauthStatus[state] = ""
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok", "url": authURL, "state": state})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) CreateGeminiWebToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	var payload struct {
+		Secure1PSID   string `json:"secure_1psid"`
+		Secure1PSIDTS string `json:"secure_1psidts"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&payload); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	payload.Secure1PSID = strings.TrimSpace(payload.Secure1PSID)
+	payload.Secure1PSIDTS = strings.TrimSpace(payload.Secure1PSIDTS)
+	if payload.Secure1PSID == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "secure_1psid is required"})
+		return
+	}
+	if payload.Secure1PSIDTS == "" {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "secure_1psidts is required"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	sha := sha256.New()
+	sha.Write([]byte(payload.Secure1PSID))
+	hash := hex.EncodeToString(sha.Sum(nil))
+	fileName := fmt.Sprintf("gemini-web-%s.json", hash[:16])
+
+	tokenStorage := &geminiAuth.GeminiWebTokenStorage{
+		Secure1PSID:   payload.Secure1PSID,
+		Secure1PSIDTS: payload.Secure1PSIDTS,
+	}
+
+	record := &sdkAuth.TokenRecord{
+		Provider: "gemini-web",
+		FileName: fileName,
+		Storage:  tokenStorage,
+	}
+
+	savedPath, errSave := h.saveTokenRecord(ctx, record)
+	if errSave != nil {
+		log.Errorf("Failed to save Gemini Web token: %v", errSave)
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "failed to save token"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Infof("Successfully saved Gemini Web token to: %s", savedPath)
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "ok", "file": filepath.Base(savedPath)})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) RequestCodexToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	log.Info("Initializing Codex authentication...")
+
+	// Generate PKCE codes
+	pkceCodes, err := codex.GeneratePKCECodes()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate PKCE codes: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Generate random state parameter
+	state, err := misc.GenerateRandomState()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate state parameter: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Initialize Codex auth service
+	openaiAuth := codex.NewCodexAuth(h.cfg)
+
+	// Generate authorization URL
+	authURL, err := openaiAuth.GenerateAuthURL(state, pkceCodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate authorization URL: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		// Wait for callback file
+		waitFile := filepath.Join(h.cfg.AuthDir, fmt.Sprintf(".oauth-codex-%s.oauth", state))
+		deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
+		var code string
+		for {
+			if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+				authErr := codex.NewAuthenticationError(codex.ErrCallbackTimeout, fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for OAuth callback"))
+				log.Error(codex.GetUserFriendlyMessage(authErr))
+				oauthStatus[state] = "Timeout waiting for OAuth callback"
+				return
+			}
+			if data, errR := os.ReadFile(waitFile); errR == nil {
+				var m map[string]string
+				_ = json.Unmarshal(data, &m)
+				_ = os.Remove(waitFile)
+				if errStr := m["error"]; errStr != "" {
+					oauthErr := codex.NewOAuthError(errStr, "", http.StatusBadRequest)
+					log.Error(codex.GetUserFriendlyMessage(oauthErr))
+					oauthStatus[state] = "Bad Request"
+					return
+				}
+				if m["state"] != state {
+					authErr := codex.NewAuthenticationError(codex.ErrInvalidState, fmt.Errorf("expected %s, got %s", state, m["state"]))
+					oauthStatus[state] = "State code error"
+					log.Error(codex.GetUserFriendlyMessage(authErr))
+					return
+				}
+				code = m["code"]
+				break
+			}
+			time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		}
+
+		log.Debug("Authorization code received, exchanging for tokens...")
+		// Extract client_id from authURL
+		clientID := ""
+		if u2, errP := url.Parse(authURL); errP == nil {
+			clientID = u2.Query().Get("client_id")
+		}
+		// Exchange code for tokens with redirect equal to mgmtRedirect
+		form := url.Values{
+			"grant_type":    {"authorization_code"},
+			"client_id":     {clientID},
+			"code":          {code},
+			"redirect_uri":  {"http://localhost:1455/auth/callback"},
+			"code_verifier": {pkceCodes.CodeVerifier},
+		}
+		httpClient := util.SetProxy(h.cfg, &http.Client{})
+		req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "https://auth.openai.com/oauth/token", strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+		req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+		resp, errDo := httpClient.Do(req)
+		if errDo != nil {
+			authErr := codex.NewAuthenticationError(codex.ErrCodeExchangeFailed, errDo)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to exchange authorization code for tokens"
+			log.Errorf("Failed to exchange authorization code for tokens: %v", authErr)
+			return
+		}
+		defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			oauthStatus[state] = fmt.Sprintf("Token exchange failed with status %d", resp.StatusCode)
+			log.Errorf("token exchange failed with status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+			return
+		}
+		var tokenResp struct {
+			AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+			RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
+			IDToken      string `json:"id_token"`
+			ExpiresIn    int    `json:"expires_in"`
+		}
+		if errU := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &tokenResp); errU != nil {
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to parse token response"
+			log.Errorf("failed to parse token response: %v", errU)
+			return
+		}
+		claims, _ := codex.ParseJWTToken(tokenResp.IDToken)
+		email := ""
+		accountID := ""
+		if claims != nil {
+			email = claims.GetUserEmail()
+			accountID = claims.GetAccountID()
+		}
+		// Build bundle compatible with existing storage
+		bundle := &codex.CodexAuthBundle{
+			TokenData: codex.CodexTokenData{
+				IDToken:      tokenResp.IDToken,
+				AccessToken:  tokenResp.AccessToken,
+				RefreshToken: tokenResp.RefreshToken,
+				AccountID:    accountID,
+				Email:        email,
+				Expire:       time.Now().Add(time.Duration(tokenResp.ExpiresIn) * time.Second).Format(time.RFC3339),
+			},
+			LastRefresh: time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		}
+
+		// Create token storage and persist
+		tokenStorage := openaiAuth.CreateTokenStorage(bundle)
+		record := &sdkAuth.TokenRecord{
+			Provider: "codex",
+			FileName: fmt.Sprintf("codex-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
+			Storage:  tokenStorage,
+			Metadata: map[string]string{
+				"email":      tokenStorage.Email,
+				"account_id": tokenStorage.AccountID,
+			},
+		}
+		savedPath, errSave := h.saveTokenRecord(ctx, record)
+		if errSave != nil {
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to save authentication tokens"
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to save authentication tokens: %v", errSave)
+			return
+		}
+		log.Infof("Authentication successful! Token saved to %s", savedPath)
+		if bundle.APIKey != "" {
+			log.Info("API key obtained and saved")
+		}
+		log.Info("You can now use Codex services through this CLI")
+		delete(oauthStatus, state)
+	}()
+
+	oauthStatus[state] = ""
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok", "url": authURL, "state": state})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) RequestQwenToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	log.Info("Initializing Qwen authentication...")
