mirror of
https://github.com/microsoft/agent-framework.git
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Nested workflow support.
This commit is contained in:
Shyju Krishnankutty
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<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
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<PropertyGroup>
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<TargetFrameworks>net10.0</TargetFrameworks>
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<OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
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<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
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<Nullable>enable</Nullable>
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<AssemblyName>SubWorkflows</AssemblyName>
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<RootNamespace>SubWorkflows</RootNamespace>
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</PropertyGroup>
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<ItemGroup>
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<PackageReference Include="Azure.Identity" />
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<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.DurableTask.Client.AzureManaged" />
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<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.DurableTask.Worker.AzureManaged" />
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<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting" />
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</ItemGroup>
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<!-- Local projects that should be switched to package references when using the sample outside of this MAF repo -->
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<!--
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<ItemGroup>
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<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Agents.AI.DurableTask" />
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<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Agents.AI.Workflows" />
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</ItemGroup>
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-->
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<ItemGroup>
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<ProjectReference Include="..\..\..\..\..\src\Microsoft.Agents.AI.DurableTask\Microsoft.Agents.AI.DurableTask.csproj" />
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<ProjectReference Include="..\..\..\..\..\src\Microsoft.Agents.AI.OpenAI\Microsoft.Agents.AI.OpenAI.csproj" />
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</ItemGroup>
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</Project>
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@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
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// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
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using Microsoft.Agents.AI.Workflows;
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using Microsoft.Agents.AI.Workflows.Checkpointing;
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namespace SubWorkflows;
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/// <summary>
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/// Event emitted when the fraud check risk score is calculated.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class FraudRiskAssessedEvent(int riskScore) : WorkflowEvent($"Risk score: {riskScore}/100")
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{
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public int RiskScore => riskScore;
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// Represents an order being processed through the workflow.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class OrderInfo
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{
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public required string OrderId { get; set; }
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public decimal Amount { get; set; }
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public string? PaymentTransactionId { get; set; }
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public string? TrackingNumber { get; set; }
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public string? Carrier { get; set; }
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}
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// Main workflow executors
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/// <summary>
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/// Entry point executor that receives the order ID and creates an OrderInfo object.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class OrderReceived() : Executor<string, OrderInfo>("OrderReceived")
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{
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public override ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(string message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.WriteLine();
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Cyan;
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Console.WriteLine($"[OrderReceived] Processing order '{message}'");
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Console.ResetColor();
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OrderInfo order = new()
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{
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OrderId = message,
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Amount = 99.99m // Simulated order amount
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};
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return ValueTask.FromResult(order);
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// Final executor that outputs the completed order summary.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class OrderCompleted() : Executor<OrderInfo, string>("OrderCompleted")
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{
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public override ValueTask<string> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.WriteLine();
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
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Console.WriteLine("┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐");
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Console.WriteLine($"│ [OrderCompleted] Order '{message.OrderId}' successfully processed!");
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Console.WriteLine($"│ Payment: {message.PaymentTransactionId}");
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Console.WriteLine($"│ Shipping: {message.Carrier} - {message.TrackingNumber}");
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Console.WriteLine("└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return ValueTask.FromResult($"Order {message.OrderId} completed. Tracking: {message.TrackingNumber}");
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}
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}
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// Payment sub-workflow executors
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/// <summary>
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/// Validates payment information for an order.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class ValidatePayment() : Executor<OrderInfo, OrderInfo>("ValidatePayment")
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{
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public override async ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.WriteLine();
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/ValidatePayment] Validating payment for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/ValidatePayment] Payment validated for ${message.Amount}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return message;
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// Charges the payment for an order.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class ChargePayment() : Executor<OrderInfo, OrderInfo>("ChargePayment")
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{
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public override async ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/ChargePayment] Charging ${message.Amount} for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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message.PaymentTransactionId = $"TXN-{Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N")[..8].ToUpperInvariant()}";
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/ChargePayment] ✓ Payment processed: {message.PaymentTransactionId}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return message;
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}
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}
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// FraudCheck sub-sub-workflow executors (nested inside Payment)
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/// <summary>
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/// Analyzes transaction patterns for potential fraud.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class AnalyzePatterns() : Executor<OrderInfo, OrderInfo>("AnalyzePatterns")
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{
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public override async ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkYellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/FraudCheck/AnalyzePatterns] Analyzing patterns for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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// Store analysis results in shared state for the next executor in this sub-workflow
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int patternsFound = new Random().Next(0, 5);
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await context.QueueStateUpdateAsync("patternsFound", patternsFound, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkYellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/FraudCheck/AnalyzePatterns] ✓ Pattern analysis complete ({patternsFound} suspicious patterns)");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return message;
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// Calculates a risk score for the transaction.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class CalculateRiskScore() : Executor<OrderInfo, OrderInfo>("CalculateRiskScore")
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{
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public override async ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkYellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/FraudCheck/CalculateRiskScore] Calculating risk score for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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// Read the pattern count from shared state (written by AnalyzePatterns)
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int patternsFound = await context.ReadStateAsync<int>("patternsFound", cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
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int riskScore = Math.Min(patternsFound * 20 + new Random().Next(1, 20), 100);
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// Emit a workflow event from within a nested sub-workflow
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await context.AddEventAsync(new FraudRiskAssessedEvent(riskScore), cancellationToken);
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkYellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Payment/FraudCheck/CalculateRiskScore] ✓ Risk score: {riskScore}/100 (based on {patternsFound} patterns)");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return message;
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}
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}
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// Shipping sub-workflow executors
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/// <summary>
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/// Selects a shipping carrier for an order.
