## Why
Some Windows users do not have local admin access, so they cannot
complete the elevated portion of the Windows sandbox setup when Codex
first needs it. This adds an alpha provisioning path that an admin or IT
deployment script can run ahead of time for the Codex user.
The intended managed-deployment shape is:
```powershell
codex sandbox setup --elevated --user "$env:COMPUTERNAME\Alice" --codex-home "C:\Users\Alice\.codex"
```
`--elevated` is treated as the requested sandbox setup level, not as
proof that the process is elevated. The Windows sandbox setup
orchestration still checks that the caller is actually elevated before
launching the helper without a UAC prompt.
## What changed
- Added `codex sandbox setup --elevated` with explicit user selection
via either `--current-user` or `--user ... --codex-home ...`.
- Moved the CLI implementation into `cli/src/sandbox_setup.rs` instead
of growing `cli/src/main.rs`.
- Added a Windows sandbox `ProvisionOnly` helper mode that runs the
elevation-required provisioning work without requiring a workspace cwd
or runtime sandbox policy.
- Reused the existing elevated helper path for creating/updating sandbox
users, configuring firewall/WFP rules, and applying sandbox directory
ACLs.
- Persisted `windows.sandbox = "elevated"` into the target `CODEX_HOME`
so the desktop app does not show the initial sandbox setup banner after
pre-provisioning succeeds.
## Validation
- `cargo fmt -p codex-windows-sandbox -p codex-core -p codex-cli`
- `cargo test -p codex-cli sandbox_setup --target-dir
target\sandbox-setup-check`
- `cargo test -p codex-windows-sandbox
payload_accepts_provision_only_mode --target-dir
target\sandbox-setup-check`
- `git diff --check`
- Manual Windows alpha flow with a standard local user (`Mandi Lavida`):
ran the new setup command from an admin shell, verified the target
`.codex` contents, sandbox marker/secrets, ACLs, firewall rules, and
desktop startup without the sandbox setup banner once experimental
network proxy requirements were disabled.
## Notes
This intentionally does not solve later elevated update coordination for
IT-managed deployments. The setup command can still apply provisioning
updates when run again, but a broader coordination/process story is out
of scope for this alpha.
## Why
#23813 switches the Windows sandbox runner path to `PermissionProfile`,
but it still left one runtime anchor for resolving symbolic
`:workspace_roots` entries. That is not enough once a turn has multiple
effective workspace roots: exact entries and deny globs under
`:workspace_roots` need to be materialized for every runtime root before
the command runner chooses token mode or builds ACL plans.
## What Changed
- Replaces the Windows runner/setup `permission_profile_cwd` plumbing
with `workspace_roots: Vec<AbsolutePathBuf>`.
- Resolves Windows-local `PermissionProfile` data with
`materialize_project_roots_with_workspace_roots(...)` instead of the
single-cwd helper.
- Threads `Config::effective_workspace_roots()` through core execution,
unified exec, TUI setup/read-grant flows, app-server setup, app-server
`command/exec`, and `debug sandbox` on Windows.
- Preserves those workspace roots through the zsh-fork escalation
executor instead of rebuilding them from `sandbox_policy_cwd`.
- Makes `ExecRequest::new(...)` and the remaining
`build_exec_request(...)` helper path take
`windows_sandbox_workspace_roots` explicitly so new call sites cannot
silently fall back to `vec![cwd]`.
- Clarifies the `debug sandbox` non-Windows comment: remaining
cwd-dependent resolution still uses `sandbox_policy_cwd`, while
`:workspace_roots` entries are already materialized from config roots.
- Updates elevated runner IPC `SpawnRequest` to send `workspace_roots`
and bumps the framed IPC protocol version to `3` for the payload shape
change.
- Adds Windows-local resolver coverage for expanding exact and glob
`:workspace_roots` entries across multiple roots, plus core helper
coverage proving explicit roots are preserved.
