From fc329ebf37387512aa632b6c94dc9d81c1676fa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hkfires <10558748+hkfires@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 10:12:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/16] docs(config): simplify oauth model alias example

---
 config.example.yaml | 20 ++++----------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/config.example.yaml b/config.example.yaml
index 1c48e02d..612e4148 100644
--- a/config.example.yaml
+++ b/config.example.yaml
@@ -224,22 +224,10 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 # Supported channels: gemini-cli, vertex, aistudio, antigravity, claude, codex, qwen, iflow, kimi.
 # NOTE: Aliases do not apply to gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, or ampcode.
 # You can repeat the same name with different aliases to expose multiple client model names.
-oauth-model-alias:
-  antigravity:
-    - name: "rev19-uic3-1p"
-      alias: "gemini-2.5-computer-use-preview-10-2025"
-    - name: "gemini-3-pro-image"
-      alias: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"
-    - name: "gemini-3-pro-high"
-      alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
-    - name: "gemini-3-flash"
-      alias: "gemini-3-flash-preview"
-    - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5"
-      alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5"
-    - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
-      alias: "gemini-claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking"
-    - name: "claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
-      alias: "gemini-claude-opus-4-5-thinking"
+# oauth-model-alias:
+#   antigravity:
+#     - name: "gemini-3-pro-high"
+#       alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
 #   gemini-cli:
 #     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"          # original model name under this channel
 #       alias: "g2.5p"                  # client-visible alias

From 896de027cc85a93d4522a76cc2fa14ebe535b5bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hkfires <10558748+hkfires@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 10:13:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/16] docs(config): reorder antigravity model alias example

---
 config.example.yaml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/config.example.yaml b/config.example.yaml
index 612e4148..27668673 100644
--- a/config.example.yaml
+++ b/config.example.yaml
@@ -225,9 +225,6 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 # NOTE: Aliases do not apply to gemini-api-key, codex-api-key, claude-api-key, openai-compatibility, vertex-api-key, or ampcode.
 # You can repeat the same name with different aliases to expose multiple client model names.
 # oauth-model-alias:
-#   antigravity:
-#     - name: "gemini-3-pro-high"
-#       alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
 #   gemini-cli:
 #     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"          # original model name under this channel
 #       alias: "g2.5p"                  # client-visible alias
@@ -238,6 +235,9 @@ nonstream-keepalive-interval: 0
 #   aistudio:
 #     - name: "gemini-2.5-pro"
 #       alias: "g2.5p"
+#   antigravity:
+#     - name: "gemini-3-pro-high"
+#       alias: "gemini-3-pro-preview"
 #   claude:
 #     - name: "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
 #       alias: "cs4.5"

From 0040d784964a0f71f883b2e176b3e753ba755532 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luis Pater <webmaster@idotorg.org>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 15:38:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/16] refactor(sdk): simplify provider lifecycle and
 registration logic

---
 cmd/server/main.go                            |   2 +-
 docs/sdk-access.md                            | 128 +++++------
 docs/sdk-access_CN.md                         | 124 +++++-----
 internal/access/config_access/provider.go     |  77 +++++--
 internal/access/reconcile.go                  | 211 +++---------------
 .../api/handlers/management/config_lists.go   |   5 +-
 internal/api/server.go                        |  10 +-
 internal/config/config.go                     |  27 +--
 internal/config/sdk_config.go                 |  65 ------
 sdk/access/errors.go                          |  96 +++++++-
 sdk/access/manager.go                         |  21 +-
 sdk/access/registry.go                        |  94 ++++----
 sdk/access/types.go                           |  47 ++++
 sdk/cliproxy/builder.go                       |   8 +-
 sdk/config/config.go                          |  10 +-
 15 files changed, 391 insertions(+), 534 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sdk/access/types.go

diff --git a/cmd/server/main.go b/cmd/server/main.go
index 5bf4ba6a..dec30484 100644
--- a/cmd/server/main.go
+++ b/cmd/server/main.go
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	// Register built-in access providers before constructing services.
-	configaccess.Register()
+	configaccess.Register(&cfg.SDKConfig)
 
 	// Handle different command modes based on the provided flags.
 
diff --git a/docs/sdk-access.md b/docs/sdk-access.md
index e4e69629..343c851b 100644
--- a/docs/sdk-access.md
+++ b/docs/sdk-access.md
@@ -7,80 +7,71 @@ The `github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access` package centralizes inb
 ```go
 import (
     sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
-    "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 )
 ```
 
 Add the module with `go get github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access`.
 
+## Provider Registry
+
+Providers are registered globally and then attached to a `Manager` as a snapshot:
+
+- `RegisterProvider(type, provider)` installs a pre-initialized provider instance.
+- Registration order is preserved the first time each `type` is seen.
+- `RegisteredProviders()` returns the providers in that order.
+
 ## Manager Lifecycle
 
 ```go
 manager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
-providers, err := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(cfg)
-if err != nil {
-    return err
-}
-manager.SetProviders(providers)
+manager.SetProviders(sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders())
 ```
 
 * `NewManager` constructs an empty manager.
 * `SetProviders` replaces the provider slice using a defensive copy.
 * `Providers` retrieves a snapshot that can be iterated safely from other goroutines.
-* `BuildProviders` translates `config.Config` access declarations into runnable providers. When the config omits explicit providers but defines inline API keys, the helper auto-installs the built-in `config-api-key` provider.
+
+If the manager itself is `nil` or no providers are configured, the call returns `nil, nil`, allowing callers to treat access control as disabled.
 
 ## Authenticating Requests
 
 ```go
-result, err := manager.Authenticate(ctx, req)
+result, authErr := manager.Authenticate(ctx, req)
 switch {
-case err == nil:
+case authErr == nil:
     // Authentication succeeded; result describes the provider and principal.
-case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials):
+case sdkaccess.IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, sdkaccess.AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials):
     // No recognizable credentials were supplied.
-case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential):
+case sdkaccess.IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, sdkaccess.AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential):
     // Supplied credentials were present but rejected.
 default:
-    // Transport-level failure was returned by a provider.
+    // Internal/transport failure was returned by a provider.
 }
 ```
 
-`Manager.Authenticate` walks the configured providers in order. It returns on the first success, skips providers that surface `ErrNotHandled`, and tracks whether any provider reported `ErrNoCredentials` or `ErrInvalidCredential` for downstream error reporting.
-
-If the manager itself is `nil` or no providers are registered, the call returns `nil, nil`, allowing callers to treat access control as disabled without branching on errors.
+`Manager.Authenticate` walks the configured providers in order. It returns on the first success, skips providers that return `AuthErrorCodeNotHandled`, and aggregates `AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials` / `AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential` for a final result.
 
 Each `Result` includes the provider identifier, the resolved principal, and optional metadata (for example, which header carried the credential).
 
-## Configuration Layout
+## Built-in `config-api-key` Provider
 
-The manager expects access providers under the `auth.providers` key inside `config.yaml`:
+The proxy includes one built-in access provider:
+
+- `config-api-key`: Validates API keys declared under top-level `api-keys`.
+  - Credential sources: `Authorization: Bearer`, `X-Goog-Api-Key`, `X-Api-Key`, `?key=`, `?auth_token=`
+  - Metadata: `Result.Metadata["source"]` is set to the matched source label.
+
+In the CLI server and `sdk/cliproxy`, this provider is registered automatically based on the loaded configuration.
 
 ```yaml
-auth:
-  providers:
-    - name: inline-api
-      type: config-api-key
-      api-keys:
-        - sk-test-123
-        - sk-prod-456
+api-keys:
+  - sk-test-123
+  - sk-prod-456
 ```
 
-Fields map directly to `config.AccessProvider`: `name` labels the provider, `type` selects the registered factory, `sdk` can name an external module, `api-keys` seeds inline credentials, and `config` passes provider-specific options.
+## Loading Providers from External Go Modules
 
-### Loading providers from external SDK modules
-
-To consume a provider shipped in another Go module, point the `sdk` field at the module path and import it for its registration side effect:
-
-```yaml
-auth:
-  providers:
-    - name: partner-auth
-      type: partner-token
-      sdk: github.com/acme/xplatform/sdk/access/providers/partner
-      config:
-        region: us-west-2
-        audience: cli-proxy
-```
+To consume a provider shipped in another Go module, import it for its registration side effect:
 
 ```go
 import (
@@ -89,19 +80,11 @@ import (
 )
 ```
 
-The blank identifier import ensures `init` runs so `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider` executes before `BuildProviders` is called.
-
-## Built-in Providers
-
-The SDK ships with one provider out of the box:
-
-- `config-api-key`: Validates API keys declared inline or under top-level `api-keys`. It accepts the key from `Authorization: Bearer`, `X-Goog-Api-Key`, `X-Api-Key`, or the `?key=` query string and reports `ErrInvalidCredential` when no match is found.
-
-Additional providers can be delivered by third-party packages. When a provider package is imported, it registers itself with `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider`.
+The blank identifier import ensures `init` runs so `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider` executes before you call `RegisteredProviders()` (or before `cliproxy.NewBuilder().Build()`).
 
 ### Metadata and auditing
 
-`Result.Metadata` carries provider-specific context. The built-in `config-api-key` provider, for example, stores the credential source (`authorization`, `x-goog-api-key`, `x-api-key`, or `query-key`). Populate this map in custom providers to enrich logs and downstream auditing.
+`Result.Metadata` carries provider-specific context. The built-in `config-api-key` provider, for example, stores the credential source (`authorization`, `x-goog-api-key`, `x-api-key`, `query-key`, `query-auth-token`). Populate this map in custom providers to enrich logs and downstream auditing.
 