+
+	state := fmt.Sprintf("gem-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
+	// Initialize Qwen auth service
+	qwenAuth := qwen.NewQwenAuth(h.cfg)
+
+	// Generate authorization URL
+	deviceFlow, err := qwenAuth.InitiateDeviceFlow(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate authorization URL: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	authURL := deviceFlow.VerificationURIComplete
+
+	go func() {
+		log.Info("Waiting for authentication...")
+		tokenData, errPollForToken := qwenAuth.PollForToken(deviceFlow.DeviceCode, deviceFlow.CodeVerifier)
+		if errPollForToken != nil {
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Authentication failed"
+			fmt.Printf("Authentication failed: %v\n", errPollForToken)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Create token storage
+		tokenStorage := qwenAuth.CreateTokenStorage(tokenData)
+
+		tokenStorage.Email = fmt.Sprintf("qwen-%d", time.Now().UnixMilli())
+		record := &sdkAuth.TokenRecord{
+			Provider: "qwen",
+			FileName: fmt.Sprintf("qwen-%s.json", tokenStorage.Email),
+			Storage:  tokenStorage,
+			Metadata: map[string]string{"email": tokenStorage.Email},
+		}
+		savedPath, errSave := h.saveTokenRecord(ctx, record)
+		if errSave != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to save authentication tokens: %v", errSave)
+			oauthStatus[state] = "Failed to save authentication tokens"
+			return
+		}
+
+		log.Infof("Authentication successful! Token saved to %s", savedPath)
+		log.Info("You can now use Qwen services through this CLI")
+		delete(oauthStatus, state)
+	}()
+
+	oauthStatus[state] = ""
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok", "url": authURL, "state": state})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) GetAuthStatus(c *gin.Context) {
+	state := c.Query("state")
+	if err, ok := oauthStatus[state]; ok {
+		if err != "" {
+			c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "error", "error": err})
+		} else {
+			c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "wait"})
+			return
+		}
+	} else {
+		c.JSON(200, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+	}
+	delete(oauthStatus, state)
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/config_basic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+func (h *Handler) GetConfig(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, h.cfg)
+}
+
+// Debug
+func (h *Handler) GetDebug(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"debug": h.cfg.Debug}) }
+func (h *Handler) PutDebug(c *gin.Context) { h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.Debug = v }) }
+
+// Request log
+func (h *Handler) GetRequestLog(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"request-log": h.cfg.RequestLog}) }
+func (h *Handler) PutRequestLog(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.RequestLog = v })
+}
+
+// Request retry
+func (h *Handler) GetRequestRetry(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"request-retry": h.cfg.RequestRetry})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutRequestRetry(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateIntField(c, func(v int) { h.cfg.RequestRetry = v })
+}
+
+// Proxy URL
+func (h *Handler) GetProxyURL(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"proxy-url": h.cfg.ProxyURL}) }
+func (h *Handler) PutProxyURL(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateStringField(c, func(v string) { h.cfg.ProxyURL = v })
+}
+func (h *Handler) DeleteProxyURL(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.cfg.ProxyURL = ""
+	h.persist(c)
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+)
+
+// Generic helpers for list[string]
+func (h *Handler) putStringList(c *gin.Context, set func([]string), after func()) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var arr []string
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &arr); err != nil {
+		var obj struct {
+			Items []string `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &obj); err2 != nil || len(obj.Items) == 0 {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		arr = obj.Items
+	}
+	set(arr)
+	if after != nil {
+		after()
+	}
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) patchStringList(c *gin.Context, target *[]string, after func()) {
+	var body struct {
+		Old   *string `json:"old"`
+		New   *string `json:"new"`
+		Index *int    `json:"index"`
+		Value *string `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Index != nil && body.Value != nil && *body.Index >= 0 && *body.Index < len(*target) {
+		(*target)[*body.Index] = *body.Value
+		if after != nil {
+			after()
+		}
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Old != nil && body.New != nil {
+		for i := range *target {
+			if (*target)[i] == *body.Old {
+				(*target)[i] = *body.New
+				if after != nil {
+					after()
+				}
+				h.persist(c)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		*target = append(*target, *body.New)
+		if after != nil {
+			after()
+		}
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing fields"})
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) deleteFromStringList(c *gin.Context, target *[]string, after func()) {
+	if idxStr := c.Query("index"); idxStr != "" {
+		var idx int
+		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(idxStr, "%d", &idx)
+		if err == nil && idx >= 0 && idx < len(*target) {
+			*target = append((*target)[:idx], (*target)[idx+1:]...)