## Verification
- `cargo check -p codex-windows-sandbox -p codex-core -p codex-tui -p
codex-cli -p codex-app-server`
- `cargo test -p codex-windows-sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-core windows_sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-core unix_escalation`
- `cargo test -p codex-app-server windows_sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-tui windows_sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-cli debug_sandbox`
- `just test -p codex-core unified_exec`
- `just test -p codex-core
build_exec_request_preserves_windows_workspace_roots`
- `env -u CODEX_NETWORK_PROXY_ACTIVE -u
CODEX_NETWORK_ALLOW_LOCAL_BINDING just test -p codex-app-server --lib
command_exec`
- `just test -p codex-windows-sandbox`
- `just test -p codex-exec sandbox`
- `just fix -p codex-core -p codex-app-server -p codex-windows-sandbox`
A local macOS cross-check with `cargo check --target
x86_64-pc-windows-msvc ...` did not reach crate Rust code because native
dependencies require Windows SDK headers (`windows.h` / `assert.h`) in
this environment; Windows CI remains the real target validation.
Two local targeted filters compile but do not run assertions on macOS:
`env -u CODEX_NETWORK_PROXY_ACTIVE -u CODEX_NETWORK_ALLOW_LOCAL_BINDING
just test -p codex-app-server --lib command_exec_processor` matched zero
tests, and `just test -p codex-linux-sandbox landlock` matched zero
tests because the landlock suite is Linux-only.
## Why
The Windows sandbox runner still carried the old `SandboxPolicy`
compatibility path even though core now computes `PermissionProfile`.
That meant Windows command-runner execution could only see the legacy
projection, so profile-only filesystem rules such as deny globs were not
part of the runner input.
## What Changed
- Removed the Windows-local `SandboxPolicy` parser/export and deleted
`windows-sandbox-rs/src/policy.rs`.
- Changed restricted-token capture/session setup, elevated setup,
world-writable audit, read-root grant, and command-runner session APIs
to accept `PermissionProfile` plus the profile cwd.
- Bumped the elevated command-runner IPC protocol to version 2 because
`SpawnRequest` now carries `permission_profile` /
`permission_profile_cwd` instead of the legacy `policy_json_or_preset` /
`sandbox_policy_cwd` fields.
- Updated core exec, unified exec, debug-sandbox, TUI setup/grant flows,
and app-server setup to pass the actual effective `PermissionProfile`.
- Left regression coverage asserting the old IPC policy fields are
absent and the runner serializes tagged `PermissionProfile` JSON.
## Verification
- `cargo test -p codex-windows-sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-core windows_sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-app-server
request_processors::windows_sandbox_processor`
- `just fix -p codex-windows-sandbox -p codex-core -p codex-app-server
-p codex-cli -p codex-tui`
- `just fix -p codex-cli -p codex-tui`
- `just fix -p codex-windows-sandbox -p codex-tui`
- `rg "\\bSandboxPolicy\\b" codex-rs/windows-sandbox-rs` returned no
matches.
Note: `cargo test -p codex-cli` was attempted but did not reach crate
tests because local disk filled while compiling dependencies (`No space
left on device`). The targeted clippy pass compiled the affected CLI/TUI
surfaces afterward.
---
[//]: # (BEGIN SAPLING FOOTER)
Stack created with [Sapling](https://sapling-scm.com). Best reviewed
with [ReviewStack](https://reviewstack.dev/openai/codex/pull/23813).
* #24108
* __->__ #23813
## Why
[#23883](https://github.com/openai/codex/pull/23883) moved the
user-facing `--profile` flag onto profile v2 and
[#23886](https://github.com/openai/codex/pull/23886) removed CLI
forwarding for the legacy profile-v1 path. Core and TUI config
persistence still carried `active_profile` and
`ConfigEditsBuilder::with_profile`, which let later writes continue
targeting legacy `[profiles.<name>]` tables after profile selection
moved to profile-v2 config files.
## What
- Remove legacy profile routing from
[`ConfigEditsBuilder`](https://github.com/openai/codex/blob/4b38e9c22e762261d7f7eef49d8a21792e241a06/codex-rs/core/src/config/edit.rs#L1064-L1294),
so core config edits no longer carry `with_profile` or infer
`[profiles.*]` write targets from a `profile` key.
- Drop `active_profile` plumbing from runtime `Config`, TUI
startup/state, app-server config override forwarding, and Windows
sandbox setup persistence.
- Make app-server-backed TUI config edits use unscoped model,
service-tier, feature, Auto-review, plan-mode, and Windows sandbox paths
through
[`tui/src/config_update.rs`](https://github.com/openai/codex/blob/4b38e9c22e762261d7f7eef49d8a21792e241a06/codex-rs/tui/src/config_update.rs#L43-L112).