 ## Writing Custom Providers
 
@@ -110,13 +93,13 @@ type customProvider struct{}
 
 func (p *customProvider) Identifier() string { return "my-provider" }
 
-func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, error) {
+func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, *sdkaccess.AuthError) {
     token := r.Header.Get("X-Custom")
     if token == "" {
-        return nil, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials
+        return nil, sdkaccess.NewNotHandledError()
     }
     if token != "expected" {
-        return nil, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential
+        return nil, sdkaccess.NewInvalidCredentialError()
     }
     return &sdkaccess.Result{
         Provider:  p.Identifier(),
@@ -126,51 +109,46 @@ func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sd
 }
 
 func init() {
-    sdkaccess.RegisterProvider("custom", func(cfg *config.AccessProvider, root *config.Config) (sdkaccess.Provider, error) {
-        return &customProvider{}, nil
-    })
+    sdkaccess.RegisterProvider("custom", &customProvider{})
 }
 ```
 
-A provider must implement `Identifier()` and `Authenticate()`. To expose it to configuration, call `RegisterProvider` inside `init`. Provider factories receive the specific `AccessProvider` block plus the full root configuration for contextual needs.
+A provider must implement `Identifier()` and `Authenticate()`. To make it available to the access manager, call `RegisterProvider` inside `init` with an initialized provider instance.
 
 ## Error Semantics
 
-- `ErrNoCredentials`: no credentials were present or recognized by any provider.
-- `ErrInvalidCredential`: at least one provider processed the credentials but rejected them.
-- `ErrNotHandled`: instructs the manager to fall through to the next provider without affecting aggregate error reporting.
+- `NewNoCredentialsError()` (`AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials`): no credentials were present or recognized. (HTTP 401)
+- `NewInvalidCredentialError()` (`AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential`): credentials were present but rejected. (HTTP 401)
+- `NewNotHandledError()` (`AuthErrorCodeNotHandled`): fall through to the next provider.
+- `NewInternalAuthError(message, cause)` (`AuthErrorCodeInternal`): transport/system failure. (HTTP 500)
 
-Return custom errors to surface transport failures; they propagate immediately to the caller instead of being masked.
+Errors propagate immediately to the caller unless they are classified as `not_handled` / `no_credentials` / `invalid_credential` and can be aggregated by the manager.
 
 ## Integration with cliproxy Service
 
-`sdk/cliproxy` wires `@sdk/access` automatically when you build a CLI service via `cliproxy.NewBuilder`. Supplying a preconfigured manager allows you to extend or override the default providers:
+`sdk/cliproxy` wires `@sdk/access` automatically when you build a CLI service via `cliproxy.NewBuilder`. Supplying a manager lets you reuse the same instance in your host process:
 
 ```go
 coreCfg, _ := config.LoadConfig("config.yaml")
-providers, _ := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(coreCfg)
-manager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
-manager.SetProviders(providers)
+accessManager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
 
 svc, _ := cliproxy.NewBuilder().
   WithConfig(coreCfg).
-  WithAccessManager(manager).
+  WithConfigPath("config.yaml").
+  WithRequestAccessManager(accessManager).
   Build()
 ```
 
-The service reuses the manager for every inbound request, ensuring consistent authentication across embedded deployments and the canonical CLI binary.
+Register any custom providers (typically via blank imports) before calling `Build()` so they are present in the global registry snapshot.
 
-### Hot reloading providers
+### Hot reloading
 
-When configuration changes, rebuild providers and swap them into the manager:
+When configuration changes, refresh any config-backed providers and then reset the manager's provider chain:
 
 ```go
-providers, err := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(newCfg)
-if err != nil {
-    log.Errorf("reload auth providers failed: %v", err)
-    return
-}
-accessManager.SetProviders(providers)
+// configaccess is github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/access/config_access
+configaccess.Register(&newCfg.SDKConfig)
+accessManager.SetProviders(sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders())
 ```
 
-This mirrors the behaviour in `cliproxy.Service.refreshAccessProviders` and `api.Server.applyAccessConfig`, enabling runtime updates without restarting the process.
+This mirrors the behaviour in `internal/access.ApplyAccessProviders`, enabling runtime updates without restarting the process.
diff --git a/docs/sdk-access_CN.md b/docs/sdk-access_CN.md
index b3f26497..38aafe11 100644
--- a/docs/sdk-access_CN.md
+++ b/docs/sdk-access_CN.md
@@ -7,80 +7,71 @@
 ```go
 import (
     sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
-    "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 )
 ```
 
 通过 `go get github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access` 添加依赖。
 
+## Provider Registry
+
+访问提供者是全局注册，然后以快照形式挂到 `Manager` 上：
+
+- `RegisterProvider(type, provider)` 注册一个已经初始化好的 provider 实例。
+- 每个 `type` 第一次出现时会记录其注册顺序。
+- `RegisteredProviders()` 会按该顺序返回 provider 列表。
+
 ## 管理器生命周期
 
 ```go
 manager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
-providers, err := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(cfg)
-if err != nil {
-    return err
-}
-manager.SetProviders(providers)
+manager.SetProviders(sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders())
 ```
 
 - `NewManager` 创建空管理器。
 - `SetProviders` 替换提供者切片并做防御性拷贝。
 - `Providers` 返回适合并发读取的快照。
-- `BuildProviders` 将 `config.Config` 中的访问配置转换成可运行的提供者。当配置没有显式声明但包含顶层 `api-keys` 时，会自动挂载内建的 `config-api-key` 提供者。
+
+如果管理器本身为 `nil` 或未配置任何 provider，调用会返回 `nil, nil`，可视为关闭访问控制。
 
 ## 认证请求
 
 ```go
-result, err := manager.Authenticate(ctx, req)
+result, authErr := manager.Authenticate(ctx, req)
 switch {
-case err == nil:
+case authErr == nil:
     // Authentication succeeded; result carries provider and principal.
-case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials):
+case sdkaccess.IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, sdkaccess.AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials):
     // No recognizable credentials were supplied.
-case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential):
+case sdkaccess.IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, sdkaccess.AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential):
     // Credentials were present but rejected.
 default:
     // Provider surfaced a transport-level failure.
 }
 ```
 
-`Manager.Authenticate` 按配置顺序遍历提供者。遇到成功立即返回，`ErrNotHandled` 会继续尝试下一个；若发现 `ErrNoCredentials` 或 `ErrInvalidCredential`，会在遍历结束后汇总给调用方。
-
-若管理器本身为 `nil` 或尚未注册提供者，调用会返回 `nil, nil`，让调用方无需针对错误做额外分支即可关闭访问控制。
+`Manager.Authenticate` 会按顺序遍历 provider：遇到成功立即返回，`AuthErrorCodeNotHandled` 会继续尝试下一个；`AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials` / `AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential` 会在遍历结束后汇总给调用方。
 
 `Result` 提供认证提供者标识、解析出的主体以及可选元数据（例如凭证来源）。
 
-## 配置结构
+## 内建 `config-api-key` Provider
 
-在 `config.yaml` 的 `auth.providers` 下定义访问提供者：
+代理内置一个访问提供者：
+
+- `config-api-key`：校验 `config.yaml` 顶层的 `api-keys`。
+  - 凭证来源：`Authorization: Bearer`、`X-Goog-Api-Key`、`X-Api-Key`、`?key=`、`?auth_token=`
+  - 元数据：`Result.Metadata["source"]` 会写入匹配到的来源标识
+
+在 CLI 服务端与 `sdk/cliproxy` 中，该 provider 会根据加载到的配置自动注册。
 
 ```yaml
-auth:
-  providers:
-    - name: inline-api
-      type: config-api-key
-      api-keys:
-        - sk-test-123
-        - sk-prod-456
+api-keys:
+  - sk-test-123
+  - sk-prod-456
 ```
 
-条目映射到 `config.AccessProvider`：`name` 指定实例名，`type` 选择注册的工厂，`sdk` 可引用第三方模块，`api-keys` 提供内联凭证，`config` 用于传递特定选项。
+## 引入外部 Go 模块提供者
 
-### 引入外部 SDK 提供者
-
-若要消费其它 Go 模块输出的访问提供者，可在配置里填写 `sdk` 字段并在代码中引入该包，利用其 `init` 注册过程：
-
-```yaml
-auth:
-  providers:
-    - name: partner-auth
-      type: partner-token
-      sdk: github.com/acme/xplatform/sdk/access/providers/partner
-      config:
-        region: us-west-2
-        audience: cli-proxy
-```
+若要消费其它 Go 模块输出的访问提供者，直接用空白标识符导入以触发其 `init` 注册即可：
 
 ```go
 import (
@@ -89,19 +80,11 @@ import (
 )
 ```
 
-通过空白标识符导入即可确保 `init` 调用，先于 `BuildProviders` 完成 `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider`。
-
-## 内建提供者
-
-当前 SDK 默认内置：
-
-- `config-api-key`：校验配置中的 API Key。它从 `Authorization: Bearer`、`X-Goog-Api-Key`、`X-Api-Key` 以及查询参数 `?key=` 提取凭证，不匹配时抛出 `ErrInvalidCredential`。
-
-导入第三方包即可通过 `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider` 注册更多类型。
+空白导入可确保 `init` 先执行，从而在你调用 `RegisteredProviders()`（或 `cliproxy.NewBuilder().Build()`）之前完成 `sdkaccess.RegisterProvider`。
 
 ### 元数据与审计
 
-`Result.Metadata` 用于携带提供者特定的上下文信息。内建的 `config-api-key` 会记录凭证来源（`authorization`、`x-goog-api-key`、`x-api-key` 或 `query-key`）。自定义提供者同样可以填充该 Map，以便丰富日志与审计场景。
+`Result.Metadata` 用于携带提供者特定的上下文信息。内建的 `config-api-key` 会记录凭证来源（`authorization`、`x-goog-api-key`、`x-api-key`、`query-key`、`query-auth-token`）。自定义提供者同样可以填充该 Map，以便丰富日志与审计场景。
 
 ## 编写自定义提供者
 
@@ -110,13 +93,13 @@ type customProvider struct{}
 
 func (p *customProvider) Identifier() string { return "my-provider" }
 
-func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, error) {
+func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, *sdkaccess.AuthError) {
     token := r.Header.Get("X-Custom")
     if token == "" {
-        return nil, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials
+        return nil, sdkaccess.NewNotHandledError()
     }
     if token != "expected" {
-        return nil, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential
+        return nil, sdkaccess.NewInvalidCredentialError()
     }
     return &sdkaccess.Result{
         Provider:  p.Identifier(),
@@ -126,51 +109,46 @@ func (p *customProvider) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sd
 }
 
 func init() {
-    sdkaccess.RegisterProvider("custom", func(cfg *config.AccessProvider, root *config.Config) (sdkaccess.Provider, error) {
-        return &customProvider{}, nil
-    })
+    sdkaccess.RegisterProvider("custom", &customProvider{})
 }
 ```
 
-自定义提供者需要实现 `Identifier()` 与 `Authenticate()`。在 `init` 中调用 `RegisterProvider` 暴露给配置层，工厂函数既能读取当前条目，也能访问完整根配置。
+自定义提供者需要实现 `Identifier()` 与 `Authenticate()`。在 `init` 中用已初始化实例调用 `RegisterProvider` 注册到全局 registry。
 
 ## 错误语义
 
-- `ErrNoCredentials`：任何提供者都未识别到凭证。
-- `ErrInvalidCredential`：至少一个提供者处理了凭证但判定无效。
-- `ErrNotHandled`：告诉管理器跳到下一个提供者，不影响最终错误统计。
+- `NewNoCredentialsError()`（`AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials`）：未提供或未识别到凭证。（HTTP 401）
+- `NewInvalidCredentialError()`（`AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential`）：凭证存在但校验失败。（HTTP 401）
+- `NewNotHandledError()`（`AuthErrorCodeNotHandled`）：告诉管理器跳到下一个 provider。
+- `NewInternalAuthError(message, cause)`（`AuthErrorCodeInternal`）：网络/系统错误。（HTTP 500）
 
-自定义错误（例如网络异常）会马上冒泡返回。
+除可汇总的 `not_handled` / `no_credentials` / `invalid_credential` 外，其它错误会立即冒泡返回。
 