+			if after != nil {
+				after()
+			}
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if val := c.Query("value"); val != "" {
+		out := make([]string, 0, len(*target))
+		for _, v := range *target {
+			if v != val {
+				out = append(out, v)
+			}
+		}
+		*target = out
+		if after != nil {
+			after()
+		}
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing index or value"})
+}
+
+// api-keys
+func (h *Handler) GetAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"api-keys": h.cfg.APIKeys}) }
+func (h *Handler) PutAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.putStringList(c, func(v []string) { config.SyncInlineAPIKeys(h.cfg, v) }, nil)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.patchStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() { config.SyncInlineAPIKeys(h.cfg, h.cfg.APIKeys) })
+}
+func (h *Handler) DeleteAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.deleteFromStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() { config.SyncInlineAPIKeys(h.cfg, h.cfg.APIKeys) })
+}
+
+// generative-language-api-key
+func (h *Handler) GetGlKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"generative-language-api-key": h.cfg.GlAPIKey})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutGlKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.putStringList(c, func(v []string) { h.cfg.GlAPIKey = v }, nil)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchGlKeys(c *gin.Context)  { h.patchStringList(c, &h.cfg.GlAPIKey, nil) }
+func (h *Handler) DeleteGlKeys(c *gin.Context) { h.deleteFromStringList(c, &h.cfg.GlAPIKey, nil) }
+
+// claude-api-key: []ClaudeKey
+func (h *Handler) GetClaudeKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"claude-api-key": h.cfg.ClaudeKey})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutClaudeKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var arr []config.ClaudeKey
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &arr); err != nil {
+		var obj struct {
+			Items []config.ClaudeKey `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &obj); err2 != nil || len(obj.Items) == 0 {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		arr = obj.Items
+	}
+	h.cfg.ClaudeKey = arr
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchClaudeKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Index *int              `json:"index"`
+		Match *string           `json:"match"`
+		Value *config.ClaudeKey `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Index != nil && *body.Index >= 0 && *body.Index < len(h.cfg.ClaudeKey) {
+		h.cfg.ClaudeKey[*body.Index] = *body.Value
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Match != nil {
+		for i := range h.cfg.ClaudeKey {
+			if h.cfg.ClaudeKey[i].APIKey == *body.Match {
+				h.cfg.ClaudeKey[i] = *body.Value
+				h.persist(c)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "item not found"})
+}
+func (h *Handler) DeleteClaudeKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	if val := c.Query("api-key"); val != "" {
+		out := make([]config.ClaudeKey, 0, len(h.cfg.ClaudeKey))
+		for _, v := range h.cfg.ClaudeKey {
+			if v.APIKey != val {
+				out = append(out, v)
+			}
+		}
+		h.cfg.ClaudeKey = out
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if idxStr := c.Query("index"); idxStr != "" {
+		var idx int
+		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(idxStr, "%d", &idx)
+		if err == nil && idx >= 0 && idx < len(h.cfg.ClaudeKey) {
+			h.cfg.ClaudeKey = append(h.cfg.ClaudeKey[:idx], h.cfg.ClaudeKey[idx+1:]...)
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing api-key or index"})
+}
+
+// openai-compatibility: []OpenAICompatibility
+func (h *Handler) GetOpenAICompat(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"openai-compatibility": h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutOpenAICompat(c *gin.Context) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var arr []config.OpenAICompatibility
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &arr); err != nil {
+		var obj struct {
+			Items []config.OpenAICompatibility `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &obj); err2 != nil || len(obj.Items) == 0 {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		arr = obj.Items
+	}
+	h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility = arr
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchOpenAICompat(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Name  *string                     `json:"name"`
+		Index *int                        `json:"index"`
+		Value *config.OpenAICompatibility `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Index != nil && *body.Index >= 0 && *body.Index < len(h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility) {
+		h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility[*body.Index] = *body.Value
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Name != nil {
+		for i := range h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility {
+			if h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility[i].Name == *body.Name {
+				h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility[i] = *body.Value
+				h.persist(c)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "item not found"})
+}
+func (h *Handler) DeleteOpenAICompat(c *gin.Context) {
+	if name := c.Query("name"); name != "" {
+		out := make([]config.OpenAICompatibility, 0, len(h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility))
+		for _, v := range h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility {
+			if v.Name != name {
+				out = append(out, v)
+			}
+		}
+		h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility = out
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if idxStr := c.Query("index"); idxStr != "" {
+		var idx int
+		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(idxStr, "%d", &idx)
+		if err == nil && idx >= 0 && idx < len(h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility) {
+			h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility = append(h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility[:idx], h.cfg.OpenAICompatibility[idx+1:]...)
