diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process.rs
index ba5352ff6..9fc81a6ba 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tokio::sync::Notify;
+use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot::error::TryRecvError;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ pub(crate) struct OutputHandles {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct UnifiedExecProcess {
     process_handle: ExecCommandSession,
+    output_rx: broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
     output_buffer: OutputBuffer,
     output_notify: Arc<Notify>,
     output_closed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcess {
         let cancellation_token = CancellationToken::new();
         let output_drained = Arc::new(Notify::new());
         let mut receiver = initial_output_rx;
+        let output_rx = receiver.resubscribe();
         let buffer_clone = Arc::clone(&output_buffer);
         let notify_clone = Arc::clone(&output_notify);
         let output_closed_clone = Arc::clone(&output_closed);
@@ -97,6 +100,7 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcess {
 
         Self {
             process_handle,
+            output_rx,
             output_buffer,
             output_notify,
             output_closed,
@@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcess {
     }
 
     pub(super) fn output_receiver(&self) -> tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.process_handle.output_receiver()
+        self.output_rx.resubscribe()
     }
 
     pub(super) fn cancellation_token(&self) -> CancellationToken {
@@ -214,9 +218,11 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcess {
     ) -> Result<Self, UnifiedExecError> {
         let SpawnedPty {
             session: process_handle,
-            output_rx,
+            stdout_rx,
+            stderr_rx,
             mut exit_rx,
         } = spawned;
+        let output_rx = codex_utils_pty::combine_output_receivers(stdout_rx, stderr_rx);
         let managed = Self::new(process_handle, output_rx, sandbox_type, spawn_lifecycle);
 
         let exit_ready = matches!(exit_rx.try_recv(), Ok(_) | Err(TryRecvError::Closed));
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs
index 4ba125009..770379afa 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/unified_exec/process_manager.rs
@@ -543,6 +543,7 @@ impl UnifiedExecProcessManager {
                 env.cwd.as_path(),
                 &env.env,
                 &env.arg0,
+                codex_utils_pty::TerminalSize::default(),
             )
             .await
         } else {
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/model_availability_nux.rs b/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/model_availability_nux.rs
index a76ef02bb..512db9797 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/model_availability_nux.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/model_availability_nux.rs
@@ -124,13 +124,20 @@ trust_level = "trusted"
         &repo_root,
         &env,
         &None,
+        codex_utils_pty::TerminalSize::default(),
     )
     .await?;
 
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    let mut output_rx = spawned.output_rx;
-    let mut exit_rx = spawned.exit_rx;
-    let writer_tx = spawned.session.writer_sender();
+    let codex_utils_pty::SpawnedProcess {
+        session,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
+        exit_rx,
+    } = spawned;
+    let mut output_rx = codex_utils_pty::combine_output_receivers(stdout_rx, stderr_rx);
+    let mut exit_rx = exit_rx;
+    let writer_tx = session.writer_sender();
     let interrupt_writer = writer_tx.clone();
     let interrupt_task = tokio::spawn(async move {
         sleep(Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@ trust_level = "trusted"
         Ok(Ok(code)) => code,
         Ok(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),
         Err(_) => {
-            spawned.session.terminate();
+            session.terminate();
             anyhow::bail!("timed out waiting for codex resume to exit");
         }
     };
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/no_panic_on_startup.rs b/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/no_panic_on_startup.rs
index 3984e771d..6b9a36969 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/no_panic_on_startup.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/tests/suite/no_panic_on_startup.rs
@@ -71,12 +71,19 @@ async fn run_codex_cli(
         cwd.as_ref(),
         &env,
         &None,
+        codex_utils_pty::TerminalSize::default(),
     )
     .await?;
     let mut output = Vec::new();
-    let mut output_rx = spawned.output_rx;
-    let mut exit_rx = spawned.exit_rx;
-    let writer_tx = spawned.session.writer_sender();
+    let codex_utils_pty::SpawnedProcess {
+        session,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
+        exit_rx,
+    } = spawned;
+    let mut output_rx = codex_utils_pty::combine_output_receivers(stdout_rx, stderr_rx);
+    let mut exit_rx = exit_rx;
+    let writer_tx = session.writer_sender();
     let exit_code_result = timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
         // Read PTY output until the process exits while replying to cursor
         // position queries so the TUI can initialize without a real terminal.