- Update config edit coverage so legacy `profile` state stays untouched
by direct model writes, and remove tests whose only contract was the
deleted profile-scoped persistence path.
## Testing
- Not run locally.
## Why
This is the next step in the Windows sandbox migration away from the
legacy `SandboxPolicy` abstraction. #22923 moved write-root and token
decisions onto `ResolvedWindowsSandboxPermissions`, but setup and
identity still accepted `SandboxPolicy` and converted internally. This
PR pushes that conversion outward so the setup path consumes the
resolved Windows permission view directly.
## What Changed
- Changed `SandboxSetupRequest` to carry
`ResolvedWindowsSandboxPermissions` instead of `SandboxPolicy` plus
policy cwd.
- Updated setup refresh/elevation and identity credential preparation to
use resolved permissions for read roots, write roots, network identity,
and deny-write payload planning.
- Removed the production `allow.rs` legacy wrapper; allow-path
computation now takes resolved permissions directly.
- Added a permissions-based world-writable audit entry point while
keeping the existing legacy wrapper for compatibility.
- Updated legacy ACL setup and the core Windows setup bridge to
construct resolved permissions at the boundary.
- Hardened the Windows sandbox integration test helper staging so Bazel
retries can reuse an already-staged helper if a prior sandbox helper
process still has the executable open.
## Verification
- `cargo test -p codex-windows-sandbox`
- `cargo test -p codex-core --test all --no-run`
- `just fix -p codex-windows-sandbox`
- `just fix -p codex-core`
- Attempted `cargo check -p codex-windows-sandbox --target
x86_64-pc-windows-gnullvm`, but the local machine is missing
`x86_64-w64-mingw32-clang`; Windows CI should cover that target.
---
[//]: # (BEGIN SAPLING FOOTER)
Stack created with [Sapling](https://sapling-scm.com). Best reviewed
with [ReviewStack](https://reviewstack.dev/openai/codex/pull/23167).
* #23715
* #23714
* __->__ #23167
Allow multi_agent_v2 features to have its own temporary configuration
under `[features.multi_agent_v2]`
```
[features.multi_agent_v2]
enabled = true
usage_hint_enabled = false
usage_hint_text = "Custom delegation guidance."
hide_spawn_agent_metadata = true
```
Absent `usage_hint_text` means use the default hint.
```
[features]
multi_agent_v2 = true
```
still works as the boolean shorthand.
## Summary
- reduce public module visibility across Rust crates, preferring private
or crate-private modules with explicit crate-root public exports
- update external call sites and tests to use the intended public crate
APIs instead of reaching through module trees
- add the module visibility guideline to AGENTS.md
## Validation
- `cargo check --workspace --all-targets --message-format=short` passed
before the final fix/format pass
- `just fix` completed successfully
- `just fmt` completed successfully
- `git diff --check` passed
## Why
This finishes the config-type move out of `codex-core` by removing the
temporary compatibility shim in `codex_core::config::types`. Callers now
depend on `codex-config` directly, which keeps these config model types
owned by the config crate instead of re-expanding `codex-core` as a
transitive API surface.
## What Changed
- Removed the `codex-rs/core/src/config/types.rs` re-export shim and the
`core::config::ApprovalsReviewer` re-export.
- Updated `codex-core`, `codex-cli`, `codex-tui`, `codex-app-server`,
`codex-mcp-server`, and `codex-linux-sandbox` call sites to import
`codex_config::types` directly.
- Added explicit `codex-config` dependencies to downstream crates that
previously relied on the `codex-core` re-export.
- Regenerated `codex-rs/core/config.schema.json` after updating the
config docs path reference.
## Why
`codex-core` was re-exporting APIs owned by sibling `codex-*` crates,
which made downstream crates depend on `codex-core` as a proxy module
instead of the actual owner crate.
Removing those forwards makes crate boundaries explicit and lets leaf
crates drop unnecessary `codex-core` dependencies. In this PR, this
reduces the dependency on `codex-core` to `codex-login` in the following
files:
```
codex-rs/backend-client/Cargo.toml
codex-rs/mcp-server/tests/common/Cargo.toml
```
## What
- Remove `codex-rs/core/src/lib.rs` re-exports for symbols owned by
`codex-login`, `codex-mcp`, `codex-rollout`, `codex-analytics`,
`codex-protocol`, `codex-shell-command`, `codex-sandboxing`,
`codex-tools`, and `codex-utils-path`.