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing name or index"})
+}
+
+// codex-api-key: []CodexKey
+func (h *Handler) GetCodexKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"codex-api-key": h.cfg.CodexKey})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutCodexKeys(c *gin.Context) {
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "failed to read body"})
+		return
+	}
+	var arr []config.CodexKey
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &arr); err != nil {
+		var obj struct {
+			Items []config.CodexKey `json:"items"`
+		}
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(data, &obj); err2 != nil || len(obj.Items) == 0 {
+			c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+			return
+		}
+		arr = obj.Items
+	}
+	h.cfg.CodexKey = arr
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+func (h *Handler) PatchCodexKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	var body struct {
+		Index *int             `json:"index"`
+		Match *string          `json:"match"`
+		Value *config.CodexKey `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Index != nil && *body.Index >= 0 && *body.Index < len(h.cfg.CodexKey) {
+		h.cfg.CodexKey[*body.Index] = *body.Value
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if body.Match != nil {
+		for i := range h.cfg.CodexKey {
+			if h.cfg.CodexKey[i].APIKey == *body.Match {
+				h.cfg.CodexKey[i] = *body.Value
+				h.persist(c)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(404, gin.H{"error": "item not found"})
+}
+func (h *Handler) DeleteCodexKey(c *gin.Context) {
+	if val := c.Query("api-key"); val != "" {
+		out := make([]config.CodexKey, 0, len(h.cfg.CodexKey))
+		for _, v := range h.cfg.CodexKey {
+			if v.APIKey != val {
+				out = append(out, v)
+			}
+		}
+		h.cfg.CodexKey = out
+		h.persist(c)
+		return
+	}
+	if idxStr := c.Query("index"); idxStr != "" {
+		var idx int
+		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(idxStr, "%d", &idx)
+		if err == nil && idx >= 0 && idx < len(h.cfg.CodexKey) {
+			h.cfg.CodexKey = append(h.cfg.CodexKey[:idx], h.cfg.CodexKey[idx+1:]...)
+			h.persist(c)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	c.JSON(400, gin.H{"error": "missing api-key or index"})
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+// Package management provides the management API handlers and middleware
+// for configuring the server and managing auth files.
+package management
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/usage"
+	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+)
+
+type attemptInfo struct {
+	count        int
+	blockedUntil time.Time
+}
+
+// Handler aggregates config reference, persistence path and helpers.
+type Handler struct {
+	cfg            *config.Config
+	configFilePath string
+	mu             sync.Mutex
+
+	attemptsMu     sync.Mutex
+	failedAttempts map[string]*attemptInfo // keyed by client IP
+	authManager    *coreauth.Manager
+	usageStats     *usage.RequestStatistics
+	tokenStore     sdkAuth.TokenStore
+}
+
+// NewHandler creates a new management handler instance.
+func NewHandler(cfg *config.Config, configFilePath string, manager *coreauth.Manager) *Handler {
+	return &Handler{
+		cfg:            cfg,
+		configFilePath: configFilePath,
+		failedAttempts: make(map[string]*attemptInfo),
+		authManager:    manager,
+		usageStats:     usage.GetRequestStatistics(),
+		tokenStore:     sdkAuth.GetTokenStore(),
+	}
+}
+
+// SetConfig updates the in-memory config reference when the server hot-reloads.
+func (h *Handler) SetConfig(cfg *config.Config) { h.cfg = cfg }
+
+// SetAuthManager updates the auth manager reference used by management endpoints.
+func (h *Handler) SetAuthManager(manager *coreauth.Manager) { h.authManager = manager }
+
+// SetUsageStatistics allows replacing the usage statistics reference.
+func (h *Handler) SetUsageStatistics(stats *usage.RequestStatistics) { h.usageStats = stats }
+
+// Middleware enforces access control for management endpoints.
+// All requests (local and remote) require a valid management key.
+// Additionally, remote access requires allow-remote-management=true.
+func (h *Handler) Middleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
+	const maxFailures = 5
+	const banDuration = 30 * time.Minute
+
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		clientIP := c.ClientIP()
+
+		// For remote IPs, enforce allow-remote-management and ban checks
+		if !(clientIP == "127.0.0.1" || clientIP == "::1") {
+			// Check if IP is currently blocked
+			h.attemptsMu.Lock()
+			ai := h.failedAttempts[clientIP]
+			if ai != nil {
+				if !ai.blockedUntil.IsZero() {
+					if time.Now().Before(ai.blockedUntil) {
+						remaining := time.Until(ai.blockedUntil).Round(time.Second)
+						h.attemptsMu.Unlock()
+						c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusForbidden, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("IP banned due to too many failed attempts. Try again in %s", remaining)})
+						return
+					}
+					// Ban expired, reset state
+					ai.blockedUntil = time.Time{}
+					ai.count = 0
+				}
+			}
+			h.attemptsMu.Unlock()
+
+			allowRemote := h.cfg.RemoteManagement.AllowRemote
+			if !allowRemote {
+				c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusForbidden, gin.H{"error": "remote management disabled"})
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		secret := h.cfg.RemoteManagement.SecretKey
+		if secret == "" {
+			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusForbidden, gin.H{"error": "remote management key not set"})
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Accept either Authorization: Bearer <key> or X-Management-Key
+		var provided string
+		if ah := c.GetHeader("Authorization"); ah != "" {
+			parts := strings.SplitN(ah, " ", 2)
+			if len(parts) == 2 && strings.ToLower(parts[0]) == "bearer" {
+				provided = parts[1]
+			} else {
+				provided = ah
+			}
+		}
+		if provided == "" {
+			provided = c.GetHeader("X-Management-Key")
+		}
+
+		if !(clientIP == "127.0.0.1" || clientIP == "::1") {
+			// For remote IPs, enforce key and track failures
+			fail := func() {
+				h.attemptsMu.Lock()
+				ai := h.failedAttempts[clientIP]
+				if ai == nil {
+					ai = &attemptInfo{}
+					h.failedAttempts[clientIP] = ai
+				}
+				ai.count++
+				if ai.count >= maxFailures {
+					ai.blockedUntil = time.Now().Add(banDuration)
+					ai.count = 0
+				}
+				h.attemptsMu.Unlock()
+			}
+
+			if provided == "" {
+				fail()
+				c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "missing management key"})
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err := bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword([]byte(secret), []byte(provided)); err != nil {
+				fail()
+				c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "invalid management key"})
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Success: reset failed count for this IP
+			h.attemptsMu.Lock()
+			if ai := h.failedAttempts[clientIP]; ai != nil {
+				ai.count = 0
+				ai.blockedUntil = time.Time{}
+			}
+			h.attemptsMu.Unlock()
+		}
+
+		c.Next()
+	}
+}
+
+// persist saves the current in-memory config to disk.
