agent-framework/dotnet/samples/03-workflows/ConditionalEdges/02_SwitchCase/Program.cs

// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
using Azure.AI.OpenAI;
using Azure.Identity;
using Microsoft.Agents.AI;
using Microsoft.Agents.AI.Workflows;
using Microsoft.Extensions.AI;

namespace WorkflowSwitchCaseSample;

/// <summary>
/// This sample introduces conditional routing using switch-case logic for complex decision trees.
///
/// Building on the previous email automation examples, this workflow adds a third decision path
/// to handle ambiguous cases where spam detection is uncertain. Now the workflow can route emails
/// three ways based on the detection result:
///
/// 1. Not Spam → Email Assistant → Send Email
/// 2. Spam → Handle Spam Executor
/// 3. Uncertain → Handle Uncertain Executor (default case)
///
/// The switch-case pattern provides cleaner syntax than multiple individual edge conditions,
/// especially when dealing with multiple possible outcomes. This approach scales well for
/// workflows that need to handle many different scenarios.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Pre-requisites:
/// - Foundational samples should be completed first.
/// - Shared state is used in this sample to persist email data between executors.
/// - An Azure OpenAI chat completion deployment that supports structured outputs must be configured.
/// </remarks>
public static class Program
{
    private static async Task Main()
    {
        // Set up the Azure OpenAI client
        var endpoint = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT") ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT is not set.");
        var deploymentName = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_OPENAI_DEPLOYMENT_NAME") ?? "gpt-5.4-mini";
        var chatClient = new AzureOpenAIClient(new Uri(endpoint), new AzureCliCredential()).GetChatClient(deploymentName).AsIChatClient();

        // Create agents
        AIAgent spamDetectionAgent = GetSpamDetectionAgent(chatClient);
        AIAgent emailAssistantAgent = GetEmailAssistantAgent(chatClient);

        // Create executors
        var spamDetectionExecutor = new SpamDetectionExecutor(spamDetectionAgent);
        var emailAssistantExecutor = new EmailAssistantExecutor(emailAssistantAgent);
        var sendEmailExecutor = new SendEmailExecutor();
        var handleSpamExecutor = new HandleSpamExecutor();
        var handleUncertainExecutor = new HandleUncertainExecutor();

        // Build the workflow by adding executors and connecting them
        WorkflowBuilder builder = new(spamDetectionExecutor);
        builder.AddSwitch(spamDetectionExecutor, switchBuilder =>
            switchBuilder
            .AddCase(
                GetCondition(expectedDecision: SpamDecision.NotSpam),
                emailAssistantExecutor
            )
            .AddCase(
                GetCondition(expectedDecision: SpamDecision.Spam),
                handleSpamExecutor
            )
            .WithDefault(
                handleUncertainExecutor
            )
        )
        // After the email assistant writes a response, it will be sent to the send email executor
        .AddEdge(emailAssistantExecutor, sendEmailExecutor)
        .WithOutputFrom(handleSpamExecutor, sendEmailExecutor, handleUncertainExecutor);

        var workflow = builder.Build();

        // Read a email from a text file
        string email = Resources.Read("ambiguous_email.txt");

        // Execute the workflow
        await using StreamingRun run = await InProcessExecution.RunStreamingAsync(workflow, new ChatMessage(ChatRole.User, email));
        await run.TrySendMessageAsync(new TurnToken(emitEvents: true));
        await foreach (WorkflowEvent evt in run.WatchStreamAsync())
        {
            if (evt is WorkflowOutputEvent outputEvent)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"{outputEvent}");
            }
            else if (evt is WorkflowErrorEvent workflowError)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
                Console.Error.WriteLine(workflowError.Exception?.ToString() ?? "Unknown workflow error occurred.");
                Console.ResetColor();
            }
            else if (evt is ExecutorFailedEvent executorFailed)
            {
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
                Console.Error.WriteLine($"Executor '{executorFailed.ExecutorId}' failed with {(executorFailed.Data == null ? "unknown error" : $"exception {executorFailed.Data}")}.");
                Console.ResetColor();
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a condition for routing messages based on the expected spam detection result.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="expectedDecision">The expected spam detection decision</param>
    /// <returns>A function that evaluates whether a message meets the expected result</returns>
    private static Func<object?, bool> GetCondition(SpamDecision expectedDecision) => detectionResult => detectionResult is DetectionResult result && result.spamDecision == expectedDecision;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a spam detection agent.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A ChatClientAgent configured for spam detection</returns>
    private static ChatClientAgent GetSpamDetectionAgent(IChatClient chatClient) =>
        new(chatClient, new ChatClientAgentOptions()
        {
            ChatOptions = new()
            {
                Instructions = "You are a spam detection assistant that identifies spam emails. Be less confident in your assessments.",
                ResponseFormat = ChatResponseFormat.ForJsonSchema<DetectionResult>()
            }
        });

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates an email assistant agent.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A ChatClientAgent configured for email assistance</returns>
    private static ChatClientAgent GetEmailAssistantAgent(IChatClient chatClient) =>
        new(chatClient, new ChatClientAgentOptions()
        {
            ChatOptions = new()
            {
                Instructions = "You are an email assistant that helps users draft responses to emails with professionalism.",
                ResponseFormat = ChatResponseFormat.ForJsonSchema<EmailResponse>()
            }
        });
}