 ## 与 cliproxy 集成
 
-使用 `sdk/cliproxy` 构建服务时会自动接入 `@sdk/access`。如果需要扩展内置行为，可传入自定义管理器：
+使用 `sdk/cliproxy` 构建服务时会自动接入 `@sdk/access`。如果希望在宿主进程里复用同一个 `Manager` 实例，可传入自定义管理器：
 
 ```go
 coreCfg, _ := config.LoadConfig("config.yaml")
-providers, _ := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(coreCfg)
-manager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
-manager.SetProviders(providers)
+accessManager := sdkaccess.NewManager()
 
 svc, _ := cliproxy.NewBuilder().
   WithConfig(coreCfg).
-  WithAccessManager(manager).
+  WithConfigPath("config.yaml").
+  WithRequestAccessManager(accessManager).
   Build()
 ```
 
-服务会复用该管理器处理每一个入站请求，实现与 CLI 二进制一致的访问控制体验。
+请在调用 `Build()` 之前完成自定义 provider 的注册（通常通过空白导入触发 `init`），以确保它们被包含在全局 registry 的快照中。
 
 ### 动态热更新提供者
 
-当配置发生变化时，可以重新构建提供者并替换当前列表：
+当配置发生变化时，刷新依赖配置的 provider，然后重置 manager 的 provider 链：
 
 ```go
-providers, err := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(newCfg)
-if err != nil {
-    log.Errorf("reload auth providers failed: %v", err)
-    return
-}
-accessManager.SetProviders(providers)
+// configaccess is github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/access/config_access
+configaccess.Register(&newCfg.SDKConfig)
+accessManager.SetProviders(sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders())
 ```
 
-这一流程与 `cliproxy.Service.refreshAccessProviders` 和 `api.Server.applyAccessConfig` 保持一致，避免为更新访问策略而重启进程。
+这一流程与 `internal/access.ApplyAccessProviders` 保持一致，避免为更新访问策略而重启进程。
diff --git a/internal/access/config_access/provider.go b/internal/access/config_access/provider.go
index 70824524..84e8abcb 100644
--- a/internal/access/config_access/provider.go
+++ b/internal/access/config_access/provider.go
@@ -4,19 +4,28 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"
 
 	sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
 	sdkconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
 )
 
-var registerOnce sync.Once
-
 // Register ensures the config-access provider is available to the access manager.
-func Register() {
-	registerOnce.Do(func() {
-		sdkaccess.RegisterProvider(sdkconfig.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey, newProvider)
-	})
+func Register(cfg *sdkconfig.SDKConfig) {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		sdkaccess.UnregisterProvider(sdkaccess.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey)
+		return
+	}
+
+	keys := normalizeKeys(cfg.APIKeys)
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		sdkaccess.UnregisterProvider(sdkaccess.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey)
+		return
+	}
+
+	sdkaccess.RegisterProvider(
+		sdkaccess.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey,
+		newProvider(sdkaccess.DefaultAccessProviderName, keys),
+	)
 }
 
 type provider struct {
@@ -24,34 +33,31 @@ type provider struct {
 	keys map[string]struct{}
 }
 
-func newProvider(cfg *sdkconfig.AccessProvider, _ *sdkconfig.SDKConfig) (sdkaccess.Provider, error) {
-	name := cfg.Name
-	if name == "" {
-		name = sdkconfig.DefaultAccessProviderName
+func newProvider(name string, keys []string) *provider {
+	providerName := strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if providerName == "" {
+		providerName = sdkaccess.DefaultAccessProviderName
 	}
-	keys := make(map[string]struct{}, len(cfg.APIKeys))
-	for _, key := range cfg.APIKeys {
-		if key == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		keys[key] = struct{}{}
+	keySet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(keys))
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		keySet[key] = struct{}{}
 	}
-	return &provider{name: name, keys: keys}, nil
+	return &provider{name: providerName, keys: keySet}
 }
 
 func (p *provider) Identifier() string {
 	if p == nil || p.name == "" {
-		return sdkconfig.DefaultAccessProviderName
+		return sdkaccess.DefaultAccessProviderName
 	}
 	return p.name
 }
 
-func (p *provider) Authenticate(_ context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, error) {
+func (p *provider) Authenticate(_ context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.Result, *sdkaccess.AuthError) {
 	if p == nil {
-		return nil, sdkaccess.ErrNotHandled
+		return nil, sdkaccess.NewNotHandledError()
 	}
 	if len(p.keys) == 0 {
-		return nil, sdkaccess.ErrNotHandled
+		return nil, sdkaccess.NewNotHandledError()
 	}
 	authHeader := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
 	authHeaderGoogle := r.Header.Get("X-Goog-Api-Key")
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ func (p *provider) Authenticate(_ context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.
 		queryAuthToken = r.URL.Query().Get("auth_token")
 	}
 	if authHeader == "" && authHeaderGoogle == "" && authHeaderAnthropic == "" && queryKey == "" && queryAuthToken == "" {
-		return nil, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials
+		return nil, sdkaccess.NewNoCredentialsError()
 	}
 
 	apiKey := extractBearerToken(authHeader)
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ func (p *provider) Authenticate(_ context.Context, r *http.Request) (*sdkaccess.
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential
+	return nil, sdkaccess.NewInvalidCredentialError()
 }
 
 func extractBearerToken(header string) string {
@@ -110,3 +116,26 @@ func extractBearerToken(header string) string {
 	}
 	return strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
 }
+
+func normalizeKeys(keys []string) []string {
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	normalized := make([]string, 0, len(keys))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(keys))
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		trimmedKey := strings.TrimSpace(key)
+		if trimmedKey == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := seen[trimmedKey]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[trimmedKey] = struct{}{}
+		normalized = append(normalized, trimmedKey)
+	}
+	if len(normalized) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return normalized
+}
diff --git a/internal/access/reconcile.go b/internal/access/reconcile.go
index 267d2fe0..36601f99 100644
--- a/internal/access/reconcile.go
+++ b/internal/access/reconcile.go
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
+	configaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/access/config_access"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 	sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
-	sdkConfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
@@ -17,26 +17,26 @@ import (
 // ordered provider slice along with the identifiers of providers that were added, updated, or
 // removed compared to the previous configuration.
 func ReconcileProviders(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config, existing []sdkaccess.Provider) (result []sdkaccess.Provider, added, updated, removed []string, err error) {
+	_ = oldCfg
 	if newCfg == nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
 	}
 
+	result = sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders()
+
 	existingMap := make(map[string]sdkaccess.Provider, len(existing))
 	for _, provider := range existing {
-		if provider == nil {
+		providerID := identifierFromProvider(provider)
+		if providerID == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		existingMap[provider.Identifier()] = provider
+		existingMap[providerID] = provider
 	}
 
-	oldCfgMap := accessProviderMap(oldCfg)
-	newEntries := collectProviderEntries(newCfg)
-
-	result = make([]sdkaccess.Provider, 0, len(newEntries))
-	finalIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(newEntries))
+	finalIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result))
 
 	isInlineProvider := func(id string) bool {
-		return strings.EqualFold(id, sdkConfig.DefaultAccessProviderName)
+		return strings.EqualFold(id, sdkaccess.DefaultAccessProviderName)
 	}
 	appendChange := func(list *[]string, id string) {
 		if isInlineProvider(id) {
@@ -45,85 +45,28 @@ func ReconcileProviders(oldCfg, newCfg *config.Config, existing []sdkaccess.Prov
 		*list = append(*list, id)
 	}
 
-	for _, providerCfg := range newEntries {
-		key := providerIdentifier(providerCfg)
-		if key == "" {
+	for _, provider := range result {
+		providerID := identifierFromProvider(provider)
+		if providerID == "" {
 			continue
 		}
+		finalIDs[providerID] = struct{}{}
 
-		forceRebuild := strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(providerCfg.Type), sdkConfig.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey)
-		if oldCfgProvider, ok := oldCfgMap[key]; ok {
-			isAliased := oldCfgProvider == providerCfg
-			if !forceRebuild && !isAliased && providerConfigEqual(oldCfgProvider, providerCfg) {
-				if existingProvider, okExisting := existingMap[key]; okExisting {
-					result = append(result, existingProvider)
-					finalIDs[key] = struct{}{}
-					continue
-				}
-			}
+		existingProvider, exists := existingMap[providerID]
+		if !exists {
+			appendChange(&added, providerID)
+			continue
 		}
-
-		provider, buildErr := sdkaccess.BuildProvider(providerCfg, &newCfg.SDKConfig)
-		if buildErr != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, nil, buildErr
-		}
-		if _, ok := oldCfgMap[key]; ok {
-			if _, existed := existingMap[key]; existed {
-				appendChange(&updated, key)
-			} else {
-				appendChange(&added, key)
-			}
-		} else {
-			appendChange(&added, key)
-		}
-		result = append(result, provider)
-		finalIDs[key] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	if len(result) == 0 {
-		if inline := sdkConfig.MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(newCfg.APIKeys); inline != nil {
-			key := providerIdentifier(inline)
-			if key != "" {
-				if oldCfgProvider, ok := oldCfgMap[key]; ok {
-					if providerConfigEqual(oldCfgProvider, inline) {
-						if existingProvider, okExisting := existingMap[key]; okExisting {
-							result = append(result, existingProvider)
-							finalIDs[key] = struct{}{}
-							goto inlineDone
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				provider, buildErr := sdkaccess.BuildProvider(inline, &newCfg.SDKConfig)
-				if buildErr != nil {
-					return nil, nil, nil, nil, buildErr
-				}
-				if _, existed := existingMap[key]; existed {
-					appendChange(&updated, key)
-				} else if _, hadOld := oldCfgMap[key]; hadOld {
-					appendChange(&updated, key)
-				} else {
-					appendChange(&added, key)
-				}
-				result = append(result, provider)
-				finalIDs[key] = struct{}{}
-			}
-		}
-	inlineDone:
-	}
-
-	removedSet := make(map[string]struct{})
-	for id := range existingMap {
-		if _, ok := finalIDs[id]; !ok {
-			if isInlineProvider(id) {
-				continue
-			}
-			removedSet[id] = struct{}{}
+		if !providerInstanceEqual(existingProvider, provider) {
+			appendChange(&updated, providerID)
 		}
 	}
 
-	removed = make([]string, 0, len(removedSet))
-	for id := range removedSet {
-		removed = append(removed, id)
+	for providerID := range existingMap {
+		if _, exists := finalIDs[providerID]; exists {
+			continue
+		}
+		appendChange(&removed, providerID)
 	}
 
 	sort.Strings(added)
@@ -142,6 +85,7 @@ func ApplyAccessProviders(manager *sdkaccess.Manager, oldCfg, newCfg *config.Con
 	}
 
 	existing := manager.Providers()
+	configaccess.Register(&newCfg.SDKConfig)
 	providers, added, updated, removed, err := ReconcileProviders(oldCfg, newCfg, existing)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to reconcile request auth providers: %v", err)
@@ -160,111 +104,24 @@ func ApplyAccessProviders(manager *sdkaccess.Manager, oldCfg, newCfg *config.Con
 	return false, nil
 }
 