+func (h *Handler) persist(c *gin.Context) bool {
+	h.mu.Lock()
+	defer h.mu.Unlock()
+	// Preserve comments when writing
+	if err := config.SaveConfigPreserveComments(h.configFilePath, h.cfg); err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("failed to save config: %v", err)})
+		return false
+	}
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "ok"})
+	return true
+}
+
+// Helper methods for simple types
+func (h *Handler) updateBoolField(c *gin.Context, set func(bool)) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value *bool `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		var m map[string]any
+		if err2 := c.ShouldBindJSON(&m); err2 == nil {
+			for _, v := range m {
+				if b, ok := v.(bool); ok {
+					set(b)
+					h.persist(c)
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	set(*body.Value)
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) updateIntField(c *gin.Context, set func(int)) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value *int `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	set(*body.Value)
+	h.persist(c)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) updateStringField(c *gin.Context, set func(string)) {
+	var body struct {
+		Value *string `json:"value"`
+	}
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&body); err != nil || body.Value == nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "invalid body"})
+		return
+	}
+	set(*body.Value)
+	h.persist(c)
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/quota.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package management
+
+import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+
+// Quota exceeded toggles
+func (h *Handler) GetSwitchProject(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"switch-project": h.cfg.QuotaExceeded.SwitchProject})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutSwitchProject(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.QuotaExceeded.SwitchProject = v })
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) GetSwitchPreviewModel(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(200, gin.H{"switch-preview-model": h.cfg.QuotaExceeded.SwitchPreviewModel})
+}
+func (h *Handler) PutSwitchPreviewModel(c *gin.Context) {
+	h.updateBoolField(c, func(v bool) { h.cfg.QuotaExceeded.SwitchPreviewModel = v })
+}

internal/api/handlers/management/usage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package management
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/usage"
+)
+
+// GetUsageStatistics returns the in-memory request statistics snapshot.
+func (h *Handler) GetUsageStatistics(c *gin.Context) {
+	var snapshot usage.StatisticsSnapshot
+	if h != nil && h.usageStats != nil {
+		snapshot = h.usageStats.Snapshot()
+	}
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"usage": snapshot})
+}

internal/api/handlers/openai/openai_handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+// Package openai provides HTTP handlers for OpenAI API endpoints.
+// This package implements the OpenAI-compatible API interface, including model listing
+// and chat completion functionality. It supports both streaming and non-streaming responses,
+// and manages a pool of clients to interact with backend services.
+// The handlers translate OpenAI API requests to the appropriate backend format and
+// convert responses back to OpenAI-compatible format.
+package openai
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers"
+	. "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/constant"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// OpenAIAPIHandler contains the handlers for OpenAI API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service.
+type OpenAIAPIHandler struct {
+	*handlers.BaseAPIHandler
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIAPIHandler creates a new OpenAI API handlers instance.
+// It takes an BaseAPIHandler instance as input and returns an OpenAIAPIHandler.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - apiHandlers: The base API handlers instance
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - *OpenAIAPIHandler: A new OpenAI API handlers instance
+func NewOpenAIAPIHandler(apiHandlers *handlers.BaseAPIHandler) *OpenAIAPIHandler {
+	return &OpenAIAPIHandler{
+		BaseAPIHandler: apiHandlers,
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerType returns the identifier for this handler implementation.
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) HandlerType() string {
+	return OpenAI
+}
+
+// Models returns the OpenAI-compatible model metadata supported by this handler.
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) Models() []map[string]any {
+	// Get dynamic models from the global registry
+	modelRegistry := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	return modelRegistry.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+}
+
+// OpenAIModels handles the /v1/models endpoint.
+// It returns a list of available AI models with their capabilities
+// and specifications in OpenAI-compatible format.
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) OpenAIModels(c *gin.Context) {
+	// Get all available models
+	allModels := h.Models()
+
+	// Filter to only include the 4 required fields: id, object, created, owned_by
+	filteredModels := make([]map[string]any, len(allModels))
+	for i, model := range allModels {
+		filteredModel := map[string]any{
+			"id":     model["id"],
+			"object": model["object"],
+		}
+
+		// Add created field if it exists
+		if created, exists := model["created"]; exists {
+			filteredModel["created"] = created
+		}
+
+		// Add owned_by field if it exists
+		if ownedBy, exists := model["owned_by"]; exists {
+			filteredModel["owned_by"] = ownedBy
+		}
+
+		filteredModels[i] = filteredModel
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+		"object": "list",
+		"data":   filteredModels,
+	})
+}
+
+// ChatCompletions handles the /v1/chat/completions endpoint.
