Add cloud executor registration to exec-server (#19575)

## Summary
This PR adds the first `codex-rs` milestone for remote-exec e2e: a local
`codex exec-server` can now register itself with
`codex-cloud-environments` and attach to the returned rendezvous
websocket.

At a high level, `codex exec-server --cloud ...` now:
- loads ChatGPT auth from normal Codex config
- registers an executor with `codex-cloud-environments`
- receives a signed rendezvous websocket URL
- serves the existing exec-server JSON-RPC protocol over that websocket

## What Changed
- Added `--cloud`, `--cloud-base-url`, `--cloud-environment-id`, and
`--cloud-name` to `codex exec-server`
- Added a new `exec-server/src/cloud.rs` module that handles:
  - registration requests
  - auth/header setup
  - bounded auth retry on `401/403`
  - reconnect/backoff after websocket disconnects
- Reused the existing `ConnectionProcessor` / `ExecServerHandler` path
so cloud mode serves the same exec/filesystem RPC surface as local
websocket mode
- Added cloud-specific error variants and minimal docs for the new mode

## Testing
Manual e2e test that fully goes through exec server flow with our codex
cloud agent as orchestrator

codex-rs/exec-server/src/server.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ mod session_registry;
 mod transport;
 
 pub(crate) use handler::ExecServerHandler;
+pub(crate) use processor::ConnectionProcessor;
 pub use transport::DEFAULT_LISTEN_URL;
 pub use transport::ExecServerListenUrlParseError;