-func accessProviderMap(cfg *config.Config) map[string]*sdkConfig.AccessProvider {
-	result := make(map[string]*sdkConfig.AccessProvider)
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return result
-	}
-	for i := range cfg.Access.Providers {
-		providerCfg := &cfg.Access.Providers[i]
-		if providerCfg.Type == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		key := providerIdentifier(providerCfg)
-		if key == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		result[key] = providerCfg
-	}
-	if len(result) == 0 && len(cfg.APIKeys) > 0 {
-		if provider := sdkConfig.MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(cfg.APIKeys); provider != nil {
-			if key := providerIdentifier(provider); key != "" {
-				result[key] = provider
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func collectProviderEntries(cfg *config.Config) []*sdkConfig.AccessProvider {
-	entries := make([]*sdkConfig.AccessProvider, 0, len(cfg.Access.Providers))
-	for i := range cfg.Access.Providers {
-		providerCfg := &cfg.Access.Providers[i]
-		if providerCfg.Type == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if key := providerIdentifier(providerCfg); key != "" {
-			entries = append(entries, providerCfg)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(entries) == 0 && len(cfg.APIKeys) > 0 {
-		if inline := sdkConfig.MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(cfg.APIKeys); inline != nil {
-			entries = append(entries, inline)
-		}
-	}
-	return entries
-}
-
-func providerIdentifier(provider *sdkConfig.AccessProvider) string {
+func identifierFromProvider(provider sdkaccess.Provider) string {
 	if provider == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	if name := strings.TrimSpace(provider.Name); name != "" {
-		return name
-	}
-	typ := strings.TrimSpace(provider.Type)
-	if typ == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	if strings.EqualFold(typ, sdkConfig.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey) {
-		return sdkConfig.DefaultAccessProviderName
-	}
-	return typ
+	return strings.TrimSpace(provider.Identifier())
 }
 
-func providerConfigEqual(a, b *sdkConfig.AccessProvider) bool {
+func providerInstanceEqual(a, b sdkaccess.Provider) bool {
 	if a == nil || b == nil {
 		return a == nil && b == nil
 	}
-	if !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(a.Type), strings.TrimSpace(b.Type)) {
+	if reflect.TypeOf(a) != reflect.TypeOf(b) {
 		return false
 	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(a.SDK) != strings.TrimSpace(b.SDK) {
-		return false
+	valueA := reflect.ValueOf(a)
+	valueB := reflect.ValueOf(b)
+	if valueA.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && valueB.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+		return valueA.Pointer() == valueB.Pointer()
 	}
-	if !stringSetEqual(a.APIKeys, b.APIKeys) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if len(a.Config) != len(b.Config) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if len(a.Config) > 0 && !reflect.DeepEqual(a.Config, b.Config) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func stringSetEqual(a, b []string) bool {
-	if len(a) != len(b) {
-		return false
-	}
-	if len(a) == 0 {
-		return true
-	}
-	seen := make(map[string]int, len(a))
-	for _, val := range a {
-		seen[val]++
-	}
-	for _, val := range b {
-		count := seen[val]
-		if count == 0 {
-			return false
-		}
-		if count == 1 {
-			delete(seen, val)
-		} else {
-			seen[val] = count - 1
-		}
-	}
-	return len(seen) == 0
+	return reflect.DeepEqual(a, b)
 }
diff --git a/internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go b/internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go
index 4e0e0284..66e89992 100644
--- a/internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go
+++ b/internal/api/handlers/management/config_lists.go
@@ -109,14 +109,13 @@ func (h *Handler) GetAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) { c.JSON(200, gin.H{"api-keys": h.c
 func (h *Handler) PutAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
 	h.putStringList(c, func(v []string) {
 		h.cfg.APIKeys = append([]string(nil), v...)
-		h.cfg.Access.Providers = nil
 	}, nil)
 }
 func (h *Handler) PatchAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
-	h.patchStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() { h.cfg.Access.Providers = nil })
+	h.patchStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() {})
 }
 func (h *Handler) DeleteAPIKeys(c *gin.Context) {
-	h.deleteFromStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() { h.cfg.Access.Providers = nil })
+	h.deleteFromStringList(c, &h.cfg.APIKeys, func() {})
 }
 
 // gemini-api-key: []GeminiKey
diff --git a/internal/api/server.go b/internal/api/server.go
index 3eb09366..4cbcbba2 100644
--- a/internal/api/server.go
+++ b/internal/api/server.go
@@ -1033,14 +1033,10 @@ func AuthMiddleware(manager *sdkaccess.Manager) gin.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		switch {
-		case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrNoCredentials):
-			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "Missing API key"})
-		case errors.Is(err, sdkaccess.ErrInvalidCredential):
-			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "Invalid API key"})
-		default:
+		statusCode := err.HTTPStatusCode()
+		if statusCode >= http.StatusInternalServerError {
 			log.Errorf("authentication middleware error: %v", err)
-			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Authentication service error"})
 		}
+		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(statusCode, gin.H{"error": err.Message})
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/config/config.go b/internal/config/config.go
index fec58fe5..c78b2582 100644
--- a/internal/config/config.go
+++ b/internal/config/config.go
@@ -589,9 +589,6 @@ func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {
 		cfg.ErrorLogsMaxFiles = 10
 	}
 
-	// Sync request authentication providers with inline API keys for backwards compatibility.
-	syncInlineAccessProvider(&cfg)
-
 	// Sanitize Gemini API key configuration and migrate legacy entries.
 	cfg.SanitizeGeminiKeys()
 
@@ -825,18 +822,6 @@ func normalizeModelPrefix(prefix string) string {
 	return trimmed
 }
 
-func syncInlineAccessProvider(cfg *Config) {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if len(cfg.APIKeys) == 0 {
-		if provider := cfg.ConfigAPIKeyProvider(); provider != nil && len(provider.APIKeys) > 0 {
-			cfg.APIKeys = append([]string(nil), provider.APIKeys...)
-		}
-	}
-	cfg.Access.Providers = nil
-}
-
 // looksLikeBcrypt returns true if the provided string appears to be a bcrypt hash.
 func looksLikeBcrypt(s string) bool {
 	return len(s) > 4 && (s[:4] == "$2a$" || s[:4] == "$2b$" || s[:4] == "$2y$")
@@ -924,7 +909,7 @@ func hashSecret(secret string) (string, error) {
 // SaveConfigPreserveComments writes the config back to YAML while preserving existing comments
 // and key ordering by loading the original file into a yaml.Node tree and updating values in-place.
 func SaveConfigPreserveComments(configFile string, cfg *Config) error {
-	persistCfg := sanitizeConfigForPersist(cfg)
+	persistCfg := cfg
 	// Load original YAML as a node tree to preserve comments and ordering.
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(configFile)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -992,16 +977,6 @@ func SaveConfigPreserveComments(configFile string, cfg *Config) error {
 	return err
 }
 
-func sanitizeConfigForPersist(cfg *Config) *Config {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	clone := *cfg
-	clone.SDKConfig = cfg.SDKConfig
-	clone.SDKConfig.Access = AccessConfig{}
-	return &clone
-}
-
 // SaveConfigPreserveCommentsUpdateNestedScalar updates a nested scalar key path like ["a","b"]
 // while preserving comments and positions.
 func SaveConfigPreserveCommentsUpdateNestedScalar(configFile string, path []string, value string) error {
diff --git a/internal/config/sdk_config.go b/internal/config/sdk_config.go
index 4d4abc37..5c3990a6 100644
--- a/internal/config/sdk_config.go
+++ b/internal/config/sdk_config.go
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@ type SDKConfig struct {
 	// APIKeys is a list of keys for authenticating clients to this proxy server.
 	APIKeys []string `yaml:"api-keys" json:"api-keys"`
 
-	// Access holds request authentication provider configuration.
-	Access AccessConfig `yaml:"auth,omitempty" json:"auth,omitempty"`
-
 	// Streaming configures server-side streaming behavior (keep-alives and safe bootstrap retries).
 	Streaming StreamingConfig `yaml:"streaming" json:"streaming"`
 
@@ -42,65 +39,3 @@ type StreamingConfig struct {
 	// <= 0 disables bootstrap retries. Default is 0.
 	BootstrapRetries int `yaml:"bootstrap-retries,omitempty" json:"bootstrap-retries,omitempty"`
 }
-
-// AccessConfig groups request authentication providers.
-type AccessConfig struct {
-	// Providers lists configured authentication providers.
-	Providers []AccessProvider `yaml:"providers,omitempty" json:"providers,omitempty"`
-}
-
-// AccessProvider describes a request authentication provider entry.
-type AccessProvider struct {
-	// Name is the instance identifier for the provider.
-	Name string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
-
-	// Type selects the provider implementation registered via the SDK.
-	Type string `yaml:"type" json:"type"`
-
-	// SDK optionally names a third-party SDK module providing this provider.
-	SDK string `yaml:"sdk,omitempty" json:"sdk,omitempty"`
-
-	// APIKeys lists inline keys for providers that require them.
-	APIKeys []string `yaml:"api-keys,omitempty" json:"api-keys,omitempty"`
-
-	// Config passes provider-specific options to the implementation.
-	Config map[string]any `yaml:"config,omitempty" json:"config,omitempty"`
-}
-
-const (
-	// AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey is the built-in provider validating inline API keys.
-	AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey = "config-api-key"
-
-	// DefaultAccessProviderName is applied when no provider name is supplied.
-	DefaultAccessProviderName = "config-inline"
-)
-
-// ConfigAPIKeyProvider returns the first inline API key provider if present.
-func (c *SDKConfig) ConfigAPIKeyProvider() *AccessProvider {
-	if c == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	for i := range c.Access.Providers {
-		if c.Access.Providers[i].Type == AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey {
-			if c.Access.Providers[i].Name == "" {
-				c.Access.Providers[i].Name = DefaultAccessProviderName
-			}
-			return &c.Access.Providers[i]
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider constructs an inline API key provider configuration.
-// It returns nil when no keys are supplied.
-func MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(keys []string) *AccessProvider {
-	if len(keys) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	provider := &AccessProvider{
-		Name:    DefaultAccessProviderName,
-		Type:    AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey,
-		APIKeys: append([]string(nil), keys...),
-	}
-	return provider
-}
diff --git a/sdk/access/errors.go b/sdk/access/errors.go
index 6ea2cc1a..6f344bb0 100644
--- a/sdk/access/errors.go
+++ b/sdk/access/errors.go
@@ -1,12 +1,90 @@
 package access
 