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ async fn run_codex_cli(
         Ok(Ok(code)) => code,
         Ok(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),
         Err(_) => {
-            spawned.session.terminate();
+            session.terminate();
             anyhow::bail!("timed out waiting for codex CLI to exit");
         }
     };
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/README.md b/codex-rs/utils/pty/README.md
index d0f77268a..e70d7bc6a 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/README.md
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/README.md
@@ -4,22 +4,27 @@ Lightweight helpers for spawning interactive processes either under a PTY (pseud
 
 ## API surface
 
-- `spawn_pty_process(program, args, cwd, env, arg0)` → `SpawnedProcess`
+- `spawn_pty_process(program, args, cwd, env, arg0, size)` → `SpawnedProcess`
 - `spawn_pipe_process(program, args, cwd, env, arg0)` → `SpawnedProcess`
 - `spawn_pipe_process_no_stdin(program, args, cwd, env, arg0)` → `SpawnedProcess`
+- `combine_output_receivers(stdout_rx, stderr_rx)` → `broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>`
 - `conpty_supported()` → `bool` (Windows only; always true elsewhere)
+- `TerminalSize { rows, cols }` selects PTY dimensions in character cells.
 - `ProcessHandle` exposes:
   - `writer_sender()` → `mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>` (stdin)
-  - `output_receiver()` → `broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>` (stdout/stderr merged)
+  - `resize(TerminalSize)`
+  - `close_stdin()`
   - `has_exited()`, `exit_code()`, `terminate()`
-- `SpawnedProcess` bundles `handle`, `output_rx`, and `exit_rx` (oneshot exit code).
+- `SpawnedProcess` bundles `session`, `stdout_rx`, `stderr_rx`, and `exit_rx` (oneshot exit code).
 
 ## Usage examples
 
 ```rust
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
+use codex_utils_pty::combine_output_receivers;
 use codex_utils_pty::spawn_pty_process;
+use codex_utils_pty::TerminalSize;
 
 # tokio_test::block_on(async {
 let env_map: HashMap<String, String> = std::env::vars().collect();
@@ -29,13 +34,14 @@ let spawned = spawn_pty_process(
     Path::new("."),
     &env_map,
     &None,
+    TerminalSize::default(),
 ).await?;
 
 let writer = spawned.session.writer_sender();
 writer.send(b"exit\n".to_vec()).await?;
 
 // Collect output until the process exits.
-let mut output_rx = spawned.output_rx;
+let mut output_rx = combine_output_receivers(spawned.stdout_rx, spawned.stderr_rx);
 let mut collected = Vec::new();
 while let Ok(chunk) = output_rx.try_recv() {
     collected.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/lib.rs b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/lib.rs
index 590770e2a..0eba23e3f 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/lib.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,20 @@ mod tests;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 mod win;
 
+pub const DEFAULT_OUTPUT_BYTES_CAP: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+
 /// Spawn a non-interactive process using regular pipes for stdin/stdout/stderr.
 pub use pipe::spawn_process as spawn_pipe_process;
 /// Spawn a non-interactive process using regular pipes, but close stdin immediately.
 pub use pipe::spawn_process_no_stdin as spawn_pipe_process_no_stdin;
+/// Combine stdout/stderr receivers into a single broadcast receiver.
+pub use process::combine_output_receivers;
 /// Handle for interacting with a spawned process (PTY or pipe).
 pub use process::ProcessHandle;
-/// Bundle of process handles plus output and exit receivers returned by spawn helpers.
+/// Bundle of process handles plus split output and exit receivers returned by spawn helpers.
 pub use process::SpawnedProcess;
+/// Terminal size in character cells used for PTY spawn and resize operations.
+pub use process::TerminalSize;
 /// Backwards-compatible alias for ProcessHandle.
 pub type ExecCommandSession = ProcessHandle;
 /// Backwards-compatible alias for SpawnedProcess.