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/// </summary>
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/// <remarks>
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/// This executor uses <see cref="Executor{TInput}"/> (void return) combined with
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/// <see cref="IWorkflowContext.SendMessageAsync"/> to forward the order to the next
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/// connected executor (CreateShipment). This demonstrates explicit typed message passing
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/// as an alternative to returning a value from the handler.
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/// </remarks>
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internal sealed class SelectCarrier() : Executor<OrderInfo>("SelectCarrier")
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{
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public override async ValueTask HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.WriteLine();
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Shipping/SelectCarrier] Selecting carrier for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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message.Carrier = message.Amount > 50 ? "Express" : "Standard";
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Shipping/SelectCarrier] ✓ Selected carrier: {message.Carrier}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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// Use SendMessageAsync to forward the updated order to connected executors.
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// With a void-return executor, this is the mechanism for passing data downstream.
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await context.SendMessageAsync(message, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
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}
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}
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/// <summary>
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/// Creates shipment and generates tracking number.
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/// </summary>
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internal sealed class CreateShipment() : Executor<OrderInfo, OrderInfo>("CreateShipment")
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{
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public override async ValueTask<OrderInfo> HandleAsync(OrderInfo message, IWorkflowContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
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{
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Shipping/CreateShipment] Creating shipment for order '{message.OrderId}'...");
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Console.ResetColor();
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await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), cancellationToken);
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message.TrackingNumber = $"TRACK-{Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N")[..10].ToUpperInvariant()}";
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Shipping/CreateShipment] ✓ Shipment created: {message.TrackingNumber}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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return message;
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}
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
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// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
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// This sample demonstrates nested sub-workflows. A sub-workflow can act as an executor
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// within another workflow, including multi-level nesting (sub-workflow within sub-workflow).
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using Microsoft.Agents.AI.DurableTask;
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using Microsoft.Agents.AI.DurableTask.Workflows;
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using Microsoft.Agents.AI.Workflows;
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using Microsoft.DurableTask.Client.AzureManaged;
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using Microsoft.DurableTask.Worker.AzureManaged;
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using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
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using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
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using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
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using SubWorkflows;
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// Get DTS connection string from environment variable
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string dtsConnectionString = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DURABLE_TASK_SCHEDULER_CONNECTION_STRING")
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?? "Endpoint=http://localhost:8080;TaskHub=default;Authentication=None";
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// Build the FraudCheck sub-workflow (this will be nested inside the Payment sub-workflow)
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AnalyzePatterns analyzePatterns = new();
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CalculateRiskScore calculateRiskScore = new();
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Workflow fraudCheckWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(analyzePatterns)
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.WithName("SubFraudCheck")
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.WithDescription("Analyzes transaction patterns and calculates risk score")
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.AddEdge(analyzePatterns, calculateRiskScore)
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.Build();
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// Build the Payment sub-workflow: ValidatePayment -> FraudCheck (sub-workflow) -> ChargePayment
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ValidatePayment validatePayment = new();
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ExecutorBinding fraudCheckExecutor = fraudCheckWorkflow.BindAsExecutor("FraudCheck");
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ChargePayment chargePayment = new();
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Workflow paymentWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(validatePayment)
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.WithName("SubPaymentProcessing")
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.WithDescription("Validates and processes payment for an order")
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.AddEdge(validatePayment, fraudCheckExecutor)
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.AddEdge(fraudCheckExecutor, chargePayment)
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.Build();
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// Build the Shipping sub-workflow: SelectCarrier -> CreateShipment
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SelectCarrier selectCarrier = new();
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CreateShipment createShipment = new();
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Workflow shippingWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(selectCarrier)
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.WithName("SubShippingArrangement")
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.WithDescription("Selects carrier and creates shipment")
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.AddEdge(selectCarrier, createShipment)
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.Build();
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// Build the main workflow using sub-workflows as executors
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// OrderReceived -> Payment (sub-workflow) -> Shipping (sub-workflow) -> OrderCompleted
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OrderReceived orderReceived = new();
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OrderCompleted orderCompleted = new();
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ExecutorBinding paymentExecutor = paymentWorkflow.BindAsExecutor("Payment");
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ExecutorBinding shippingExecutor = shippingWorkflow.BindAsExecutor("Shipping");
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Workflow orderProcessingWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(orderReceived)
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.WithName("OrderProcessing")
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.WithDescription("Processes an order through payment and shipping")
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.AddEdge(orderReceived, paymentExecutor)
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.AddEdge(paymentExecutor, shippingExecutor)
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.AddEdge(shippingExecutor, orderCompleted)
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.Build();
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// Configure and start the host
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// Register only the main workflow - sub-workflows are discovered automatically!