-import "errors"
-
-var (
-	// ErrNoCredentials indicates no recognizable credentials were supplied.
-	ErrNoCredentials = errors.New("access: no credentials provided")
-	// ErrInvalidCredential signals that supplied credentials were rejected by a provider.
-	ErrInvalidCredential = errors.New("access: invalid credential")
-	// ErrNotHandled tells the manager to continue trying other providers.
-	ErrNotHandled = errors.New("access: not handled")
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 )
+
+// AuthErrorCode classifies authentication failures.
+type AuthErrorCode string
+
+const (
+	AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials     AuthErrorCode = "no_credentials"
+	AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential AuthErrorCode = "invalid_credential"
+	AuthErrorCodeNotHandled        AuthErrorCode = "not_handled"
+	AuthErrorCodeInternal          AuthErrorCode = "internal_error"
+)
+
+// AuthError carries authentication failure details and HTTP status.
+type AuthError struct {
+	Code       AuthErrorCode
+	Message    string
+	StatusCode int
+	Cause      error
+}
+
+func (e *AuthError) Error() string {
+	if e == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	message := strings.TrimSpace(e.Message)
+	if message == "" {
+		message = "authentication error"
+	}
+	if e.Cause != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", message, e.Cause)
+	}
+	return message
+}
+
+func (e *AuthError) Unwrap() error {
+	if e == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return e.Cause
+}
+
+// HTTPStatusCode returns a safe fallback for missing status codes.
+func (e *AuthError) HTTPStatusCode() int {
+	if e == nil || e.StatusCode <= 0 {
+		return http.StatusInternalServerError
+	}
+	return e.StatusCode
+}
+
+func newAuthError(code AuthErrorCode, message string, statusCode int, cause error) *AuthError {
+	return &AuthError{
+		Code:       code,
+		Message:    message,
+		StatusCode: statusCode,
+		Cause:      cause,
+	}
+}
+
+func NewNoCredentialsError() *AuthError {
+	return newAuthError(AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials, "Missing API key", http.StatusUnauthorized, nil)
+}
+
+func NewInvalidCredentialError() *AuthError {
+	return newAuthError(AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential, "Invalid API key", http.StatusUnauthorized, nil)
+}
+
+func NewNotHandledError() *AuthError {
+	return newAuthError(AuthErrorCodeNotHandled, "authentication provider did not handle request", 0, nil)
+}
+
+func NewInternalAuthError(message string, cause error) *AuthError {
+	normalizedMessage := strings.TrimSpace(message)
+	if normalizedMessage == "" {
+		normalizedMessage = "Authentication service error"
+	}
+	return newAuthError(AuthErrorCodeInternal, normalizedMessage, http.StatusInternalServerError, cause)
+}
+
+func IsAuthErrorCode(authErr *AuthError, code AuthErrorCode) bool {
+	if authErr == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return authErr.Code == code
+}
diff --git a/sdk/access/manager.go b/sdk/access/manager.go
index fb5f8cca..2d4b0326 100644
--- a/sdk/access/manager.go
+++ b/sdk/access/manager.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package access
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"sync"
 )
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Providers() []Provider {
 }
 
 // Authenticate evaluates providers until one succeeds.
-func (m *Manager) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*Result, error) {
+func (m *Manager) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*Result, *AuthError) {
 	if m == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -61,29 +60,29 @@ func (m *Manager) Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*Result, e
 		if provider == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		res, err := provider.Authenticate(ctx, r)
-		if err == nil {
+		res, authErr := provider.Authenticate(ctx, r)
+		if authErr == nil {
 			return res, nil
 		}
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrNotHandled) {
+		if IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, AuthErrorCodeNotHandled) {
 			continue
 		}
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrNoCredentials) {
+		if IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, AuthErrorCodeNoCredentials) {
 			missing = true
 			continue
 		}
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidCredential) {
+		if IsAuthErrorCode(authErr, AuthErrorCodeInvalidCredential) {
 			invalid = true
 			continue
 		}
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, authErr
 	}
 
 	if invalid {
-		return nil, ErrInvalidCredential
+		return nil, NewInvalidCredentialError()
 	}
 	if missing {
-		return nil, ErrNoCredentials
+		return nil, NewNoCredentialsError()
 	}
-	return nil, ErrNoCredentials
+	return nil, NewNoCredentialsError()
 }
diff --git a/sdk/access/registry.go b/sdk/access/registry.go
index a29cdd96..cbb0d1c5 100644
--- a/sdk/access/registry.go
+++ b/sdk/access/registry.go
@@ -2,17 +2,15 @@ package access
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
 )
 
 // Provider validates credentials for incoming requests.
 type Provider interface {
 	Identifier() string
-	Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*Result, error)
+	Authenticate(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*Result, *AuthError)
 }
 
 // Result conveys authentication outcome.
@@ -22,66 +20,64 @@ type Result struct {
 	Metadata  map[string]string
 }
 
-// ProviderFactory builds a provider from configuration data.
-type ProviderFactory func(cfg *config.AccessProvider, root *config.SDKConfig) (Provider, error)
-
 var (
 	registryMu sync.RWMutex
-	registry   = make(map[string]ProviderFactory)
+	registry   = make(map[string]Provider)
+	order      []string
 )
 
-// RegisterProvider registers a provider factory for a given type identifier.
-func RegisterProvider(typ string, factory ProviderFactory) {
-	if typ == "" || factory == nil {
+// RegisterProvider registers a pre-built provider instance for a given type identifier.
+func RegisterProvider(typ string, provider Provider) {
+	normalizedType := strings.TrimSpace(typ)
+	if normalizedType == "" || provider == nil {
 		return
 	}
+
 	registryMu.Lock()
-	registry[typ] = factory
+	if _, exists := registry[normalizedType]; !exists {
+		order = append(order, normalizedType)
+	}
+	registry[normalizedType] = provider
 	registryMu.Unlock()
 }
 
-func BuildProvider(cfg *config.AccessProvider, root *config.SDKConfig) (Provider, error) {
-	if cfg == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("access: nil provider config")
+// UnregisterProvider removes a provider by type identifier.
+func UnregisterProvider(typ string) {
+	normalizedType := strings.TrimSpace(typ)
+	if normalizedType == "" {
+		return
 	}
-	registryMu.RLock()
-	factory, ok := registry[cfg.Type]
-	registryMu.RUnlock()
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("access: provider type %q is not registered", cfg.Type)
+	registryMu.Lock()
+	if _, exists := registry[normalizedType]; !exists {
+		registryMu.Unlock()
+		return
 	}
-	provider, err := factory(cfg, root)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("access: failed to build provider %q: %w", cfg.Name, err)
-	}
-	return provider, nil
-}
-
-// BuildProviders constructs providers declared in configuration.
-func BuildProviders(root *config.SDKConfig) ([]Provider, error) {
-	if root == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	providers := make([]Provider, 0, len(root.Access.Providers))
-	for i := range root.Access.Providers {
-		providerCfg := &root.Access.Providers[i]
-		if providerCfg.Type == "" {
+	delete(registry, normalizedType)
+	for index := range order {
+		if order[index] != normalizedType {
 			continue
 		}
-		provider, err := BuildProvider(providerCfg, root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		order = append(order[:index], order[index+1:]...)
+		break
+	}
+	registryMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// RegisteredProviders returns the global provider instances in registration order.
+func RegisteredProviders() []Provider {
+	registryMu.RLock()
+	if len(order) == 0 {
+		registryMu.RUnlock()
+		return nil
+	}
+	providers := make([]Provider, 0, len(order))
+	for _, providerType := range order {
+		provider, exists := registry[providerType]
+		if !exists || provider == nil {
+			continue
 		}
 		providers = append(providers, provider)
 	}
-	if len(providers) == 0 {
-		if inline := config.MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(root.APIKeys); inline != nil {
-			provider, err := BuildProvider(inline, root)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			providers = append(providers, provider)
-		}
-	}
-	return providers, nil
+	registryMu.RUnlock()
+	return providers
 }
diff --git a/sdk/access/types.go b/sdk/access/types.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ed80d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/access/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package access
+
+// AccessConfig groups request authentication providers.
+type AccessConfig struct {
+	// Providers lists configured authentication providers.
+	Providers []AccessProvider `yaml:"providers,omitempty" json:"providers,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// AccessProvider describes a request authentication provider entry.
+type AccessProvider struct {
+	// Name is the instance identifier for the provider.
+	Name string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
+
+	// Type selects the provider implementation registered via the SDK.
+	Type string `yaml:"type" json:"type"`
+
+	// SDK optionally names a third-party SDK module providing this provider.
+	SDK string `yaml:"sdk,omitempty" json:"sdk,omitempty"`
+
+	// APIKeys lists inline keys for providers that require them.
+	APIKeys []string `yaml:"api-keys,omitempty" json:"api-keys,omitempty"`
+
+	// Config passes provider-specific options to the implementation.
+	Config map[string]any `yaml:"config,omitempty" json:"config,omitempty"`
+}
+
+const (
+	// AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey is the built-in provider validating inline API keys.
+	AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey = "config-api-key"
+
+	// DefaultAccessProviderName is applied when no provider name is supplied.
+	DefaultAccessProviderName = "config-inline"
+)
+
+// MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider constructs an inline API key provider configuration.
+// It returns nil when no keys are supplied.
+func MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(keys []string) *AccessProvider {
+	if len(keys) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	provider := &AccessProvider{
+		Name:    DefaultAccessProviderName,
+		Type:    AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey,
+		APIKeys: append([]string(nil), keys...),
+	}
+	return provider
+}
diff --git a/sdk/cliproxy/builder.go b/sdk/cliproxy/builder.go
index 5eba18a0..60ca07f5 100644
--- a/sdk/cliproxy/builder.go
+++ b/sdk/cliproxy/builder.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	configaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/access/config_access"
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/api"
 	sdkaccess "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/access"
 	sdkAuth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/auth"
@@ -186,11 +187,8 @@ func (b *Builder) Build() (*Service, error) {
 		accessManager = sdkaccess.NewManager()
 	}
 
-	providers, err := sdkaccess.BuildProviders(&b.cfg.SDKConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	accessManager.SetProviders(providers)
+	configaccess.Register(&b.cfg.SDKConfig)
+	accessManager.SetProviders(sdkaccess.RegisteredProviders())
 
 	coreManager := b.coreManager
 	if coreManager == nil {
diff --git a/sdk/config/config.go b/sdk/config/config.go
index a9b5c2c3..14163418 100644
--- a/sdk/config/config.go
+++ b/sdk/config/config.go
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ package config
 import internalconfig "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
 
 type SDKConfig = internalconfig.SDKConfig
-type AccessConfig = internalconfig.AccessConfig
-type AccessProvider = internalconfig.AccessProvider
 
 type Config = internalconfig.Config
 
@@ -34,15 +32,9 @@ type OpenAICompatibilityModel = internalconfig.OpenAICompatibilityModel
 type TLS = internalconfig.TLSConfig
 
 const (
-	AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey = internalconfig.AccessProviderTypeConfigAPIKey
-	DefaultAccessProviderName      = internalconfig.DefaultAccessProviderName
-	DefaultPanelGitHubRepository   = internalconfig.DefaultPanelGitHubRepository
+	DefaultPanelGitHubRepository = internalconfig.DefaultPanelGitHubRepository
 )
 
-func MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(keys []string) *AccessProvider {
-	return internalconfig.MakeInlineAPIKeyProvider(keys)
-}
-
 func LoadConfig(configFile string) (*Config, error) { return internalconfig.LoadConfig(configFile) }
 
 func LoadConfigOptional(configFile string, optional bool) (*Config, error) {

From 938a79926328a647f7dd33a28dabebb5cab5701a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hkfires <10558748+hkfires@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 16:20:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/16] feat(translator): support Claude thinking type adaptive

