diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/codex/rollout_reconstruction_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/codex/rollout_reconstruction_tests.rs
index 09b4f4561..96423754d 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/codex/rollout_reconstruction_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/codex/rollout_reconstruction_tests.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::protocol::CompactedItem;
 use crate::protocol::InitialHistory;
 use crate::protocol::ResumedHistory;
+use codex_protocol::AgentPath;
 use codex_protocol::ThreadId;
 use codex_protocol::models::ContentItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
+use codex_protocol::protocol::InterAgentCommunication;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -38,7 +40,15 @@ fn inter_agent_assistant_message(text: &str) -> ResponseItem {
         id: None,
         role: "assistant".to_string(),
         content: vec![ContentItem::OutputText {
-            text: text.to_string(),
+            text: serde_json::to_string(&InterAgentCommunication::new(
+                AgentPath::root(),
+                AgentPath::root()
+                    .join("worker")
+                    .expect("worker path should be valid"),
+                Vec::new(),
+                text.to_string(),
+            ))
+            .expect("inter-agent communication should serialize"),
         }],
         end_turn: None,
         phase: None,
@@ -455,9 +465,7 @@ async fn reconstruct_history_rollback_counts_inter_agent_assistant_turns() {
         turn_id: Some(assistant_turn_id.clone()),
         ..first_context_item.clone()
     };
-    let assistant_instruction = inter_agent_assistant_message(
-        "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue",
-    );
+    let assistant_instruction = inter_agent_assistant_message("continue");
     let assistant_reply = assistant_message("worker reply");
 
     let rollout_items = vec![
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
index 4deb76ed6..1a4dc0ed8 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/context_manager/history_tests.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::truncate::TruncationPolicy;
 use base64::Engine;
 use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64_STANDARD;
 use codex_git::GhostCommit;
+use codex_protocol::AgentPath;
 use codex_protocol::models::BaseInstructions;
 use codex_protocol::models::ContentItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::FunctionCallOutputBody;
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ use codex_protocol::models::ReasoningItemContent;
 use codex_protocol::models::ReasoningItemReasoningSummary;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::InputModality;
 use codex_protocol::openai_models::default_input_modalities;
+use codex_protocol::protocol::InterAgentCommunication;
 use image::ImageBuffer;
 use image::ImageFormat;
 use image::Rgba;
@@ -39,11 +41,17 @@ fn assistant_msg(text: &str) -> ResponseItem {
 }
 
 fn inter_agent_assistant_msg(text: &str) -> ResponseItem {
+    let communication = InterAgentCommunication::new(
+        AgentPath::root(),
+        AgentPath::root().join("worker").unwrap(),
+        Vec::new(),
+        text.to_string(),
+    );
     ResponseItem::Message {
         id: None,
         role: "assistant".to_string(),
         content: vec![ContentItem::OutputText {
-            text: text.to_string(),
+            text: serde_json::to_string(&communication).unwrap(),
         }],
         end_turn: None,
         phase: None,
@@ -239,9 +247,7 @@ fn items_after_last_model_generated_tokens_are_zero_without_model_generated_item
 
 #[test]
 fn inter_agent_assistant_messages_are_turn_boundaries() {
-    let item = inter_agent_assistant_msg(
-        "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue",
-    );
+    let item = inter_agent_assistant_msg("continue");
 
     assert!(is_user_turn_boundary(&item));
 }
@@ -250,9 +256,7 @@ fn inter_agent_assistant_messages_are_turn_boundaries() {
 fn drop_last_n_user_turns_treats_inter_agent_assistant_messages_as_instruction_turns() {
     let first_turn = user_input_text_msg("first");
     let first_reply = assistant_msg("done");
-    let inter_agent_turn = inter_agent_assistant_msg(
-        "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue",
-    );
+    let inter_agent_turn = inter_agent_assistant_msg("continue");
     let inter_agent_reply = assistant_msg("worker reply");
     let mut history = create_history_with_items(vec![
         first_turn.clone(),
@@ -266,6 +270,15 @@ fn drop_last_n_user_turns_treats_inter_agent_assistant_messages_as_instruction_t
     assert_eq!(history.raw_items(), &vec![first_turn, first_reply]);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn legacy_inter_agent_assistant_messages_are_not_turn_boundaries() {
+    let item = assistant_msg(
+        "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue",
+    );
+
+    assert!(!is_user_turn_boundary(&item));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn total_token_usage_includes_all_items_after_last_model_generated_item() {
     let mut history = create_history_with_items(vec![assistant_msg("already counted by API")]);
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
index 7b8471f03..f74ebf057 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_tests.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use codex_protocol::models::FunctionCallOutputBody;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseInputItem;
 use codex_protocol::models::ResponseItem;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::InitialHistory;
+use codex_protocol::protocol::InterAgentCommunication;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::RolloutItem;
 use codex_protocol::user_input::UserInput;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
@@ -79,6 +80,16 @@ fn thread_manager() -> ThreadManager {
     )
 }
 