+// It determines whether the request is for a streaming or non-streaming response
+// and calls the appropriate handler based on the model provider.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) ChatCompletions(c *gin.Context) {
+	rawJSON, err := c.GetRawData()
+	// If data retrieval fails, return a 400 Bad Request error.
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the client requested a streaming response.
+	streamResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "stream")
+	if streamResult.Type == gjson.True {
+		h.handleStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	} else {
+		h.handleNonStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	}
+
+}
+
+// Completions handles the /v1/completions endpoint.
+// It determines whether the request is for a streaming or non-streaming response
+// and calls the appropriate handler based on the model provider.
+// This endpoint follows the OpenAI completions API specification.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) Completions(c *gin.Context) {
+	rawJSON, err := c.GetRawData()
+	// If data retrieval fails, return a 400 Bad Request error.
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the client requested a streaming response.
+	streamResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "stream")
+	if streamResult.Type == gjson.True {
+		h.handleCompletionsStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	} else {
+		h.handleCompletionsNonStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	}
+
+}
+
+// convertCompletionsRequestToChatCompletions converts OpenAI completions API request to chat completions format.
+// This allows the completions endpoint to use the existing chat completions infrastructure.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the completions request
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []byte: The converted chat completions request
+func convertCompletionsRequestToChatCompletions(rawJSON []byte) []byte {
+	root := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
+
+	// Extract prompt from completions request
+	prompt := root.Get("prompt").String()
+	if prompt == "" {
+		prompt = "Complete this:"
+	}
+
+	// Create chat completions structure
+	out := `{"model":"","messages":[{"role":"user","content":""}]}`
+
+	// Set model
+	if model := root.Get("model"); model.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "model", model.String())
+	}
+
+	// Set the prompt as user message content
+	out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "messages.0.content", prompt)
+
+	// Copy other parameters from completions to chat completions
+	if maxTokens := root.Get("max_tokens"); maxTokens.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "max_tokens", maxTokens.Int())
+	}
+
+	if temperature := root.Get("temperature"); temperature.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "temperature", temperature.Float())
+	}
+
+	if topP := root.Get("top_p"); topP.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "top_p", topP.Float())
+	}
+
+	if frequencyPenalty := root.Get("frequency_penalty"); frequencyPenalty.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "frequency_penalty", frequencyPenalty.Float())
+	}
+
+	if presencePenalty := root.Get("presence_penalty"); presencePenalty.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "presence_penalty", presencePenalty.Float())
+	}
+
+	if stop := root.Get("stop"); stop.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "stop", stop.Raw)
+	}
+
+	if stream := root.Get("stream"); stream.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "stream", stream.Bool())
+	}
+
+	if logprobs := root.Get("logprobs"); logprobs.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "logprobs", logprobs.Bool())
+	}
+
+	if topLogprobs := root.Get("top_logprobs"); topLogprobs.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "top_logprobs", topLogprobs.Int())
+	}
+
+	if echo := root.Get("echo"); echo.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "echo", echo.Bool())
+	}
+
+	return []byte(out)
+}
+
+// convertChatCompletionsResponseToCompletions converts chat completions API response back to completions format.
+// This ensures the completions endpoint returns data in the expected format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the chat completions response
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []byte: The converted completions response
+func convertChatCompletionsResponseToCompletions(rawJSON []byte) []byte {
+	root := gjson.ParseBytes(rawJSON)
+
+	// Base completions response structure
+	out := `{"id":"","object":"text_completion","created":0,"model":"","choices":[]}`
+
+	// Copy basic fields
+	if id := root.Get("id"); id.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "id", id.String())
+	}
+
+	if created := root.Get("created"); created.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "created", created.Int())
+	}
+
+	if model := root.Get("model"); model.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "model", model.String())
+	}
+
+	if usage := root.Get("usage"); usage.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "usage", usage.Raw)
+	}
+
+	// Convert choices from chat completions to completions format
+	var choices []interface{}
+	if chatChoices := root.Get("choices"); chatChoices.Exists() && chatChoices.IsArray() {
+		chatChoices.ForEach(func(_, choice gjson.Result) bool {
+			completionsChoice := map[string]interface{}{
+				"index": choice.Get("index").Int(),
+			}
+
+			// Extract text content from message.content
+			if message := choice.Get("message"); message.Exists() {
+				if content := message.Get("content"); content.Exists() {
+					completionsChoice["text"] = content.String()
+				}
+			} else if delta := choice.Get("delta"); delta.Exists() {
+				// For streaming responses, use delta.content
+				if content := delta.Get("content"); content.Exists() {
+					completionsChoice["text"] = content.String()
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Copy finish_reason
+			if finishReason := choice.Get("finish_reason"); finishReason.Exists() {
+				completionsChoice["finish_reason"] = finishReason.String()
+			}
+
+			// Copy logprobs if present
+			if logprobs := choice.Get("logprobs"); logprobs.Exists() {
+				completionsChoice["logprobs"] = logprobs.Value()
+			}
+
+			choices = append(choices, completionsChoice)
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+
+	if len(choices) > 0 {
+		choicesJSON, _ := json.Marshal(choices)
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "choices", string(choicesJSON))
+	}
+
+	return []byte(out)
+}
+
+// convertChatCompletionsStreamChunkToCompletions converts a streaming chat completions chunk to completions format.