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pipe.rs b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pipe.rs
index d77c11383..f4b6d68a4 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pipe.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pipe.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::io::BufReader;
 use tokio::process::Command;
-use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ fn kill_process(pid: u32) -> io::Result<()> {
     }
 }
 
-async fn read_output_stream<R>(mut reader: R, output_tx: broadcast::Sender<Vec<u8>>)
+async fn read_output_stream<R>(mut reader: R, output_tx: mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>)
 where
     R: AsyncRead + Unpin,
 {
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ where
         match reader.read(&mut buf).await {
             Ok(0) => break,
             Ok(n) => {
-                let _ = output_tx.send(buf[..n].to_vec());
+                let _ = output_tx.send(buf[..n].to_vec()).await;
             }
             Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
             Err(_) => break,
@@ -157,9 +156,8 @@ async fn spawn_process_with_stdin_mode(
     let stderr = child.stderr.take();
 
     let (writer_tx, mut writer_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(128);
-    let (output_tx, _) = broadcast::channel::<Vec<u8>>(256);
-    let initial_output_rx = output_tx.subscribe();
-
+    let (stdout_tx, stdout_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(128);
+    let (stderr_tx, stderr_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(128);
     let writer_handle = if let Some(stdin) = stdin {
         let writer = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(stdin));
         tokio::spawn(async move {
@@ -175,15 +173,15 @@ async fn spawn_process_with_stdin_mode(
     };
 
     let stdout_handle = stdout.map(|stdout| {
-        let output_tx = output_tx.clone();
+        let stdout_tx = stdout_tx.clone();
         tokio::spawn(async move {
-            read_output_stream(BufReader::new(stdout), output_tx).await;
+            read_output_stream(BufReader::new(stdout), stdout_tx).await;
         })
     });
     let stderr_handle = stderr.map(|stderr| {
-        let output_tx = output_tx.clone();
+        let stderr_tx = stderr_tx.clone();
         tokio::spawn(async move {
-            read_output_stream(BufReader::new(stderr), output_tx).await;
+            read_output_stream(BufReader::new(stderr), stderr_tx).await;
         })
     });
     let mut reader_abort_handles = Vec::new();
@@ -219,10 +217,8 @@ async fn spawn_process_with_stdin_mode(
         let _ = exit_tx.send(code);
     });
 
-    let (handle, output_rx) = ProcessHandle::new(
+    let handle = ProcessHandle::new(
         writer_tx,
-        output_tx,
-        initial_output_rx,
         Box::new(PipeChildTerminator {
             #[cfg(windows)]
             pid,
@@ -240,12 +236,13 @@ async fn spawn_process_with_stdin_mode(
 
     Ok(SpawnedProcess {
         session: handle,
-        output_rx,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
         exit_rx,
     })
 }
 
-/// Spawn a process using regular pipes (no PTY), returning handles for stdin, output, and exit.
+/// Spawn a process using regular pipes (no PTY), returning handles for stdin, split output, and exit.
 pub async fn spawn_process(
     program: &str,
     args: &[String],
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/process.rs b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/process.rs
index 5c487fd38..d7a0addc3 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/process.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/process.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::Mutex as StdMutex;
 
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use portable_pty::MasterPty;
+use portable_pty::PtySize;
 use portable_pty::SlavePty;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
@@ -16,6 +18,29 @@ pub(crate) trait ChildTerminator: Send + Sync {
     fn kill(&mut self) -> io::Result<()>;
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TerminalSize {
+    pub rows: u16,
+    pub cols: u16,
+}
+
+impl Default for TerminalSize {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { rows: 24, cols: 80 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TerminalSize> for PtySize {
+    fn from(value: TerminalSize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rows: value.rows,
+            cols: value.cols,
+            pixel_width: 0,
+            pixel_height: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct PtyHandles {
     pub _slave: Option<Box<dyn SlavePty + Send>>,
     pub _master: Box<dyn MasterPty + Send>,
@@ -29,8 +54,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for PtyHandles {
 
 /// Handle for driving an interactive process (PTY or pipe).