- Delete the `default_client` forwarding shim in `codex-rs/core`.
- Update in-crate and downstream callsites to import directly from the
owning `codex-*` crate.
- Add direct Cargo dependencies where callsites now target the owner
crate, and remove `codex-core` from `codex-rs/backend-client`.
## Summary
This PR makes Windows sandbox proxying enforceable by routing proxy-only
runs through the existing `offline` sandbox user and reserving direct
network access for the existing `online` sandbox user.
In brief:
- if a Windows sandbox run should be proxy-enforced, we run it as the
`offline` user
- the `offline` user gets firewall rules that block direct outbound
traffic and only permit the configured localhost proxy path
- if a Windows sandbox run should have true direct network access, we
run it as the `online` user
- no new sandbox identity is introduced
This brings Windows in line with the intended model: proxy use is not
just env-based, it is backed by OS-level egress controls. Windows
already has two sandbox identities:
- `offline`: intended to have no direct network egress
- `online`: intended to have full network access
This PR makes proxy-enforced runs use that model directly.
### Proxy-enforced runs
When proxy enforcement is active:
- the run is assigned to the `offline` identity
- setup extracts the loopback proxy ports from the sandbox env
- Windows setup programs firewall rules for the `offline` user that:
- block all non-loopback outbound traffic
- block loopback UDP
- block loopback TCP except for the configured proxy ports
- optionally allow broader localhost access when `allow_local_binding=1`
So the sandboxed process can only talk to the local proxy. It cannot
open direct outbound sockets or do local UDP-based DNS on its own.The
proxy then performs the real outbound network access outside that
restricted sandbox identity.
### Direct-network runs
When proxy enforcement is not active and full network access is allowed:
- the run is assigned to the `online` identity
- no proxy-only firewall restrictions are applied
- the process gets normal direct network access
### Unelevated vs elevated
The restricted-token / unelevated path cannot enforce per-identity
firewall policy by itself.
So for Windows proxy-enforced runs, we transparently use the logon-user
sandbox path under the hood, even if the caller started from the
unelevated mode. That keeps enforcement real instead of best-effort.
---------
Co-authored-by: Codex <noreply@openai.com>
## Why
The argument-comment lint now has a packaged DotSlash artifact from
[#15198](https://github.com/openai/codex/pull/15198), so the normal repo
lint path should use that released payload instead of rebuilding the
lint from source every time.
That keeps `just clippy` and CI aligned with the shipped artifact while
preserving a separate source-build path for people actively hacking on
the lint crate.
The current alpha package also exposed two integration wrinkles that the
repo-side prebuilt wrapper needs to smooth over:
- the bundled Dylint library filename includes the host triple, for
example `@nightly-2025-09-18-aarch64-apple-darwin`, and Dylint derives
`RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN` from that filename
- on Windows, Dylint's driver path also expects `RUSTUP_HOME` to be
present in the environment
Without those adjustments, the prebuilt CI jobs fail during `cargo
metadata` or driver setup. This change makes the checked-in prebuilt
wrapper normalize the packaged library name to the plain
`nightly-2025-09-18` channel before invoking `cargo-dylint`, and it
teaches both the wrapper and the packaged runner source to infer
`RUSTUP_HOME` from `rustup show home` when the environment does not
already provide it.
After the prebuilt Windows lint job started running successfully, it
also surfaced a handful of existing anonymous literal callsites in
`windows-sandbox-rs`. This PR now annotates those callsites so the new
cross-platform lint job is green on the current tree.