+// This handles the real-time conversion of streaming response chunks and filters out empty text responses.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - chunkData: The raw JSON bytes of a single chat completions stream chunk
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - []byte: The converted completions stream chunk, or nil if should be filtered out
+func convertChatCompletionsStreamChunkToCompletions(chunkData []byte) []byte {
+	root := gjson.ParseBytes(chunkData)
+
+	// Check if this chunk has any meaningful content
+	hasContent := false
+	if chatChoices := root.Get("choices"); chatChoices.Exists() && chatChoices.IsArray() {
+		chatChoices.ForEach(func(_, choice gjson.Result) bool {
+			// Check if delta has content or finish_reason
+			if delta := choice.Get("delta"); delta.Exists() {
+				if content := delta.Get("content"); content.Exists() && content.String() != "" {
+					hasContent = true
+					return false // Break out of forEach
+				}
+			}
+			// Also check for finish_reason to ensure we don't skip final chunks
+			if finishReason := choice.Get("finish_reason"); finishReason.Exists() && finishReason.String() != "" && finishReason.String() != "null" {
+				hasContent = true
+				return false // Break out of forEach
+			}
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+
+	// If no meaningful content, return nil to indicate this chunk should be skipped
+	if !hasContent {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Base completions stream response structure
+	out := `{"id":"","object":"text_completion","created":0,"model":"","choices":[]}`
+
+	// Copy basic fields
+	if id := root.Get("id"); id.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "id", id.String())
+	}
+
+	if created := root.Get("created"); created.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "created", created.Int())
+	}
+
+	if model := root.Get("model"); model.Exists() {
+		out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "model", model.String())
+	}
+
+	// Convert choices from chat completions delta to completions format
+	var choices []interface{}
+	if chatChoices := root.Get("choices"); chatChoices.Exists() && chatChoices.IsArray() {
+		chatChoices.ForEach(func(_, choice gjson.Result) bool {
+			completionsChoice := map[string]interface{}{
+				"index": choice.Get("index").Int(),
+			}
+
+			// Extract text content from delta.content
+			if delta := choice.Get("delta"); delta.Exists() {
+				if content := delta.Get("content"); content.Exists() && content.String() != "" {
+					completionsChoice["text"] = content.String()
+				} else {
+					completionsChoice["text"] = ""
+				}
+			} else {
+				completionsChoice["text"] = ""
+			}
+
+			// Copy finish_reason
+			if finishReason := choice.Get("finish_reason"); finishReason.Exists() && finishReason.String() != "null" {
+				completionsChoice["finish_reason"] = finishReason.String()
+			}
+
+			// Copy logprobs if present
+			if logprobs := choice.Get("logprobs"); logprobs.Exists() {
+				completionsChoice["logprobs"] = logprobs.Value()
+			}
+
+			choices = append(choices, completionsChoice)
+			return true
+		})
+	}
+
+	if len(choices) > 0 {
+		choicesJSON, _ := json.Marshal(choices)
+		out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "choices", string(choicesJSON))
+	}
+
+	return []byte(out)
+}
+
+// handleNonStreamingResponse handles non-streaming chat completion responses
+// for Gemini models. It selects a client from the pool, sends the request, and
+// aggregates the response before sending it back to the client in OpenAI format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAI-compatible request
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) handleNonStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, h.GetAlt(c))
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+// handleStreamingResponse handles streaming responses for Gemini models.
+// It establishes a streaming connection with the backend service and forwards
+// the response chunks to the client in real-time using Server-Sent Events.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAI-compatible request
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) handleStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, h.GetAlt(c))
+	h.handleStreamResult(c, flusher, func(err error) { cliCancel(err) }, dataChan, errChan)
+}
+
+// handleCompletionsNonStreamingResponse handles non-streaming completions responses.
+// It converts completions request to chat completions format, sends to backend,
+// then converts the response back to completions format before sending to client.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAI-compatible completions request
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) handleCompletionsNonStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	// Convert completions request to chat completions format
+	chatCompletionsJSON := convertCompletionsRequestToChatCompletions(rawJSON)
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(chatCompletionsJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, chatCompletionsJSON, "")
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		cliCancel(errMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+	completionsResp := convertChatCompletionsResponseToCompletions(resp)
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(completionsResp)
+	cliCancel()
+}
+
+// handleCompletionsStreamingResponse handles streaming completions responses.
+// It converts completions request to chat completions format, streams from backend,
+// then converts each response chunk back to completions format before sending to client.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAI-compatible completions request
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) handleCompletionsStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Convert completions request to chat completions format
+	chatCompletionsJSON := convertCompletionsRequestToChatCompletions(rawJSON)
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(chatCompletionsJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, chatCompletionsJSON, "")
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cliCancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, isOk := <-dataChan:
+			if !isOk {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: [DONE]\n\n")
+				flusher.Flush()
+				cliCancel()
+				return
+			}
+			converted := convertChatCompletionsStreamChunkToCompletions(chunk)
+			if converted != nil {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: %s\n\n", string(converted))
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+		case errMsg, isOk := <-errChan:
+			if !isOk {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cliCancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}
+func (h *OpenAIAPIHandler) handleStreamResult(c *gin.Context, flusher http.Flusher, cancel func(error), data <-chan []byte, errs <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, ok := <-data:
+			if !ok {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: [DONE]\n\n")
+				flusher.Flush()
+				cancel(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: %s\n\n", string(chunk))
+			flusher.Flush()
+		case errMsg, ok := <-errs:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/api/handlers/openai/openai_responses_handlers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// Package openai provides HTTP handlers for OpenAIResponses API endpoints.