---
 .../claude/antigravity_claude_request.go      |  11 +-
 .../codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go      |   4 +
 .../claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go       |   8 +-
 .../gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go    |   8 +-
 .../openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go    |   4 +
 test/thinking_conversion_test.go              | 129 ++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go b/internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go
index 69ed42e1..65ad2b19 100644
--- a/internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/antigravity/claude/antigravity_claude_request.go
@@ -344,7 +344,8 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 	// Inject interleaved thinking hint when both tools and thinking are active
 	hasTools := toolDeclCount > 0
 	thinkingResult := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking")
-	hasThinking := thinkingResult.Exists() && thinkingResult.IsObject() && thinkingResult.Get("type").String() == "enabled"
+	thinkingType := thinkingResult.Get("type").String()
+	hasThinking := thinkingResult.Exists() && thinkingResult.IsObject() && (thinkingType == "enabled" || thinkingType == "adaptive")
 	isClaudeThinking := util.IsClaudeThinkingModel(modelName)
 
 	if hasTools && hasThinking && isClaudeThinking {
@@ -377,12 +378,18 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToAntigravity(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _
 
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); enableThoughtTranslate && t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
-		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
+		switch t.Get("type").String() {
+		case "enabled":
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
+		case "adaptive":
+			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
+			// to model-specific max capability.
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}
 	if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "temperature"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.Number {
diff --git a/internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go b/internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go
index d7320717..223a2559 100644
--- a/internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/codex/claude/codex_claude_request.go
@@ -222,6 +222,10 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 					reasoningEffort = effort
 				}
 			}
+		case "adaptive":
+			// Claude adaptive means "enable with max capacity"; keep it as highest level
+			// and let ApplyThinking normalize per target model capability.
+			reasoningEffort = string(thinking.LevelXHigh)
 		case "disabled":
 			if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(0); ok && effort != "" {
 				reasoningEffort = effort
diff --git a/internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go b/internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go
index 657d33c8..ee661381 100644
--- a/internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/gemini-cli/claude/gemini-cli_claude_request.go
@@ -173,12 +173,18 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToCLI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool) []
 
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when type==enabled
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
-		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
+		switch t.Get("type").String() {
+		case "enabled":
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
+		case "adaptive":
+			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
+			// to model-specific max capability.
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}
 	if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "temperature"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.Number {
diff --git a/internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go b/internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go
index bab42952..e882f769 100644
--- a/internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/gemini/claude/gemini_claude_request.go
@@ -154,12 +154,18 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, _ bool)
 	// Map Anthropic thinking -> Gemini thinkingBudget/include_thoughts when enabled
 	// Translator only does format conversion, ApplyThinking handles model capability validation.
 	if t := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "thinking"); t.Exists() && t.IsObject() {
-		if t.Get("type").String() == "enabled" {
+		switch t.Get("type").String() {
+		case "enabled":
 			if b := t.Get("budget_tokens"); b.Exists() && b.Type == gjson.Number {
 				budget := int(b.Int())
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget", budget)
 				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 			}
+		case "adaptive":
+			// Keep adaptive as a high level sentinel; ApplyThinking resolves it
+			// to model-specific max capability.
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel", "high")
+			out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts", true)
 		}
 	}
 	if v := gjson.GetBytes(rawJSON, "temperature"); v.Exists() && v.Type == gjson.Number {
diff --git a/internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go b/internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go
index 1d9db94b..acb79a13 100644
--- a/internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/openai/claude/openai_claude_request.go
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@ func ConvertClaudeRequestToOpenAI(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte, stream
 						out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
 					}
 				}
+			case "adaptive":
+				// Claude adaptive means "enable with max capacity"; keep it as highest level
+				// and let ApplyThinking normalize per target model capability.
+				out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", string(thinking.LevelXHigh))
 			case "disabled":
 				if effort, ok := thinking.ConvertBudgetToLevel(0); ok && effort != "" {
 					out, _ = sjson.Set(out, "reasoning_effort", effort)
diff --git a/test/thinking_conversion_test.go b/test/thinking_conversion_test.go
index 1f43777a..781a1667 100644
--- a/test/thinking_conversion_test.go
+++ b/test/thinking_conversion_test.go
@@ -2590,6 +2590,135 @@ func TestThinkingE2EMatrix_Body(t *testing.T) {
 	runThinkingTests(t, cases)
 }
 
+// TestThinkingE2EClaudeAdaptive_Body tests Claude thinking.type=adaptive extended body-only cases.
+// These cases validate that adaptive means "thinking enabled without explicit budget", and
+// cross-protocol conversion should resolve to target-model maximum thinking capability.
+func TestThinkingE2EClaudeAdaptive_Body(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := registry.GetGlobalRegistry()
+	uid := fmt.Sprintf("thinking-e2e-claude-adaptive-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())
+
+	reg.RegisterClient(uid, "test", getTestModels())
+	defer reg.UnregisterClient(uid)
+
+	cases := []thinkingTestCase{
+		// A1: Claude adaptive to OpenAI level model -> highest supported level
+		{
+			name:        "A1",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "openai",
+			model:       "level-model",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"level-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "reasoning_effort",
+			expectValue: "high",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+		// A2: Claude adaptive to Gemini level subset model -> highest supported level
+		{
+			name:            "A2",
+			from:            "claude",
+			to:              "gemini",
+			model:           "level-subset-model",
+			inputJSON:       `{"model":"level-subset-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField:     "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel",
+			expectValue:     "high",
+			includeThoughts: "true",
+			expectErr:       false,
+		},
+		// A3: Claude adaptive to Gemini budget model -> max budget
+		{
+			name:            "A3",
+			from:            "claude",
+			to:              "gemini",
+			model:           "gemini-budget-model",
+			inputJSON:       `{"model":"gemini-budget-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField:     "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget",
+			expectValue:     "20000",
+			includeThoughts: "true",
+			expectErr:       false,
+		},
+		// A4: Claude adaptive to Gemini mixed model -> highest supported level
+		{
+			name:            "A4",
+			from:            "claude",
+			to:              "gemini",
+			model:           "gemini-mixed-model",
+			inputJSON:       `{"model":"gemini-mixed-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField:     "generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingLevel",
+			expectValue:     "high",
+			includeThoughts: "true",
+			expectErr:       false,
+		},
+		// A5: Claude adaptive passthrough for same protocol
+		{
+			name:        "A5",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "claude",
+			model:       "claude-budget-model",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"claude-budget-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "thinking.type",
+			expectValue: "adaptive",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+		// A6: Claude adaptive to Antigravity budget model -> max budget
+		{
+			name:            "A6",
+			from:            "claude",
+			to:              "antigravity",
+			model:           "antigravity-budget-model",
+			inputJSON:       `{"model":"antigravity-budget-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField:     "request.generationConfig.thinkingConfig.thinkingBudget",
+			expectValue:     "20000",
+			includeThoughts: "true",
+			expectErr:       false,
+		},
+		// A7: Claude adaptive to iFlow GLM -> enabled boolean
+		{
+			name:        "A7",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "iflow",
+			model:       "glm-test",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"glm-test","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking",
+			expectValue: "true",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+		// A8: Claude adaptive to iFlow MiniMax -> enabled boolean
+		{
+			name:        "A8",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "iflow",
+			model:       "minimax-test",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"minimax-test","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "reasoning_split",
+			expectValue: "true",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+		// A9: Claude adaptive to Codex level model -> highest supported level
+		{
+			name:        "A9",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "codex",
+			model:       "level-model",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"level-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "reasoning.effort",
+			expectValue: "high",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+		// A10: Claude adaptive on non-thinking model should still be stripped
+		{
+			name:        "A10",
+			from:        "claude",
+			to:          "openai",
+			model:       "no-thinking-model",
+			inputJSON:   `{"model":"no-thinking-model","messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}],"thinking":{"type":"adaptive"}}`,
+			expectField: "",
+			expectErr:   false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	runThinkingTests(t, cases)
+}
+
 // getTestModels returns the shared model definitions for E2E tests.
 func getTestModels() []*registry.ModelInfo {
 	return []*registry.ModelInfo{

From 2b97cb98b586d1bd4d9d9496205a9a40394f1018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xxddff <772327379@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 17:35:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 05/16] Delete 'user' field from raw JSON

Remove the 'user' field from the raw JSON as requested.
---
 .../codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go   | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
index 828c4d87..692cfaa6 100644
--- a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "top_p")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier")
 
+	// Delete user field as requested  
+	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "user") 
+
 	// Convert role "system" to "developer" in input array to comply with Codex API requirements.
 	rawJSON = convertSystemRoleToDeveloper(rawJSON)
 

From 865af9f19ea90c2684b8e1703732a3451932f679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xxddff <772327379@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 17:38:49 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 06/16] Implement test for user field deletion

Add test to verify deletion of user field in response
---
 .../codex_openai-responses_request_test.go      | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
index ea413238..2d1d47a1 100644
--- a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
+++ b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
@@ -263,3 +263,20 @@ func TestConvertSystemRoleToDeveloper_AssistantRole(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected third role 'assistant', got '%s'", thirdRole.String())
 	}
 }
+
+func TestUserFieldDeletion(t *testing.T) {  
+	inputJSON := []byte(`{  
+		"model": "gpt-5.2",  
+		"user": "test-user",  
+		"input": [{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}]  
+	}`)  
+	  
+	output := ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex("gpt-5.2", inputJSON, false)  
+	outputStr := string(output)  
+	  
+	// Verify user field is deleted  
+	userField := gjson.Get(outputStr, "user")  
+	if userField.Exists() {  
+		t.Error("user field should be deleted")  
+	}  
+}

From afe4c1bfb7dfd2d0259ebc306e098c2cff33038d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xxddff <772327379@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:24:26 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 07/16] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0internal/translator/cod?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ex/openai/responses/codex=5Fopenai-responses=5Frequest.go?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: gemini-code-assist[bot] <176961590+gemini-code-assist[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go  | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
index 692cfaa6..f0407149 100644
--- a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request.go
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToCodex(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte,
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "top_p")
 	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "service_tier")
 
-	// Delete user field as requested  
-	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "user") 
+	// Delete the user field as it is not supported by the Codex upstream.
+	rawJSON, _ = sjson.DeleteBytes(rawJSON, "user")
 
 	// Convert role "system" to "developer" in input array to comply with Codex API requirements.
 	rawJSON = convertSystemRoleToDeveloper(rawJSON)

From bb9fe52f1e8aa592fd7a5b3c40bd9dd1b8f7c38d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xxddff <772327379@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:24:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 08/16] Update
 internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go

Co-authored-by: gemini-code-assist[bot] <176961590+gemini-code-assist[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
index 2d1d47a1..4f562486 100644
--- a/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
+++ b/internal/translator/codex/openai/responses/codex_openai-responses_request_test.go
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func TestUserFieldDeletion(t *testing.T) {
 	  