/// <summary>
/// Constants for shared email state.
/// </summary>
internal static class EmailStateConstants
{
    public const string EmailStateScope = "EmailState";
}

/// <summary>
/// Represents the possible decisions for spam detection.
/// </summary>
public enum SpamDecision
{
    NotSpam,
    Spam,
    Uncertain
}

/// <summary>
/// Represents the result of spam detection.
/// </summary>
public sealed class DetectionResult
{
    [JsonPropertyName("spam_decision")]
    [JsonConverter(typeof(JsonStringEnumConverter))]
    public SpamDecision spamDecision { get; set; }

    [JsonPropertyName("reason")]
    public string Reason { get; set; } = string.Empty;

    [JsonIgnore]
    public string EmailId { get; set; } = string.Empty;
}

/// <summary>
/// Represents an email.
/// </summary>
internal sealed class Email
{
    [JsonPropertyName("email_id")]
    public string EmailId { get; set; } = string.Empty;

    [JsonPropertyName("email_content")]
    public string EmailContent { get; set; } = string.Empty;
}

/// <summary>
/// Executor that detects spam using an AI agent.
/// </summary>
internal sealed class SpamDetectionExecutor : Executor<ChatMessage, DetectionResult>
{
    private readonly AIAgent _spamDetectionAgent;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new instance of the <see cref="SpamDetectionExecutor"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="spamDetectionAgent">The AI agent used for spam detection</param>
    public SpamDetectionExecutor(AIAgent spamDetectionAgent) : base("SpamDetectionExecutor")
    {
        this._spamDetectionAgent = spamDetectionAgent;
    }

    public override async ValueTask<DetectionResult> HandleAsync(ChatMessage message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        // Generate a random email ID and store the email content
        var newEmail = new Email
        {
            EmailId = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"),
            EmailContent = message.Text
        };
        await context.QueueStateUpdateAsync(newEmail.EmailId, newEmail, scopeName: EmailStateConstants.EmailStateScope, cancellationToken);

        // Invoke the agent
        var response = await this._spamDetectionAgent.RunAsync(message, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
        var detectionResult = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<DetectionResult>(response.Text);

        detectionResult!.EmailId = newEmail.EmailId;

        return detectionResult;
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Represents the response from the email assistant.
/// </summary>
public sealed class EmailResponse
{
    [JsonPropertyName("response")]
    public string Response { get; set; } = string.Empty;
}

/// <summary>
/// Executor that assists with email responses using an AI agent.
/// </summary>
internal sealed class EmailAssistantExecutor : Executor<DetectionResult, EmailResponse>
{
    private readonly AIAgent _emailAssistantAgent;

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new instance of the <see cref="EmailAssistantExecutor"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="emailAssistantAgent">The AI agent used for email assistance</param>
    public EmailAssistantExecutor(AIAgent emailAssistantAgent) : base("EmailAssistantExecutor")
    {
        this._emailAssistantAgent = emailAssistantAgent;
    }

    public override async ValueTask<EmailResponse> HandleAsync(DetectionResult message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        if (message.spamDecision == SpamDecision.Spam)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("This executor should only handle non-spam messages.");
        }

        // Retrieve the email content from the context
        var email = await context.ReadStateAsync<Email>(message.EmailId, scopeName: EmailStateConstants.EmailStateScope, cancellationToken);

        // Invoke the agent
        var response = await this._emailAssistantAgent.RunAsync(email!.EmailContent, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
        var emailResponse = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<EmailResponse>(response.Text);

        return emailResponse!;
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Executor that sends emails.
/// </summary>
[YieldsOutput(typeof(string))]
internal sealed class SendEmailExecutor() : Executor<EmailResponse>("SendEmailExecutor")
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Simulate the sending of an email.
    /// </summary>
    public override async ValueTask HandleAsync(EmailResponse message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
        await context.YieldOutputAsync($"Email sent: {message.Response}", cancellationToken);
}

/// <summary>
/// Executor that handles spam messages.
/// </summary>
[YieldsOutput(typeof(string))]
internal sealed class HandleSpamExecutor() : Executor<DetectionResult>("HandleSpamExecutor")
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Simulate the handling of a spam message.
    /// </summary>
    public override async ValueTask HandleAsync(DetectionResult message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        if (message.spamDecision == SpamDecision.Spam)
        {
            await context.YieldOutputAsync($"Email marked as spam: {message.Reason}", cancellationToken);
        }
        else
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("This executor should only handle spam messages.");
        }
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Executor that handles uncertain emails.
/// </summary>
[YieldsOutput(typeof(string))]
internal sealed class HandleUncertainExecutor() : Executor<DetectionResult>("HandleUncertainExecutor")
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Simulate the handling of an uncertain spam decision.
    /// </summary>
    public override async ValueTask HandleAsync(DetectionResult message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        if (message.spamDecision == SpamDecision.Uncertain)
        {
            var email = await context.ReadStateAsync<Email>(message.EmailId, scopeName: EmailStateConstants.EmailStateScope, cancellationToken);
            await context.YieldOutputAsync($"Email marked as uncertain: {message.Reason}. Email content: {email?.EmailContent}", cancellationToken);
        }
        else
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("This executor should only handle uncertain spam decisions.");
        }
    }
}