+// This package implements the OpenAIResponses-compatible API interface, including model listing
+// and chat completion functionality. It supports both streaming and non-streaming responses,
+// and manages a pool of clients to interact with backend services.
+// The handlers translate OpenAIResponses API requests to the appropriate backend format and
+// convert responses back to OpenAIResponses-compatible format.
+package openai
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api/handlers"
+	. "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/constant"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/interfaces"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+// OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler contains the handlers for OpenAIResponses API endpoints.
+// It holds a pool of clients to interact with the backend service.
+type OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler struct {
+	*handlers.BaseAPIHandler
+}
+
+// NewOpenAIResponsesAPIHandler creates a new OpenAIResponses API handlers instance.
+// It takes an BaseAPIHandler instance as input and returns an OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - apiHandlers: The base API handlers instance
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler: A new OpenAIResponses API handlers instance
+func NewOpenAIResponsesAPIHandler(apiHandlers *handlers.BaseAPIHandler) *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler {
+	return &OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler{
+		BaseAPIHandler: apiHandlers,
+	}
+}
+
+// HandlerType returns the identifier for this handler implementation.
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) HandlerType() string {
+	return OpenaiResponse
+}
+
+// Models returns the OpenAIResponses-compatible model metadata supported by this handler.
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) Models() []map[string]any {
+	// Get dynamic models from the global registry
+	modelRegistry := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	return modelRegistry.GetAvailableModels("openai")
+}
+
+// OpenAIResponsesModels handles the /v1/models endpoint.
+// It returns a list of available AI models with their capabilities
+// and specifications in OpenAIResponses-compatible format.
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) OpenAIResponsesModels(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+		"object": "list",
+		"data":   h.Models(),
+	})
+}
+
+// Responses handles the /v1/responses endpoint.
+// It determines whether the request is for a streaming or non-streaming response
+// and calls the appropriate handler based on the model provider.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
+	rawJSON, err := c.GetRawData()
+	// If data retrieval fails, return a 400 Bad Request error.
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("Invalid request: %v", err),
+				Type:    "invalid_request_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the client requested a streaming response.
+	streamResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "stream")
+	if streamResult.Type == gjson.True {
+		h.handleStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	} else {
+		h.handleNonStreamingResponse(c, rawJSON)
+	}
+
+}
+
+// handleNonStreamingResponse handles non-streaming chat completion responses
+// for Gemini models. It selects a client from the pool, sends the request, and
+// aggregates the response before sending it back to the client in OpenAIResponses format.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAIResponses-compatible request
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) handleNonStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	defer func() {
+		cliCancel()
+	}()
+
+	resp, errMsg := h.ExecuteWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, "")
+	if errMsg != nil {
+		h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+		return
+	}
+	_, _ = c.Writer.Write(resp)
+	return
+
+	// no legacy fallback
+
+}
+
+// handleStreamingResponse handles streaming responses for Gemini models.
+// It establishes a streaming connection with the backend service and forwards
+// the response chunks to the client in real-time using Server-Sent Events.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - c: The Gin context containing the HTTP request and response
+//   - rawJSON: The raw JSON bytes of the OpenAIResponses-compatible request
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) handleStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, rawJSON []byte) {
+	c.Header("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Header("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+
+	// Get the http.Flusher interface to manually flush the response.
+	flusher, ok := c.Writer.(http.Flusher)
+	if !ok {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, handlers.ErrorResponse{
+			Error: handlers.ErrorDetail{
+				Message: "Streaming not supported",
+				Type:    "server_error",
+			},
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	// New core execution path
+	modelName := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "model").String()
+	cliCtx, cliCancel := h.GetContextWithCancel(h, c, context.Background())
+	dataChan, errChan := h.ExecuteStreamWithAuthManager(cliCtx, h.HandlerType(), modelName, rawJSON, "")
+	h.forwardResponsesStream(c, flusher, func(err error) { cliCancel(err) }, dataChan, errChan)
+	return
+}
+
+func (h *OpenAIResponsesAPIHandler) forwardResponsesStream(c *gin.Context, flusher http.Flusher, cancel func(error), data <-chan []byte, errs <-chan *interfaces.ErrorMessage) {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.Request.Context().Done():
+			cancel(c.Request.Context().Err())
+			return
+		case chunk, ok := <-data:
+			if !ok {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))
+				flusher.Flush()
+				cancel(nil)
+				return
+			}
+
+			if bytes.HasPrefix(chunk, []byte("event:")) {
+				_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))
+			}
+			_, _ = c.Writer.Write(chunk)
+			_, _ = c.Writer.Write([]byte("\n"))
+
+			flusher.Flush()
+		case errMsg, ok := <-errs:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				h.WriteErrorResponse(c, errMsg)
+				flusher.Flush()
+			}
+			var execErr error
+			if errMsg != nil {
+				execErr = errMsg.Error
+			}
+			cancel(execErr)
+			return
+		case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+	}
+}