fix: align core approvals with split sandbox policies (#14171)

## Stack

   fix: fail closed for unsupported split windows sandboxing #14172
   fix: preserve split filesystem semantics in linux sandbox #14173
-> fix: align core approvals with split sandbox policies #14171
   refactor: centralize filesystem permissions precedence #14174

## Why This PR Exists

This PR is intentionally narrower than the title may suggest.

Most of the original split-permissions migration already landed in the
earlier `#13434 -> #13453` stack. In particular:

- `#13439` already did the broad runtime plumbing for split filesystem
and network policies.
- `#13445` already moved `apply_patch` safety onto filesystem-policy
semantics.
- `#13448` already switched macOS Seatbelt generation to split policies.
- `#13449` and `#13453` already handled Linux helper and bubblewrap
enforcement.
- `#13440` already introduced the first protocol-side helpers for
deriving effective filesystem access.

The reason this PR still exists is that after the follow-on
`[permissions]` work and the new shared precedence helper in `#14174`, a
few core approval paths were still deciding behavior from the legacy
`SandboxPolicy` projection instead of the split filesystem policy that
actually carries the carveouts.

That means this PR is mostly a cleanup and alignment pass over the
remaining core consumers, not a fresh sandbox backend migration.

## What Is Actually New Here

- make unmatched-command fallback decisions consult
`FileSystemSandboxPolicy` instead of only legacy `DangerFullAccess` /
`ReadOnly` / `WorkspaceWrite` categories
- thread `file_system_sandbox_policy` into the shell, unified-exec, and
intercepted-exec approval paths so they all use the same split-policy
semantics
- keep `apply_patch` safety on the same effective-access rules as the
shared protocol helper, rather than letting it drift through
compatibility projections
- add loader-level regression coverage proving legacy `sandbox_mode`
config still builds split policies and round-trips back without semantic
drift

## What This PR Does Not Do

This PR does not introduce new platform backend enforcement on its own.

- Linux backend parity remains in `#14173`.
- Windows fail-closed handling remains in `#14172`.
- The shared precedence/model changes live in `#14174`.

## Files To Focus On

- `core/src/exec_policy.rs`: unmatched-command fallback and approval
rendering now read the split filesystem policy directly
- `core/src/tools/sandboxing.rs`: default exec-approval requirement keys
off `FileSystemSandboxPolicy.kind`
- `core/src/tools/handlers/shell.rs`: shell approval requests now carry
the split filesystem policy
- `core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs`: unified-exec approval
requests now carry the split filesystem policy
- `core/src/tools/runtimes/shell/unix_escalation.rs`: intercepted exec
fallback now uses the same split-policy approval semantics
- `core/src/safety.rs`: `apply_patch` safety keeps using effective
filesystem access rather than legacy sandbox categories
- `core/src/config/config_tests.rs`: new regression coverage for legacy
`sandbox_mode` no-drift behavior through the split-policy loader

## Notes

- `core/src/codex.rs` and `core/src/codex_tests.rs` are just small
fallout updates for `RequestPermissionsResponse.scope`; they are not the
point of the PR.
- If you reviewed the earlier `#13439` / `#13445` stack, the main review
question here is simply: “are there any remaining approval or
patch-safety paths that still reconstruct semantics from legacy
`SandboxPolicy` instead of consuming the split filesystem policy
directly?”

## Testing
- cargo test -p codex-core
legacy_sandbox_mode_config_builds_split_policies_without_drift
- cargo test -p codex-core request_permissions
- cargo test -p codex-core intercepted_exec_policy
- cargo test -p codex-core
restricted_sandbox_requires_exec_approval_on_request
- cargo test -p codex-core
unmatched_on_request_uses_split_filesystem_policy_for_escalation_prompts
- cargo test -p codex-core explicit_
- cargo clippy -p codex-core --tests -- -D warnings

codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs

@@ -585,6 +585,7 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcessManager {
                 command: &request.command,
                 approval_policy: context.turn.approval_policy.value(),
                 sandbox_policy: context.turn.sandbox_policy.get(),
+                file_system_sandbox_policy: &context.turn.file_system_sandbox_policy,
                 sandbox_permissions: if request.additional_permissions_preapproved {
                     crate::sandboxing::SandboxPermissions::UseDefault
                 } else {