 pub struct ProcessHandle {
-    writer_tx: mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>,
-    output_tx: broadcast::Sender<Vec<u8>>,
+    writer_tx: StdMutex<Option<mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>>>,
     killer: StdMutex<Option<Box<dyn ChildTerminator>>>,
     reader_handle: StdMutex<Option<JoinHandle<()>>>,
     reader_abort_handles: StdMutex<Vec<AbortHandle>>,
@@ -53,8 +77,6 @@ impl ProcessHandle {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub(crate) fn new(
         writer_tx: mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>,
-        output_tx: broadcast::Sender<Vec<u8>>,
-        initial_output_rx: broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
         killer: Box<dyn ChildTerminator>,
         reader_handle: JoinHandle<()>,
         reader_abort_handles: Vec<AbortHandle>,
@@ -63,32 +85,31 @@ impl ProcessHandle {
         exit_status: Arc<AtomicBool>,
         exit_code: Arc<StdMutex<Option<i32>>>,
         pty_handles: Option<PtyHandles>,
-    ) -> (Self, broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>) {
-        (
-            Self {
-                writer_tx,
-                output_tx,
-                killer: StdMutex::new(Some(killer)),
-                reader_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(reader_handle)),
-                reader_abort_handles: StdMutex::new(reader_abort_handles),
-                writer_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(writer_handle)),
-                wait_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(wait_handle)),
-                exit_status,
-                exit_code,
-                _pty_handles: StdMutex::new(pty_handles),
-            },
-            initial_output_rx,
-        )
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            writer_tx: StdMutex::new(Some(writer_tx)),
+            killer: StdMutex::new(Some(killer)),
+            reader_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(reader_handle)),
+            reader_abort_handles: StdMutex::new(reader_abort_handles),
+            writer_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(writer_handle)),
+            wait_handle: StdMutex::new(Some(wait_handle)),
+            exit_status,
+            exit_code,
+            _pty_handles: StdMutex::new(pty_handles),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns a channel sender for writing raw bytes to the child stdin.
     pub fn writer_sender(&self) -> mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.writer_tx.clone()
-    }
+        if let Ok(writer_tx) = self.writer_tx.lock() {
+            if let Some(writer_tx) = writer_tx.as_ref() {
+                return writer_tx.clone();
+            }
+        }
 
-    /// Returns a broadcast receiver that yields stdout/stderr chunks.
-    pub fn output_receiver(&self) -> broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>> {
-        self.output_tx.subscribe()
+        let (writer_tx, writer_rx) = mpsc::channel(1);
+        drop(writer_rx);
+        writer_tx
     }
 
     /// True if the child process has exited.
@@ -101,13 +122,38 @@ impl ProcessHandle {
         self.exit_code.lock().ok().and_then(|guard| *guard)
     }
 
-    /// Attempts to kill the child and abort helper tasks.
-    pub fn terminate(&self) {
+    /// Resize the PTY in character cells.
+    pub fn resize(&self, size: TerminalSize) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let handles = self
+            ._pty_handles
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to lock PTY handles"))?;
+        let handles = handles
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("process is not attached to a PTY"))?;
+        handles._master.resize(size.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Close the child's stdin channel.
+    pub fn close_stdin(&self) {
+        if let Ok(mut writer_tx) = self.writer_tx.lock() {
+            writer_tx.take();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to kill the child while leaving the reader/writer tasks alive
+    /// so callers can still drain output until EOF.
+    pub fn request_terminate(&self) {
         if let Ok(mut killer_opt) = self.killer.lock() {
             if let Some(mut killer) = killer_opt.take() {
                 let _ = killer.kill();
             }
         }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to kill the child and abort helper tasks.
+    pub fn terminate(&self) {
+        self.request_terminate();
 
         if let Ok(mut h) = self.reader_handle.lock() {
             if let Some(handle) = h.take() {
@@ -138,10 +184,46 @@ impl Drop for ProcessHandle {
     }
 }
 
-/// Return value from spawn helpers (PTY or pipe).
+/// Combine split stdout/stderr receivers into a single broadcast receiver.
+pub fn combine_output_receivers(
+    mut stdout_rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    mut stderr_rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>> {
+    let (combined_tx, combined_rx) = broadcast::channel(256);
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let mut stdout_open = true;
+        let mut stderr_open = true;
+
+        loop {
+            tokio::select! {
+                stdout = stdout_rx.recv(), if stdout_open => match stdout {
+                    Some(chunk) => {
+                        let _ = combined_tx.send(chunk);
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        stdout_open = false;
+                    }
+                },
+                stderr = stderr_rx.recv(), if stderr_open => match stderr {
+                    Some(chunk) => {
+                        let _ = combined_tx.send(chunk);
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        stderr_open = false;
+                    }
+                },
+                else => break,
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    combined_rx
+}
+
+/// Return value from PTY or pipe spawn helpers.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SpawnedProcess {
     pub session: ProcessHandle,
-    pub output_rx: broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub stdout_rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub stderr_rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
     pub exit_rx: oneshot::Receiver<i32>,
 }
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pty.rs b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pty.rs
index 367cb5b1d..63ea838d8 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pty.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/pty.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use portable_pty::native_pty_system;
 use portable_pty::CommandBuilder;
-use portable_pty::PtySize;
-use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
@@ -20,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::process::ChildTerminator;
 use crate::process::ProcessHandle;
 use crate::process::PtyHandles;
 use crate::process::SpawnedProcess;
+use crate::process::TerminalSize;
 
 /// Returns true when ConPTY support is available (Windows only).