## What Changed
- checked in the current
`tools/argument-comment-lint/argument-comment-lint` DotSlash manifest
- kept `tools/argument-comment-lint/run.sh` as the source-build wrapper
for lint development
- added `tools/argument-comment-lint/run-prebuilt-linter.sh` as the
normal enforcement path, using the checked-in DotSlash package and
bundled `cargo-dylint`
- updated `just clippy` and `just argument-comment-lint` to use the
prebuilt wrapper
- split `.github/workflows/rust-ci.yml` so source-package checks live in
a dedicated `argument_comment_lint_package` job, while the released lint
runs in an `argument_comment_lint_prebuilt` matrix on Linux, macOS, and
Windows
- kept the pinned `nightly-2025-09-18` toolchain install in the prebuilt
CI matrix, since the prebuilt package still relies on rustup-provided
toolchain components
- updated `tools/argument-comment-lint/run-prebuilt-linter.sh` to
normalize host-qualified nightly library filenames, keep the `rustup`
shim directory ahead of direct toolchain `cargo` binaries, and export
`RUSTUP_HOME` when needed for Windows Dylint driver setup
- updated `tools/argument-comment-lint/src/bin/argument-comment-lint.rs`
so future published DotSlash artifacts apply the same nightly-filename
normalization and `RUSTUP_HOME` inference internally
- fixed the remaining Windows lint violations in
`codex-rs/windows-sandbox-rs` by adding the required `/*param*/`
comments at the reported callsites
- documented the checked-in DotSlash file, wrapper split, archive
layout, nightly prerequisite, and Windows `RUSTUP_HOME` requirement in
`tools/argument-comment-lint/README.md`
- Split the feature system into a new `codex-features` crate.
- Cut `codex-core` and workspace consumers over to the new config and
warning APIs.
Co-authored-by: Ahmed Ibrahim <219906144+aibrahim-oai@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Codex <noreply@openai.com>
## Why
Once the repo-local lint exists, `codex-rs` needs to follow the
checked-in convention and CI needs to keep it from drifting. This commit
applies the fallback `/*param*/` style consistently across existing
positional literal call sites without changing those APIs.
The longer-term preference is still to avoid APIs that require comments
by choosing clearer parameter types and call shapes. This PR is
intentionally the mechanical follow-through for the places where the
existing signatures stay in place.
After rebasing onto newer `main`, the rollout also had to cover newly
introduced `tui_app_server` call sites. That made it clear the first cut
of the CI job was too expensive for the common path: it was spending
almost as much time installing `cargo-dylint` and re-testing the lint
crate as a representative test job spends running product tests. The CI
update keeps the full workspace enforcement but trims that extra
overhead from ordinary `codex-rs` PRs.
## What changed
- keep a dedicated `argument_comment_lint` job in `rust-ci`
- mechanically annotate remaining opaque positional literals across
`codex-rs` with exact `/*param*/` comments, including the rebased
`tui_app_server` call sites that now fall under the lint
- keep the checked-in style aligned with the lint policy by using
`/*param*/` and leaving string and char literals uncommented
- cache `cargo-dylint`, `dylint-link`, and the relevant Cargo
registry/git metadata in the lint job
- split changed-path detection so the lint crate's own `cargo test` step
runs only when `tools/argument-comment-lint/*` or `rust-ci.yml` changes
- continue to run the repo wrapper over the `codex-rs` workspace, so
product-code enforcement is unchanged
Most of the code changes in this commit are intentionally mechanical
comment rewrites or insertions driven by the lint itself.
## Verification
- `./tools/argument-comment-lint/run.sh --workspace`
- `cargo test -p codex-tui-app-server -p codex-tui`
- parsed `.github/workflows/rust-ci.yml` locally with PyYAML
---
* -> #14652
* #14651
## Summary
- launch Windows sandboxed children on a private desktop instead of
`Winsta0\Default`
- make private desktop the default while keeping
`windows.sandbox_private_desktop=false` as the escape hatch
- centralize process launch through the shared
`create_process_as_user(...)` path
- scope the private desktop ACL to the launching logon SID
## Why
Today sandboxed Windows commands run on the visible shared desktop. That
leaves an avoidable same-desktop attack surface for window interaction,
spoofing, and related UI/input issues. This change moves sandboxed
commands onto a dedicated per-launch desktop by default so the sandbox
no longer shares `Winsta0\Default` with the user session.
The implementation stays conservative on security with no silent
fallback back to `Winsta0\Default`
If private-desktop setup fails on a machine, users can still opt out
explicitly with `windows.sandbox_private_desktop=false`.
