diff --git a/codex-rs/cli/BUILD.bazel b/codex-rs/cli/BUILD.bazel
index a8a97cef0..faa862747 100644
--- a/codex-rs/cli/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/codex-rs/cli/BUILD.bazel
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ load("//:defs.bzl", "MACOS_WEBRTC_RUSTC_LINK_FLAGS", "codex_rust_crate", "multip
 codex_rust_crate(
     name = "cli",
     crate_name = "codex_cli",
+    extra_binaries = [
+        "//codex-rs/bwrap:bwrap",
+    ],
     rustc_flags_extra = MACOS_WEBRTC_RUSTC_LINK_FLAGS,
 )
 
diff --git a/codex-rs/cli/src/debug_sandbox.rs b/codex-rs/cli/src/debug_sandbox.rs
index 6d59bf7d2..a1931aced 100644
--- a/codex-rs/cli/src/debug_sandbox.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/cli/src/debug_sandbox.rs
@@ -258,6 +258,9 @@ async fn run_command_under_sandbox(
     let network = network_proxy
         .as_ref()
         .map(codex_core::config::StartedNetworkProxy::proxy);
+    // Proxy containment depends on whether a proxy is active, not whether its
+    // policy came from managed requirements.
+    let enforce_managed_network = network.is_some();
     let managed_mitm_ca_trust_bundle_path = match network.as_ref() {
         Some(network) => network.managed_mitm_ca_trust_bundle_path(),
         None => None,
@@ -278,7 +281,7 @@ async fn run_command_under_sandbox(
                 file_system_sandbox_policy: &file_system_sandbox_policy,
                 network_sandbox_policy,
                 sandbox_policy_cwd: sandbox_policy_cwd.as_path(),
-                enforce_managed_network: false,
+                enforce_managed_network,
                 network: network.as_ref(),
                 extra_allow_unix_sockets: allow_unix_sockets,
             });
@@ -311,7 +314,7 @@ async fn run_command_under_sandbox(
                 &runtime_permission_profile,
                 sandbox_policy_cwd.as_path(),
                 use_legacy_landlock,
-                allow_network_for_proxy(managed_network_requirements_enabled),
+                allow_network_for_proxy(enforce_managed_network),
             );
             spawn_debug_sandbox_child(
                 codex_linux_sandbox_exe,
diff --git a/codex-rs/cli/tests/sandbox_network_proxy.rs b/codex-rs/cli/tests/sandbox_network_proxy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22bdcce49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/cli/tests/sandbox_network_proxy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#![cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+
+use std::net::TcpListener;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+const BWRAP_UNAVAILABLE_ERR: &str = "bubblewrap is unavailable";
+
+#[test]
+fn sandbox_with_network_proxy_blocks_direct_loopback_access() -> Result<()> {
+    let codex_home = TempDir::new()?;
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.2:0")?;
+    let port = listener.local_addr()?.port();
+    std::fs::write(
+        codex_home.path().join("config.toml"),
+        r#"
+default_permissions = "network-test"
+
+[features]
+network_proxy = true
+use_legacy_landlock = true
+
+[permissions.network-test]
+extends = ":workspace"
+
+[permissions.network-test.network]
+enabled = true
+mode = "full"
+"#,
+    )?;
+
+    let url = format!("http://127.0.0.2:{port}/");
+    let output = std::process::Command::new(codex_utils_cargo_bin::cargo_bin("codex")?)
+        .env("CODEX_HOME", codex_home.path())
+        .args([
+            "sandbox",
+            "--permissions-profile",
+            "network-test",
+            "--",
+            "curl",
+            "--noproxy",
+            "*",
+            "--silent",
+            "--show-error",
+            "--connect-timeout",
+            "1",
+            "--max-time",
+            "2",
+            url.as_str(),
+        ])
+        .output()?;
+
+    let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+    if stderr.contains(BWRAP_UNAVAILABLE_ERR) {
+        eprintln!("skipping network proxy sandbox test: bubblewrap is unavailable");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        output.status.code(),
+        Some(7),
+        "expected direct loopback access to be blocked; status={:?}; stdout={}; stderr={}",
+        output.status.code(),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        stderr,
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock.rs b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock.rs
index 0ff3f6977..819fc9365 100644
--- a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ pub fn create_linux_sandbox_command_args_for_permission_profile(
         "--permission-profile".to_string(),
         permission_profile_json,
     ];
-    if use_legacy_landlock {
+    // Proxy-only networking requires bubblewrap's isolated network namespace.
+    if use_legacy_landlock && !allow_network_for_proxy {
         linux_cmd.push("--use-legacy-landlock".to_string());
     }
     if allow_network_for_proxy {
@@ -83,7 +84,8 @@ fn create_linux_sandbox_command_args(
         "--command-cwd".to_string(),
         command_cwd,
     ];
-    if use_legacy_landlock {
+    // Proxy-only networking requires bubblewrap's isolated network namespace.
+    if use_legacy_landlock && !allow_network_for_proxy {
         linux_cmd.push("--use-legacy-landlock".to_string());
     }
     if allow_network_for_proxy {
diff --git a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock_tests.rs b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock_tests.rs
index 14b1c047e..d0bbab840 100644
--- a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/landlock_tests.rs
@@ -33,14 +33,16 @@ fn legacy_landlock_flag_is_included_when_requested() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn proxy_flag_is_included_when_requested() {
+fn proxy_flag_takes_precedence_over_legacy_landlock() {
     let command = vec!["/bin/true".to_string()];
     let command_cwd = Path::new("/tmp/link");
     let cwd = Path::new("/tmp");
+    let permission_profile = PermissionProfile::read_only();
 
-    let args = create_linux_sandbox_command_args(
+    let args = create_linux_sandbox_command_args_for_permission_profile(
         command,
         command_cwd,
+        &permission_profile,
         cwd,
         /*use_legacy_landlock*/ true,
         /*allow_network_for_proxy*/ true,
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ fn proxy_flag_is_included_when_requested() {
         args.contains(&"--allow-network-for-proxy".to_string()),
         true
     );
+    assert_eq!(args.contains(&"--use-legacy-landlock".to_string()), false);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager.rs b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager.rs
index 39ef358f8..682e8e3dc 100644
--- a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager.rs
@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@ fn ensure_linux_bubblewrap_is_supported(
     allow_network_for_proxy: bool,
     is_wsl1: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), SandboxTransformError> {
-    let requires_bubblewrap = !use_legacy_landlock
-        && (!file_system_sandbox_policy.has_full_disk_write_access() || allow_network_for_proxy);
+    let requires_bubblewrap = allow_network_for_proxy
+        || (!use_legacy_landlock && !file_system_sandbox_policy.has_full_disk_write_access());
     if is_wsl1 && requires_bubblewrap {
         return Err(SandboxTransformError::Wsl1UnsupportedForBubblewrap);
     }
diff --git a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager_tests.rs b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager_tests.rs
index fede00fe1..58138ad77 100644
--- a/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/sandboxing/src/manager_tests.rs
@@ -342,6 +342,15 @@ fn wsl1_rejects_linux_bubblewrap_path() {
         ),
         Err(super::SandboxTransformError::Wsl1UnsupportedForBubblewrap)
     ));
+    assert!(matches!(
+        super::ensure_linux_bubblewrap_is_supported(
+            &FileSystemSandboxPolicy::unrestricted(),
+            /*use_legacy_landlock*/ true,
+            /*allow_network_for_proxy*/ true,
+            /*is_wsl1*/ true,
+        ),
+        Err(super::SandboxTransformError::Wsl1UnsupportedForBubblewrap)
+    ));
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]