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -72,25 +71,21 @@ fn platform_native_pty_system() -> Box<dyn portable_pty::PtySystem + Send> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Spawn a process attached to a PTY, returning handles for stdin, output, and exit.
+/// Spawn a process attached to a PTY, returning handles for stdin, split output, and exit.
 pub async fn spawn_process(
     program: &str,
     args: &[String],
     cwd: &Path,
     env: &HashMap<String, String>,
     arg0: &Option<String>,
+    size: TerminalSize,
 ) -> Result<SpawnedProcess> {
     if program.is_empty() {
         anyhow::bail!("missing program for PTY spawn");
     }
 
     let pty_system = platform_native_pty_system();
-    let pair = pty_system.openpty(PtySize {
-        rows: 24,
-        cols: 80,
-        pixel_width: 0,
-        pixel_height: 0,
-    })?;
+    let pair = pty_system.openpty(size.into())?;
 
     let mut command_builder = CommandBuilder::new(arg0.as_ref().unwrap_or(&program.to_string()));
     command_builder.cwd(cwd);
@@ -111,18 +106,16 @@ pub async fn spawn_process(
     let killer = child.clone_killer();
 
     let (writer_tx, mut writer_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(128);
-    let (output_tx, _) = broadcast::channel::<Vec<u8>>(256);
-    let initial_output_rx = output_tx.subscribe();
-
+    let (stdout_tx, stdout_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(128);
+    let (_stderr_tx, stderr_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<u8>>(1);
     let mut reader = pair.master.try_clone_reader()?;
-    let output_tx_clone = output_tx.clone();
     let reader_handle: JoinHandle<()> = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
         let mut buf = [0u8; 8_192];
         loop {
             match reader.read(&mut buf) {
                 Ok(0) => break,
                 Ok(n) => {
-                    let _ = output_tx_clone.send(buf[..n].to_vec());
+                    let _ = stdout_tx.blocking_send(buf[..n].to_vec());
                 }
                 Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
                 Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
@@ -174,10 +167,8 @@ pub async fn spawn_process(
         _master: pair.master,
     };
 
-    let (handle, output_rx) = ProcessHandle::new(
+    let handle = ProcessHandle::new(
         writer_tx,
-        output_tx,
-        initial_output_rx,
         Box::new(PtyChildTerminator {
             killer,
             #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -194,7 +185,8 @@ pub async fn spawn_process(
 
     Ok(SpawnedProcess {
         session: handle,
-        output_rx,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
         exit_rx,
     })
 }
diff --git a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/tests.rs b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/tests.rs
index ce50adddc..528bdf989 100644
--- a/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/utils/pty/src/tests.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
+use crate::combine_output_receivers;
 use crate::spawn_pipe_process;
+use crate::spawn_pipe_process_no_stdin;
 use crate::spawn_pty_process;
+use crate::SpawnedProcess;
+use crate::TerminalSize;
 
 fn find_python() -> Option<String> {
     for candidate in ["python3", "python"] {
@@ -51,6 +55,38 @@ fn echo_sleep_command(marker: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+fn split_stdout_stderr_command() -> String {
+    "printf 'split-out\\n'; printf 'split-err\\n' >&2".to_string()
+}
+
+async fn collect_split_output(mut output_rx: tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut collected = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(chunk) = output_rx.recv().await {
+        collected.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+    }
+    collected
+}
+
+fn combine_spawned_output(
+    spawned: SpawnedProcess,
+) -> (
+    crate::ProcessHandle,
+    tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<i32>,
+) {
+    let SpawnedProcess {
+        session,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
+        exit_rx,
+    } = spawned;
+    (
+        session,
+        combine_output_receivers(stdout_rx, stderr_rx),
+        exit_rx,
+    )
+}
+
 async fn collect_output_until_exit(
     mut output_rx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
     exit_rx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<i32>,
@@ -219,9 +255,17 @@ async fn pty_python_repl_emits_output_and_exits() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     };
 
     let env_map: HashMap<String, String> = std::env::vars().collect();
-    let spawned = spawn_pty_process(&python, &[], Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
-    let writer = spawned.session.writer_sender();
-    let mut output_rx = spawned.output_rx;
+    let spawned = spawn_pty_process(
+        &python,
+        &[],
+        Path::new("."),