## Validation
- `cargo build -p codex-cli`
- elevated-path `codex exec` desktop-name probe returned
`CodexSandboxDesktop-*`
- elevated-path `codex exec` smoke sweep for shell commands, nested
`pwsh`, jobs, and hidden `notepad` launch
- unelevated-path full private-desktop compatibility sweep via `codex
exec` with `-c windows.sandbox=unelevated`
## Why
PR #13783 moved the `codex.rs` unit tests into `codex_tests.rs`. This
applies the same extraction pattern across the rest of `codex-rs/core`
so the production modules stay focused on runtime code instead of large
inline test blocks.
Keeping the tests in sibling files also makes follow-up edits easier to
review because product changes no longer have to share a file with
hundreds or thousands of lines of test scaffolding.
## What changed
- replaced each inline `mod tests { ... }` in `codex-rs/core/src/**`
with a path-based module declaration
- moved each extracted unit test module into a sibling `*_tests.rs`
file, using `mod_tests.rs` for `mod.rs` modules
- preserved the existing `cfg(...)` guards and module-local structure so
the refactor remains structural rather than behavioral
## Testing
- `cargo test -p codex-core --lib` (`1653 passed; 0 failed; 5 ignored`)
- `just fix -p codex-core`
- `cargo fmt --check`
- `cargo shear`
app-server support for initiating Windows sandbox setup.
server responds quickly to setup request and makes a future RPC call
back to client when the setup finishes.
The TUI implementation is unaffected but in a future PR I'll update the
TUI to use the shared setup helper
(`windows_sandbox.run_windows_sandbox_setup`)
## Why
We currently carry multiple permission-related concepts directly on
`Config` for shell/unified-exec behavior (`approval_policy`,
`sandbox_policy`, `network`, `shell_environment_policy`,
`windows_sandbox_mode`).
Consolidating these into one in-memory struct makes permission handling
easier to reason about and sets up the next step: supporting named
permission profiles (`[permissions.PROFILE_NAME]`) without changing
behavior now.
This change is mostly mechanical: it updates existing callsites to go
through `config.permissions`, but it does not yet refactor those
callsites to take a single `Permissions` value in places where multiple
permission fields are still threaded separately.
This PR intentionally **does not** change the on-disk `config.toml`
format yet and keeps compatibility with legacy config keys.
## What Changed
- Introduced `Permissions` in `core/src/config/mod.rs`.
- Added `Config::permissions` and moved effective runtime permission
fields under it:
- `approval_policy`
- `sandbox_policy`
- `network`
- `shell_environment_policy`
- `windows_sandbox_mode`
- Updated config loading/building so these effective values are still
derived from the same existing config inputs and constraints.
- Updated Windows sandbox helpers/resolution to read/write via
`permissions`.
- Threaded the new field through all permission consumers across core
runtime, app-server, CLI/exec, TUI, and sandbox summary code.
- Updated affected tests to reference `config.permissions.*`.
- Renamed the struct/field from
`EffectivePermissions`/`effective_permissions` to
`Permissions`/`permissions` and aligned variable naming accordingly.
## Verification
- `just fix -p codex-core -p codex-tui -p codex-cli -p codex-app-server
-p codex-exec -p codex-utils-sandbox-summary`
- `cargo build -p codex-core -p codex-tui -p codex-cli -p
codex-app-server -p codex-exec -p codex-utils-sandbox-summary`
There is an edge case where a directory is not readable by the sandbox.
In practice, we've seen very little of it, but it can happen so this
slash command unlocks users when it does.
Future idea is to make this a tool that the agent knows about so it can
be more integrated.
1. Move Windows Sandbox NUX to right after trust directory screen
2. Don't offer read-only as an option in Sandbox NUX.
Elevated/Legacy/Quit
3. Don't allow new untrusted directories. It's trust or quit
4. move experimental sandbox features to `[windows]
sandbox="elevated|unelevatd"`
5. Copy tweaks = elevated -> default, non-elevated -> non-admin
Elevated Sandbox NUX:
* prompt for elevated sandbox setup when agent mode is selected (via
/approvals or at startup)
* prompt for degraded sandbox if elevated setup is declined or fails
* introduce /elevate-sandbox command to upgrade from degraded
experience.
iceweasel-oai ·
Michael Bolin ·
jif-oai ·
pakrym-oai ·
viyatb-oai ·
Ahmed Ibrahim ·