 	// Verify user field is deleted  
 	userField := gjson.Get(outputStr, "user")  
-	if userField.Exists() {  
-		t.Error("user field should be deleted")  
-	}  
+	if userField.Exists() {
+		t.Errorf("user field should be deleted, but it was found with value: %s", userField.Raw)
+	}
 }

From 349ddcaa894367648c050e7b0f0c2e66ae7e3220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hkfires <10558748+hkfires@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:05:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/16] fix(registry): correct max completion tokens for opus
 4.6 thinking

---
 internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go b/internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go
index 44c4133e..bd7d74a4 100644
--- a/internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go
+++ b/internal/registry/model_definitions_static_data.go
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ func GetAntigravityModelConfig() map[string]*AntigravityModelConfig {
 		"gemini-3-flash":             {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 128, Max: 32768, ZeroAllowed: false, DynamicAllowed: true, Levels: []string{"minimal", "low", "medium", "high"}}},
 		"claude-sonnet-4-5-thinking": {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
 		"claude-opus-4-5-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
-		"claude-opus-4-6-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 128000},
+		"claude-opus-4-6-thinking":   {Thinking: &ThinkingSupport{Min: 1024, Max: 128000, ZeroAllowed: true, DynamicAllowed: true}, MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
 		"claude-sonnet-4-5":          {MaxCompletionTokens: 64000},
 		"gpt-oss-120b-medium":        {},
 		"tab_flash_lite_preview":     {},

From 1510bfcb6f1c5e8759995c204b35f034e49d467f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luis Pater <webmaster@idotorg.org>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:04:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/16] fix(translator): improve content handling for system
 and user messages

- Added support for single and array-based `content` cases.
- Enhanced `system_instruction` structure population logic.
- Improved handling of user role assignment for string-based `content`.
---
 .../gemini_openai-responses_request.go        | 52 ++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go b/internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go
index 1ddb1f36..aca01717 100644
--- a/internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go
+++ b/internal/translator/gemini/openai/responses/gemini_openai-responses_request.go
@@ -117,19 +117,29 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 			switch itemType {
 			case "message":
 				if strings.EqualFold(itemRole, "system") {
-					if contentArray := item.Get("content"); contentArray.Exists() && contentArray.IsArray() {
-						var builder strings.Builder
-						contentArray.ForEach(func(_, contentItem gjson.Result) bool {
-							text := contentItem.Get("text").String()
-							if builder.Len() > 0 && text != "" {
-								builder.WriteByte('\n')
-							}
-							builder.WriteString(text)
-							return true
-						})
-						if !gjson.Get(out, "system_instruction").Exists() {
-							systemInstr := `{"parts":[{"text":""}]}`
-							systemInstr, _ = sjson.Set(systemInstr, "parts.0.text", builder.String())
+					if contentArray := item.Get("content"); contentArray.Exists() {
+						systemInstr := ""
+						if systemInstructionResult := gjson.Get(out, "system_instruction"); systemInstructionResult.Exists() {
+							systemInstr = systemInstructionResult.Raw
+						} else {
+							systemInstr = `{"parts":[]}`
+						}
+
+						if contentArray.IsArray() {
+							contentArray.ForEach(func(_, contentItem gjson.Result) bool {
+								part := `{"text":""}`
+								text := contentItem.Get("text").String()
+								part, _ = sjson.Set(part, "text", text)
+								systemInstr, _ = sjson.SetRaw(systemInstr, "parts.-1", part)
+								return true
+							})
+						} else if contentArray.Type == gjson.String {
+							part := `{"text":""}`
+							part, _ = sjson.Set(part, "text", contentArray.String())
+							systemInstr, _ = sjson.SetRaw(systemInstr, "parts.-1", part)
+						}
+
+						if systemInstr != `{"parts":[]}` {
 							out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "system_instruction", systemInstr)
 						}
 					}
@@ -236,8 +246,22 @@ func ConvertOpenAIResponsesRequestToGemini(modelName string, inputRawJSON []byte
 					})
 
 					flush()
-				}
+				} else if contentArray.Type == gjson.String {
+					effRole := "user"
+					if itemRole != "" {
+						switch strings.ToLower(itemRole) {
+						case "assistant", "model":
+							effRole = "model"
+						default:
+							effRole = strings.ToLower(itemRole)
+						}
+					}
 
+					one := `{"role":"","parts":[{"text":""}]}`
+					one, _ = sjson.Set(one, "role", effRole)
+					one, _ = sjson.Set(one, "parts.0.text", contentArray.String())
+					out, _ = sjson.SetRaw(out, "contents.-1", one)
+				}
 			case "function_call":
 				// Handle function calls - convert to model message with functionCall
 				name := item.Get("name").String()

From 5ed2133ff9a96f5e51796ed2df6867a494a01bea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: RGBadmin <zzlwork@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:21:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/16] feat: add per-account excluded_models and priority
 parsing

---
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
index c80ebc66..20b2faec 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -92,6 +93,9 @@ func (s *FileSynthesizer) Synthesize(ctx *SynthesisContext) ([]*coreauth.Auth, e
 			status = coreauth.StatusDisabled
 		}
 
+		// Read per-account excluded models from the OAuth JSON file
+		perAccountExcluded := extractExcludedModelsFromMetadata(metadata)
+
 		a := &coreauth.Auth{
 			ID:       id,
 			Provider: provider,
@@ -108,11 +112,22 @@ func (s *FileSynthesizer) Synthesize(ctx *SynthesisContext) ([]*coreauth.Auth, e
 			CreatedAt: now,
 			UpdatedAt: now,
 		}
-		ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(a, cfg, nil, "oauth")
+		// Read priority from auth file
+		if rawPriority, ok := metadata["priority"]; ok {
+			switch v := rawPriority.(type) {
+			case float64:
+				a.Attributes["priority"] = strconv.Itoa(int(v))
+			case string:
+				if _, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil {
+					a.Attributes["priority"] = v
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(a, cfg, perAccountExcluded, "oauth")
 		if provider == "gemini-cli" {
 			if virtuals := SynthesizeGeminiVirtualAuths(a, metadata, now); len(virtuals) > 0 {
 				for _, v := range virtuals {
-					ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(v, cfg, nil, "oauth")
+					ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(v, cfg, perAccountExcluded, "oauth")
 				}
 				out = append(out, a)
 				out = append(out, virtuals...)
@@ -167,6 +182,10 @@ func SynthesizeGeminiVirtualAuths(primary *coreauth.Auth, metadata map[string]an
 		if authPath != "" {
 			attrs["path"] = authPath
 		}
+		// Propagate priority from primary auth to virtual auths
+		if priorityVal, hasPriority := primary.Attributes["priority"]; hasPriority && priorityVal != "" {
+			attrs["priority"] = priorityVal
+		}
 		metadataCopy := map[string]any{
 			"email":             email,
 			"project_id":        projectID,
@@ -239,3 +258,41 @@ func buildGeminiVirtualID(baseID, projectID string) string {
 	replacer := strings.NewReplacer("/", "_", "\\", "_", " ", "_")
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s::%s", baseID, replacer.Replace(project))
 }
+
+// extractExcludedModelsFromMetadata reads per-account excluded models from the OAuth JSON metadata.
+// Supports both "excluded_models" and "excluded-models" keys, and accepts both []string and []interface{}.
+func extractExcludedModelsFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any) []string {
+	if metadata == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Try both key formats
+	raw, ok := metadata["excluded_models"]
+	if !ok {
+		raw, ok = metadata["excluded-models"]
+	}
+	if !ok || raw == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch v := raw.(type) {
+	case []string:
+		result := make([]string, 0, len(v))
+		for _, s := range v {
+			if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(s); trimmed != "" {
+				result = append(result, trimmed)
+			}
+		}
+		return result
+	case []interface{}:
+		result := make([]string, 0, len(v))
+		for _, item := range v {
+			if s, ok := item.(string); ok {
+				if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(s); trimmed != "" {
+					result = append(result, trimmed)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return result
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}

From b93026d83a8da573f4871c8a483287d2ea8c02d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: RGBadmin <zzlwork@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:21:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/16] feat: merge per-account excluded_models with global
 config

---
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers.go | 16 +++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers.go
index 621f3600..102dc77e 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers.go
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ func (g *StableIDGenerator) Next(kind string, parts ...string) (string, string)
 
 // ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta applies excluded models metadata to an auth entry.
 // It computes a hash of excluded models and sets the auth_kind attribute.
+// For OAuth entries, perKey (from the JSON file's excluded-models field) is merged
+// with the global oauth-excluded-models config for the provider.
 func ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(auth *coreauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config, perKey []string, authKind string) {
 	if auth == nil || cfg == nil {
 		return
@@ -72,9 +74,13 @@ func ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(auth *coreauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config, perKey
 	}
 	if authKindKey == "apikey" {
 		add(perKey)
-	} else if cfg.OAuthExcludedModels != nil {
-		providerKey := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
-		add(cfg.OAuthExcludedModels[providerKey])
+	} else {
+		// For OAuth: merge per-account excluded models with global provider-level exclusions
+		add(perKey)
+		if cfg.OAuthExcludedModels != nil {
+			providerKey := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(auth.Provider))
+			add(cfg.OAuthExcludedModels[providerKey])
+		}
 	}
 	combined := make([]string, 0, len(seen))
 	for k := range seen {
@@ -88,6 +94,10 @@ func ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(auth *coreauth.Auth, cfg *config.Config, perKey
 	if hash != "" {
 		auth.Attributes["excluded_models_hash"] = hash
 	}
+	// Store the combined excluded models list so that routing can read it at runtime
+	if len(combined) > 0 {
+		auth.Attributes["excluded_models"] = strings.Join(combined, ",")
+	}
 	if authKind != "" {
 		auth.Attributes["auth_kind"] = authKind
 	}

From 4cbcc835d1e7fc616a23a6d516e9cc68b1282d40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: RGBadmin <zzlwork@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:21:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/16] feat: read per-account excluded_models at routing time

---
 sdk/cliproxy/service.go | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sdk/cliproxy/service.go b/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
index 0ae05c08..b77de8c6 100644
--- a/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
+++ b/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
@@ -740,6 +740,26 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 		provider = "openai-compatibility"
 	}
 	excluded := s.oauthExcludedModels(provider, authKind)
+	// Merge per-account excluded models from auth attributes (set by synthesizer)
+	if a.Attributes != nil {
+		if perAccount := strings.TrimSpace(a.Attributes["excluded_models"]); perAccount != "" {
+			parts := strings.Split(perAccount, ",")
+			seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(excluded)+len(parts))
+			for _, e := range excluded {
+				seen[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(e))] = struct{}{}
+			}
+			for _, p := range parts {
+				seen[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(p))] = struct{}{}
+			}
+			merged := make([]string, 0, len(seen))
+			for k := range seen {
+				if k != "" {
+					merged = append(merged, k)
+				}
+			}
+			excluded = merged
+		}
+	}
 	var models []*ModelInfo
 	switch provider {
 	case "gemini":

