agent-framework/python/samples/03-workflows/orchestrations/handoff_simple.py

# Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.

import asyncio
from typing import Annotated, cast

from agent_framework import (
    Agent,
    AgentResponse,
    Message,
    WorkflowEvent,
    WorkflowRunState,
    tool,
)
from agent_framework.azure import AzureOpenAIChatClient
from agent_framework.orchestrations import HandoffAgentUserRequest, HandoffBuilder
from azure.identity import AzureCliCredential
from dotenv import load_dotenv

# Load environment variables from .env file
load_dotenv()

"""Sample: Simple handoff workflow.

A handoff workflow defines a pattern that assembles agents in a mesh topology, allowing
them to transfer control to each other based on the conversation context.

Prerequisites:
    - `az login` (Azure CLI authentication)
    - Environment variables configured for AzureOpenAIChatClient (AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT, etc.)

Key Concepts:
    - Auto-registered handoff tools: HandoffBuilder automatically creates handoff tools
      for each participant, allowing the coordinator to transfer control to specialists
    - Termination condition: Controls when the workflow stops requesting user input
    - Request/response cycle: Workflow requests input, user responds, cycle continues
"""


# NOTE: approval_mode="never_require" is for sample brevity. Use "always_require" in production;
# See:
# samples/02-agents/tools/function_tool_with_approval.py
# samples/02-agents/tools/function_tool_with_approval_and_sessions.py.
@tool(approval_mode="never_require")
def process_refund(order_number: Annotated[str, "Order number to process refund for"]) -> str:
    """Simulated function to process a refund for a given order number."""
    return f"Refund processed successfully for order {order_number}."


@tool(approval_mode="never_require")
def check_order_status(order_number: Annotated[str, "Order number to check status for"]) -> str:
    """Simulated function to check the status of a given order number."""
    return f"Order {order_number} is currently being processed and will ship in 2 business days."


@tool(approval_mode="never_require")
def process_return(order_number: Annotated[str, "Order number to process return for"]) -> str:
    """Simulated function to process a return for a given order number."""
    return f"Return initiated successfully for order {order_number}. You will receive return instructions via email."


def create_agents(client: AzureOpenAIChatClient) -> tuple[Agent, Agent, Agent, Agent]:
    """Create and configure the triage and specialist agents.

    Args:
        client: The AzureOpenAIChatClient to use for creating agents.

    Returns:
        Tuple of (triage_agent, refund_agent, order_agent, return_agent)
    """
    # Triage agent: Acts as the frontline dispatcher
    triage_agent = client.as_agent(
        instructions=(
            "You are frontline support triage. Route customer issues to the appropriate specialist agents "
            "based on the problem described."
        ),
        name="triage_agent",
    )

    # Refund specialist: Handles refund requests
    refund_agent = client.as_agent(
        instructions="You process refund requests.",
        name="refund_agent",
        # In a real application, an agent can have multiple tools; here we keep it simple
        tools=[process_refund],
    )

    # Order/shipping specialist: Resolves delivery issues
    order_agent = client.as_agent(
        instructions="You handle order and shipping inquiries.",
        name="order_agent",
        # In a real application, an agent can have multiple tools; here we keep it simple
        tools=[check_order_status],
    )

    # Return specialist: Handles return requests
    return_agent = client.as_agent(
        instructions="You manage product return requests.",
        name="return_agent",
        # In a real application, an agent can have multiple tools; here we keep it simple
        tools=[process_return],
    )

    return triage_agent, refund_agent, order_agent, return_agent


def _handle_events(events: list[WorkflowEvent]) -> list[WorkflowEvent[HandoffAgentUserRequest]]:
    """Process workflow events and extract any pending user input requests.

    This function inspects each event type and:
    - Prints workflow status changes (IDLE, IDLE_WITH_PENDING_REQUESTS, etc.)
    - Displays final conversation snapshots when workflow completes
    - Prints user input request prompts
    - Collects all request_info events for response handling

    Args:
        events: List of WorkflowEvent to process

    Returns:
        List of WorkflowEvent[HandoffAgentUserRequest] representing pending user input requests
    """
    requests: list[WorkflowEvent[HandoffAgentUserRequest]] = []

    for event in events:
        if event.type == "handoff_sent":
            # handoff_sent event: Indicates a handoff has been initiated
            print(f"\n[Handoff from {event.data.source} to {event.data.target} initiated.]")
        elif event.type == "status" and event.state in {
            WorkflowRunState.IDLE,
            WorkflowRunState.IDLE_WITH_PENDING_REQUESTS,
        }:
            # Status event: Indicates workflow state changes
            print(f"\n[Workflow Status] {event.state}")
        elif event.type == "output":
            # Output event: Contains contents generated by the workflow
            data = event.data
            if isinstance(data, AgentResponse):
                for message in data.messages:
                    if not message.text:
                        # Skip messages without text (e.g., tool calls)
                        continue
                    speaker = message.author_name or message.role
                    print(f"- {speaker}: {message.text}")
            elif event.type == "output":
                # The output of the handoff workflow is a collection of chat messages from all participants
                conversation = cast(list[Message], event.data)
                if isinstance(conversation, list):
                    print("\n=== Final Conversation Snapshot ===")
                    for message in conversation:
                        speaker = message.author_name or message.role
                        print(f"- {speaker}: {message.text or [content.type for content in message.contents]}")
                    print("===================================")
        elif event.type == "request_info" and isinstance(event.data, HandoffAgentUserRequest):
            _print_handoff_agent_user_request(event.data.agent_response)
            requests.append(cast(WorkflowEvent[HandoffAgentUserRequest], event))

    return requests


def _print_handoff_agent_user_request(response: AgentResponse) -> None:
    """Display the agent's response messages when requesting user input.