+fn inter_agent_message_text(recipient: &str, content: &str) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_string(&InterAgentCommunication::new(
+        AgentPath::root(),
+        AgentPath::try_from(recipient).expect("recipient path should be valid"),
+        Vec::new(),
+        content.to_string(),
+    ))
+    .expect("inter-agent communication should serialize")
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct NeverEndingTask;
 
@@ -390,6 +401,7 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_spawn_returns_path_and_send_input_accepts_relative_path(
         .get_thread(child_thread_id)
         .await
         .expect("child thread should exist");
+    let expected_message = inter_agent_message_text("/root/test_process", "continue");
     timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), async {
         loop {
             let history_items = child_thread
@@ -407,8 +419,7 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_spawn_returns_path_and_send_input_accepts_relative_path(
                             && content.iter().any(|content_item| matches!(
                                 content_item,
                                 ContentItem::OutputText { text }
-                                    if text
-                                        == "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/test_process\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue"
+                                    if text == &expected_message
                             ))
                 )
             });
@@ -508,6 +519,10 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_send_input_accepts_structured_items() {
         .find(|(id, op)| *id == agent_id && *op == expected);
     assert_eq!(captured, Some((agent_id, expected)));
 
+    let expected_message = inter_agent_message_text(
+        "/root/worker",
+        "[mention:$drive](app://google_drive)\nread the folder",
+    );
     timeout(Duration::from_secs(2), async {
         loop {
             let history_items = thread
@@ -525,8 +540,7 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_send_input_accepts_structured_items() {
                             && content.iter().any(|content_item| matches!(
                                 content_item,
                                 ContentItem::OutputText { text }
-                                    if text
-                                        == "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: [mention:$drive](app://google_drive)\nread the folder"
+                                    if text == &expected_message
                             ))
                 )
             });
@@ -650,6 +664,7 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_send_input_interrupts_busy_child_without_losing_message(
             ))
     )));
 
+    let expected_message = inter_agent_message_text("/root/worker", "continue");
     timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
         loop {
             let history_items = thread
@@ -667,8 +682,7 @@ async fn multi_agent_v2_send_input_interrupts_busy_child_without_losing_message(
                             && content.iter().any(|content_item| matches!(
                                 content_item,
                                 ContentItem::OutputText { text }
-                                    if text
-                                        == "author: /root\nrecipient: /root/worker\nother_recipients: []\nContent: continue"
+                                    if text == &expected_message
                             ))
                 )
             });
diff --git a/codex-rs/protocol/src/protocol.rs b/codex-rs/protocol/src/protocol.rs
index 09b594826..e6b1ae79d 100644
--- a/codex-rs/protocol/src/protocol.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/protocol/src/protocol.rs
@@ -530,54 +530,26 @@ impl InterAgentCommunication {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn to_response_item(&self) -> ResponseItem {
-        ResponseItem::Message {
-            id: None,
-            role: "assistant".to_string(),
-            content: vec![ContentItem::OutputText {
-                text: self.as_text(),
-            }],
-            end_turn: None,
-            phase: None,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn to_response_input_item(&self) -> ResponseInputItem {
         ResponseInputItem::Message {
             role: "assistant".to_string(),
             content: vec![ContentItem::OutputText {
-                text: self.as_text(),
+                text: serde_json::to_string(self).unwrap_or_default(),
             }],
         }
     }
 
     pub fn is_message_content(content: &[ContentItem]) -> bool {
-        content.iter().any(|content_item| match content_item {
-            ContentItem::InputText { text } | ContentItem::OutputText { text } => {
-                Self::is_instruction_text(text)
+        Self::from_message_content(content).is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn from_message_content(content: &[ContentItem]) -> Option<Self> {
+        match content {
+            [ContentItem::InputText { text }] | [ContentItem::OutputText { text }] => {
+                serde_json::from_str(text).ok()
             }
-            _ => false,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn as_text(&self) -> String {
-        let other_recipients = self
-            .other_recipients
-            .iter()
-            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(", ");
-        format!(
-            "author: {}\nrecipient: {}\nother_recipients: [{other_recipients}]\nContent: {}",
-            self.author, self.recipient, self.content
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn is_instruction_text(text: &str) -> bool {
-        text.starts_with("author: ")
-            && text.contains("\nrecipient: ")
-            && text.contains("\nother_recipients: [")
-            && text.contains("]\nContent: ")
+            _ => None,
+        }
     }
 }