From bf1634bda0fe3388a50e00ac227ad653639ec7e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: RGBadmin <zzlwork@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:57:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/16] refactor: simplify per-account excluded_models merge in
 routing

---
 sdk/cliproxy/service.go | 21 ++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sdk/cliproxy/service.go b/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
index b77de8c6..536329b5 100644
--- a/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
+++ b/sdk/cliproxy/service.go
@@ -740,24 +740,11 @@ func (s *Service) registerModelsForAuth(a *coreauth.Auth) {
 		provider = "openai-compatibility"
 	}
 	excluded := s.oauthExcludedModels(provider, authKind)
-	// Merge per-account excluded models from auth attributes (set by synthesizer)
+	// The synthesizer pre-merges per-account and global exclusions into the "excluded_models" attribute.
+	// If this attribute is present, it represents the complete list of exclusions and overrides the global config.
 	if a.Attributes != nil {
-		if perAccount := strings.TrimSpace(a.Attributes["excluded_models"]); perAccount != "" {
-			parts := strings.Split(perAccount, ",")
-			seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(excluded)+len(parts))
-			for _, e := range excluded {
-				seen[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(e))] = struct{}{}
-			}
-			for _, p := range parts {
-				seen[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(p))] = struct{}{}
-			}
-			merged := make([]string, 0, len(seen))
-			for k := range seen {
-				if k != "" {
-					merged = append(merged, k)
-				}
-			}
-			excluded = merged
+		if val, ok := a.Attributes["excluded_models"]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(val) != "" {
+			excluded = strings.Split(val, ",")
 		}
 	}
 	var models []*ModelInfo

From dc279de443f60594c01efae29011ea59503f6aef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: RGBadmin <zzlwork@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:57:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/16] refactor: reduce code duplication in
 extractExcludedModelsFromMetadata

---
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go | 23 +++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
index 20b2faec..8f4ec6da 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
@@ -273,26 +273,25 @@ func extractExcludedModelsFromMetadata(metadata map[string]any) []string {
 	if !ok || raw == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+	var stringSlice []string
 	switch v := raw.(type) {
 	case []string:
-		result := make([]string, 0, len(v))
-		for _, s := range v {
-			if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(s); trimmed != "" {
-				result = append(result, trimmed)
-			}
-		}
-		return result
+		stringSlice = v
 	case []interface{}:
-		result := make([]string, 0, len(v))
+		stringSlice = make([]string, 0, len(v))
 		for _, item := range v {
 			if s, ok := item.(string); ok {
-				if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(s); trimmed != "" {
-					result = append(result, trimmed)
-				}
+				stringSlice = append(stringSlice, s)
 			}
 		}
-		return result
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(stringSlice))
+	for _, s := range stringSlice {
+		if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(s); trimmed != "" {
+			result = append(result, trimmed)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
 }

From 4c133d3ea9dc77b740b5b454d7bc582a1045b37b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luis Pater <webmaster@idotorg.org>
Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2026 20:35:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 16/16] test(sdk/watcher): add tests for excluded models
 merging and priority parsing logic

- Added unit tests for combining OAuth excluded models across global and attribute-specific scopes.
- Implemented priority attribute parsing with support for different formats and trimming.
---
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go         |   5 +-
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/file_test.go    | 118 +++++++++++++++++++
 internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers_test.go |  25 ++++
 sdk/cliproxy/service_excluded_models_test.go |  65 ++++++++++
 4 files changed, 211 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sdk/cliproxy/service_excluded_models_test.go

diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
index 8f4ec6da..4e053117 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file.go
@@ -118,8 +118,9 @@ func (s *FileSynthesizer) Synthesize(ctx *SynthesisContext) ([]*coreauth.Auth, e
 			case float64:
 				a.Attributes["priority"] = strconv.Itoa(int(v))
 			case string:
-				if _, err := strconv.Atoi(v); err == nil {
-					a.Attributes["priority"] = v
+				priority := strings.TrimSpace(v)
+				if _, errAtoi := strconv.Atoi(priority); errAtoi == nil {
+					a.Attributes["priority"] = priority
 				}
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file_test.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file_test.go
index 93025fba..105d9207 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file_test.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/file_test.go
@@ -297,6 +297,117 @@ func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_PrefixValidation(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_PriorityParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		priority any
+		want     string
+		hasValue bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "string with spaces",
+			priority: " 10 ",
+			want:     "10",
+			hasValue: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "number",
+			priority: 8,
+			want:     "8",
+			hasValue: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "invalid string",
+			priority: "1x",
+			hasValue: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tempDir := t.TempDir()
+			authData := map[string]any{
+				"type":     "claude",
+				"priority": tt.priority,
+			}
+			data, _ := json.Marshal(authData)
+			errWriteFile := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "auth.json"), data, 0644)
+			if errWriteFile != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to write auth file: %v", errWriteFile)
+			}
+
+			synth := NewFileSynthesizer()
+			ctx := &SynthesisContext{
+				Config:      &config.Config{},
+				AuthDir:     tempDir,
+				Now:         time.Now(),
+				IDGenerator: NewStableIDGenerator(),
+			}
+
+			auths, errSynthesize := synth.Synthesize(ctx)
+			if errSynthesize != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", errSynthesize)
+			}
+			if len(auths) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("expected 1 auth, got %d", len(auths))
+			}
+
+			value, ok := auths[0].Attributes["priority"]
+			if tt.hasValue {
+				if !ok {
+					t.Fatal("expected priority attribute to be set")
+				}
+				if value != tt.want {
+					t.Fatalf("expected priority %q, got %q", tt.want, value)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected priority attribute to be absent, got %q", value)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_OAuthExcludedModelsMerged(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	authData := map[string]any{
+		"type":            "claude",
+		"excluded_models": []string{"custom-model", "MODEL-B"},
+	}
+	data, _ := json.Marshal(authData)
+	errWriteFile := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "auth.json"), data, 0644)
+	if errWriteFile != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to write auth file: %v", errWriteFile)
+	}
+
+	synth := NewFileSynthesizer()
+	ctx := &SynthesisContext{
+		Config: &config.Config{
+			OAuthExcludedModels: map[string][]string{
+				"claude": {"shared", "model-b"},
+			},
+		},
+		AuthDir:     tempDir,
+		Now:         time.Now(),
+		IDGenerator: NewStableIDGenerator(),
+	}
+
+	auths, errSynthesize := synth.Synthesize(ctx)
+	if errSynthesize != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", errSynthesize)
+	}
+	if len(auths) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 auth, got %d", len(auths))
+	}
+
+	got := auths[0].Attributes["excluded_models"]
+	want := "custom-model,model-b,shared"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("expected excluded_models %q, got %q", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSynthesizeGeminiVirtualAuths_NilInputs(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now()
 
@@ -533,6 +644,7 @@ func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_MultiProjectGemini(t *testing.T) {
 		"type":       "gemini",
 		"email":      "multi@example.com",
 		"project_id": "project-a, project-b, project-c",
+		"priority":   " 10 ",
 	}
 	data, _ := json.Marshal(authData)
 	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "gemini-multi.json"), data, 0644)
@@ -565,6 +677,9 @@ func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_MultiProjectGemini(t *testing.T) {
 	if primary.Status != coreauth.StatusDisabled {
 		t.Errorf("expected primary status disabled, got %s", primary.Status)
 	}
+	if gotPriority := primary.Attributes["priority"]; gotPriority != "10" {
+		t.Errorf("expected primary priority 10, got %q", gotPriority)
+	}
 
 	// Remaining auths should be virtuals
 	for i := 1; i < 4; i++ {
@@ -575,6 +690,9 @@ func TestFileSynthesizer_Synthesize_MultiProjectGemini(t *testing.T) {
 		if v.Attributes["gemini_virtual_parent"] != primary.ID {
 			t.Errorf("expected virtual %d parent to be %s, got %s", i, primary.ID, v.Attributes["gemini_virtual_parent"])
 		}
+		if gotPriority := v.Attributes["priority"]; gotPriority != "10" {
+			t.Errorf("expected virtual %d priority 10, got %q", i, gotPriority)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers_test.go b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers_test.go
index 229c75bc..46b9c8a0 100644
--- a/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers_test.go
+++ b/internal/watcher/synthesizer/helpers_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/config"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/internal/watcher/diff"
 	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
 )
 
@@ -200,6 +201,30 @@ func TestApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta_OAuthMergeWritesCombinedModels(t *testing.T) {
+	auth := &coreauth.Auth{
+		Provider:   "claude",
+		Attributes: make(map[string]string),
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		OAuthExcludedModels: map[string][]string{
+			"claude": {"global-a", "shared"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	ApplyAuthExcludedModelsMeta(auth, cfg, []string{"per", "SHARED"}, "oauth")
+
+	const wantCombined = "global-a,per,shared"
+	if gotCombined := auth.Attributes["excluded_models"]; gotCombined != wantCombined {
+		t.Fatalf("expected excluded_models=%q, got %q", wantCombined, gotCombined)
+	}
+
+	expectedHash := diff.ComputeExcludedModelsHash([]string{"global-a", "per", "shared"})
+	if gotHash := auth.Attributes["excluded_models_hash"]; gotHash != expectedHash {
+		t.Fatalf("expected excluded_models_hash=%q, got %q", expectedHash, gotHash)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAddConfigHeadersToAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
diff --git a/sdk/cliproxy/service_excluded_models_test.go b/sdk/cliproxy/service_excluded_models_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..198a5bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/cliproxy/service_excluded_models_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package cliproxy
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	coreauth "github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/cliproxy/auth"
+	"github.com/router-for-me/CLIProxyAPI/v6/sdk/config"
+)
+
+func TestRegisterModelsForAuth_UsesPreMergedExcludedModelsAttribute(t *testing.T) {
+	service := &Service{
+		cfg: &config.Config{
+			OAuthExcludedModels: map[string][]string{
+				"gemini-cli": {"gemini-2.5-pro"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	auth := &coreauth.Auth{
+		ID:       "auth-gemini-cli",
+		Provider: "gemini-cli",
+		Status:   coreauth.StatusActive,
+		Attributes: map[string]string{
+			"auth_kind":       "oauth",
+			"excluded_models": "gemini-2.5-flash",
+		},
+	}
+
+	registry := GlobalModelRegistry()
+	registry.UnregisterClient(auth.ID)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		registry.UnregisterClient(auth.ID)
+	})
+
+	service.registerModelsForAuth(auth)
+
+	models := registry.GetAvailableModelsByProvider("gemini-cli")
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected gemini-cli models to be registered")
+	}
+
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		modelID := strings.TrimSpace(model.ID)
+		if strings.EqualFold(modelID, "gemini-2.5-flash") {
+			t.Fatalf("expected model %q to be excluded by auth attribute", modelID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	seenGlobalExcluded := false
+	for _, model := range models {
+		if model == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(model.ID), "gemini-2.5-pro") {
+			seenGlobalExcluded = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !seenGlobalExcluded {
+		t.Fatal("expected global excluded model to be present when attribute override is set")
+	}
+}