    This will happen when an agent generates a response that doesn't trigger
    a handoff, i.e., the agent is asking the user for more information.

    Args:
        response: The AgentResponse from the agent requesting user input
    """
    if not response.messages:
        raise RuntimeError("Cannot print agent responses: response has no messages.")

    print("\n[Agent is requesting your input...]")

    # Print agent responses
    for message in response.messages:
        if not message.text:
            # Skip messages without text (e.g., tool calls)
            continue
        speaker = message.author_name or message.role
        print(f"- {speaker}: {message.text}")


async def main() -> None:
    """Main entry point for the handoff workflow demo.

    This function demonstrates:
    1. Creating triage and specialist agents
    2. Building a handoff workflow with custom termination condition
    3. Running the workflow with scripted user responses
    4. Processing events and handling user input requests

    The workflow uses scripted responses instead of interactive input to make
    the demo reproducible and testable. In a production application, you would
    replace the scripted_responses with actual user input collection.
    """
    # Initialize the Azure OpenAI chat client
    client = AzureOpenAIChatClient(credential=AzureCliCredential())

    # Create all agents: triage + specialists
    triage, refund, order, support = create_agents(client)

    # Build the handoff workflow
    # - participants: All agents that can participate in the workflow
    # - with_start_agent: The triage agent is designated as the start agent, which means
    #   it receives all user input first and orchestrates handoffs to specialists
    # - termination_condition: Custom logic to stop the request/response loop.
    #   Without this, the default behavior continues requesting user input until max_turns
    #   is reached. Here we use a custom condition that checks if the conversation has ended
    #   naturally (when one of the agents says something like "you're welcome").
    workflow = (
        HandoffBuilder(
            name="customer_support_handoff",
            participants=[triage, refund, order, support],
            # Custom termination: Check if one of the agents has provided a closing message.
            # This looks for the last message containing "welcome", which indicates the
            # conversation has concluded naturally.
            termination_condition=lambda conversation: (
                len(conversation) > 0 and "welcome" in conversation[-1].text.lower()
            ),
        )
        .with_start_agent(triage)
        .build()
    )

    # Scripted user responses for reproducible demo
    # In a console application, replace this with:
    #   user_input = input("Your response: ")
    # or integrate with a UI/chat interface
    scripted_responses = [
        "My order 1234 arrived damaged and the packaging was destroyed. I'd like to return it.",
        "Please also process a refund for order 1234.",
        "Thanks for resolving this.",
    ]

    # Start the workflow with the initial user message
    # run(..., stream=True) returns an async iterator of WorkflowEvent
    print("[Starting workflow with initial user message...]\n")
    initial_message = "Hello, I need assistance with my recent purchase."
    print(f"- User: {initial_message}")
    workflow_result = workflow.run(initial_message, stream=True)
    pending_requests = _handle_events([event async for event in workflow_result])

    # Process the request/response cycle
    # The workflow will continue requesting input until:
    # 1. The termination condition is met, OR
    # 2. We run out of scripted responses
    while pending_requests:
        if not scripted_responses:
            # No more scripted responses; terminate the workflow
            responses = {req.request_id: HandoffAgentUserRequest.terminate() for req in pending_requests}
        else:
            # Get the next scripted response
            user_response = scripted_responses.pop(0)
            print(f"\n- User: {user_response}")

            # Send response(s) to all pending requests
            # In this demo, there's typically one request per cycle, but the API supports multiple
            responses = {
                req.request_id: HandoffAgentUserRequest.create_response(user_response) for req in pending_requests
            }

        # Send responses and get new events
        # We use run(responses=...) to get events from the workflow, allowing us to
        # display agent responses and handle new requests as they arrive
        events = await workflow.run(responses=responses)
        pending_requests = _handle_events(events)

    """
    Sample Output:

    [Starting workflow with initial user message...]

    - User: Hello, I need assistance with my recent purchase.
    - triage_agent: Could you please provide more details about the issue you're experiencing with your recent purchase? This will help me route you to the appropriate specialist.

    [Workflow Status] IDLE_WITH_PENDING_REQUESTS

    - User: My order 1234 arrived damaged and the packaging was destroyed. I'd like to return it.
    - triage_agent: I've directed your request to our return agent, who will assist you with returning the damaged order. Thank you for your patience!
    - return_agent: The return for your order 1234 has been successfully initiated. You will receive return instructions via email shortly. If you have any other questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask!

    [Workflow Status] IDLE_WITH_PENDING_REQUESTS

    - User: Thanks for resolving this.

    === Final Conversation Snapshot ===
    - user: Hello, I need assistance with my recent purchase.
    - triage_agent: Could you please provide more details about the issue you're experiencing with your recent purchase? This will help me route you to the appropriate specialist.
    - user: My order 1234 arrived damaged and the packaging was destroyed. I'd like to return it.
    - triage_agent: I've directed your request to our return agent, who will assist you with returning the damaged order. Thank you for your patience!
    - return_agent: The return for your order 1234 has been successfully initiated. You will receive return instructions via email shortly. If you have any other questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask!
    - user: Thanks for resolving this.
    - triage_agent: You're welcome! If you have any more questions or need assistance in the future, feel free to reach out. Have a great day!
    ===================================

    [Workflow Status] IDLE
    """  # noqa: E501


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())