+        &env_map,
+        &None,
+        TerminalSize::default(),
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let (session, mut output_rx, exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
+    let writer = session.writer_sender();
     let newline = if cfg!(windows) { "\r\n" } else { "\n" };
     let startup_timeout_ms = if cfg!(windows) { 10_000 } else { 5_000 };
     let mut output =
@@ -232,8 +276,7 @@ async fn pty_python_repl_emits_output_and_exits() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     writer.send(format!("exit(){newline}").into_bytes()).await?;
 
     let timeout_ms = if cfg!(windows) { 10_000 } else { 5_000 };
-    let (remaining_output, code) =
-        collect_output_until_exit(output_rx, spawned.exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
+    let (remaining_output, code) = collect_output_until_exit(output_rx, exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
     output.extend_from_slice(&remaining_output);
     let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output);
 
@@ -260,10 +303,11 @@ async fn pipe_process_round_trips_stdin() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     ];
     let env_map: HashMap<String, String> = std::env::vars().collect();
     let spawned = spawn_pipe_process(&python, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
-    let writer = spawned.session.writer_sender();
+    let (session, output_rx, exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
+    let writer = session.writer_sender();
     writer.send(b"roundtrip\n".to_vec()).await?;
 
-    let (output, code) = collect_output_until_exit(spawned.output_rx, spawned.exit_rx, 5_000).await;
+    let (output, code) = collect_output_until_exit(output_rx, exit_rx, 5_000).await;
     let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output);
 
     assert!(
@@ -288,7 +332,7 @@ async fn pipe_process_detaches_from_parent_session() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let (program, args) = shell_command(script);
     let spawned = spawn_pipe_process(&program, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
 
-    let mut output_rx = spawned.output_rx;
+    let (_session, mut output_rx, exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
     let pid_bytes =
         tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(500), output_rx.recv()).await??;
     let pid_text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&pid_bytes);
@@ -309,7 +353,7 @@ async fn pipe_process_detaches_from_parent_session() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         "expected child to be detached from parent session"
     );
 
-    let exit_code = spawned.exit_rx.await.unwrap_or(-1);
+    let exit_code = exit_rx.await.unwrap_or(-1);
     assert_eq!(
         exit_code, 0,
         "expected detached pipe process to exit cleanly"
@@ -327,13 +371,23 @@ async fn pipe_and_pty_share_interface() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
     let pipe =
         spawn_pipe_process(&pipe_program, &pipe_args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
-    let pty = spawn_pty_process(&pty_program, &pty_args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let pty = spawn_pty_process(
+        &pty_program,
+        &pty_args,
+        Path::new("."),
+        &env_map,
+        &None,
+        TerminalSize::default(),
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let (_pipe_session, pipe_output_rx, pipe_exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(pipe);
+    let (_pty_session, pty_output_rx, pty_exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(pty);
 
     let timeout_ms = if cfg!(windows) { 10_000 } else { 3_000 };
     let (pipe_out, pipe_code) =
-        collect_output_until_exit(pipe.output_rx, pipe.exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
+        collect_output_until_exit(pipe_output_rx, pipe_exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
     let (pty_out, pty_code) =
-        collect_output_until_exit(pty.output_rx, pty.exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
+        collect_output_until_exit(pty_output_rx, pty_exit_rx, timeout_ms).await;
 
     assert_eq!(pipe_code, 0);
     assert_eq!(pty_code, 0);
@@ -360,9 +414,9 @@ async fn pipe_drains_stderr_without_stdout_activity() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let args = vec!["-c".to_string(), script.to_string()];
     let env_map: HashMap<String, String> = std::env::vars().collect();
     let spawned = spawn_pipe_process(&python, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let (_session, output_rx, exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
 
-    let (output, code) =
-        collect_output_until_exit(spawned.output_rx, spawned.exit_rx, 10_000).await;
+    let (output, code) = collect_output_until_exit(output_rx, exit_rx, 10_000).await;
 
     assert_eq!(code, 0, "expected python to exit cleanly");
     assert!(!output.is_empty(), "expected stderr output to be drained");
@@ -370,6 +424,53 @@ async fn pipe_drains_stderr_without_stdout_activity() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+async fn pipe_process_can_expose_split_stdout_and_stderr() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let env_map: HashMap<String, String> = std::env::vars().collect();
+    let (program, args) = if cfg!(windows) {
+        let Some(python) = find_python() else {
+            eprintln!("python not found; skipping pipe_process_can_expose_split_stdout_and_stderr");
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        (
+            python,
+            vec![
+                "-c".to_string(),
+                "import sys; sys.stdout.buffer.write(b'split-out\\n'); sys.stdout.buffer.flush(); sys.stderr.buffer.write(b'split-err\\n'); sys.stderr.buffer.flush()".to_string(),
+            ],
+        )
+    } else {
+        shell_command(&split_stdout_stderr_command())
+    };
+    let spawned =
+        spawn_pipe_process_no_stdin(&program, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let SpawnedProcess {
+        session: _session,
+        stdout_rx,
+        stderr_rx,
+        exit_rx,
+    } = spawned;
+
+    let stdout_task = tokio::spawn(async move { collect_split_output(stdout_rx).await });
+    let stderr_task = tokio::spawn(async move { collect_split_output(stderr_rx).await });
+    let code = tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(2), exit_rx)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("timed out waiting for split process exit"))?
+        .unwrap_or(-1);
+    let stdout = tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(2), stdout_task)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("timed out waiting to drain split stdout"))??;
+    let stderr = tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(2), stderr_task)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("timed out waiting to drain split stderr"))??;
+
+    assert_eq!(stdout, b"split-out\n".to_vec());
+    assert_eq!(stderr, b"split-err\n".to_vec());
+    assert_eq!(code, 0);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
 async fn pipe_terminate_aborts_detached_readers() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     if !setsid_available() {
@@ -381,17 +482,15 @@ async fn pipe_terminate_aborts_detached_readers() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let script =
         "setsid sh -c 'i=0; while [ $i -lt 200 ]; do echo tick; sleep 0.01; i=$((i+1)); done' &";
     let (program, args) = shell_command(script);
-    let mut spawned = spawn_pipe_process(&program, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let spawned = spawn_pipe_process(&program, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let (session, mut output_rx, _exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
 
-    let _ = tokio::time::timeout(
-        tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(500),
-        spawned.output_rx.recv(),
-    )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("expected detached output before terminate"))??;
+    let _ = tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(500), output_rx.recv())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("expected detached output before terminate"))??;
 
-    spawned.session.terminate();
-    let mut post_rx = spawned.session.output_receiver();
+    session.terminate();
+    let mut post_rx = output_rx.resubscribe();
 
     let post_terminate =
         tokio::time::timeout(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(200), post_rx.recv()).await;
@@ -416,12 +515,21 @@ async fn pty_terminate_kills_background_children_in_same_process_group() -> anyh
     let marker = "__codex_bg_pid:";
     let script = format!("sleep 1000 & bg=$!; echo {marker}$bg; wait");
     let (program, args) = shell_command(&script);
-    let mut spawned = spawn_pty_process(&program, &args, Path::new("."), &env_map, &None).await?;
+    let spawned = spawn_pty_process(
+        &program,
+        &args,
+        Path::new("."),
+        &env_map,
+        &None,
+        TerminalSize::default(),
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let (session, mut output_rx, _exit_rx) = combine_spawned_output(spawned);
 
-    let bg_pid = match wait_for_marker_pid(&mut spawned.output_rx, marker, 2_000).await {
+    let bg_pid = match wait_for_marker_pid(&mut output_rx, marker, 2_000).await {
         Ok(pid) => pid,
         Err(err) => {
-            spawned.session.terminate();
+            session.terminate();
             return Err(err);
         }
     };
@@ -430,7 +538,7 @@ async fn pty_terminate_kills_background_children_in_same_process_group() -> anyh
         "expected background child pid {bg_pid} to exist before terminate"
     );
 
-    spawned.session.terminate();
+    session.terminate();
 
     let exited = wait_for_process_exit(bg_pid, 3_000).await?;
     if !exited {