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IHost host = Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
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.ConfigureLogging(logging => logging.SetMinimumLevel(LogLevel.Warning))
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.ConfigureServices(services =>
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{
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services.ConfigureDurableWorkflows(
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workflowOptions => workflowOptions.AddWorkflow(orderProcessingWorkflow),
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workerBuilder: builder => builder.UseDurableTaskScheduler(dtsConnectionString),
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clientBuilder: builder => builder.UseDurableTaskScheduler(dtsConnectionString));
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})
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.Build();
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await host.StartAsync();
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IWorkflowClient workflowClient = host.Services.GetRequiredService<IWorkflowClient>();
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Console.WriteLine("Durable Sub-Workflows Sample");
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Console.WriteLine("Workflow: OrderReceived -> Payment(sub) -> Shipping(sub) -> OrderCompleted");
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Console.WriteLine(" Payment contains nested FraudCheck sub-workflow (Level 2 nesting)");
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Console.WriteLine();
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Console.WriteLine("Enter an order ID (or 'exit'):");
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while (true)
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{
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Console.Write("> ");
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string? input = Console.ReadLine();
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if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(input) || input.Equals("exit", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
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{
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break;
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}
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try
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{
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await StartNewWorkflowAsync(input, orderProcessingWorkflow, workflowClient);
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}
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catch (Exception ex)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"Error: {ex.Message}");
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}
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Console.WriteLine();
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}
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await host.StopAsync();
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// Start a new workflow using streaming to observe events (including from sub-workflows)
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static async Task StartNewWorkflowAsync(string orderId, Workflow workflow, IWorkflowClient client)
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{
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Console.WriteLine($"\nStarting order processing for '{orderId}'...");
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IStreamingWorkflowRun run = await client.StreamAsync(workflow, orderId);
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Console.WriteLine($"Run ID: {run.RunId}");
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Console.WriteLine();
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await foreach (WorkflowEvent evt in run.WatchStreamAsync())
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{
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switch (evt)
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{
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// Custom event emitted from the FraudCheck sub-sub-workflow
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case FraudRiskAssessedEvent e:
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkYellow;
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Console.WriteLine($" [Event from sub-workflow] {e.GetType().Name}: Risk score {e.RiskScore}/100");
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Console.ResetColor();
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break;
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case DurableWorkflowCompletedEvent e:
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
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Console.WriteLine($"✓ Order completed: {e.Result}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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break;
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case DurableWorkflowFailedEvent e:
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Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
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Console.WriteLine($"✗ Failed: {e.ErrorMessage}");
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Console.ResetColor();
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break;
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}
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}
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
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# Sub-Workflows Sample (Nested Workflows)
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This sample demonstrates how to compose complex workflows from simpler, reusable sub-workflows using the Durable Task Framework. Sub-workflows run as separate orchestration instances, providing modular design, independent checkpointing, and hierarchical visualization in the DTS dashboard.
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## Key Concepts Demonstrated
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- **Sub-workflows**: Using `Workflow.BindAsExecutor()` to embed a workflow as an executor in another workflow
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- **Multi-level nesting**: Sub-workflows within sub-workflows (Level 2 nesting)
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- **Automatic discovery**: Registering only the main workflow; sub-workflows are discovered automatically
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- **Failure isolation**: Each sub-workflow runs as a separate orchestration instance
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- **Hierarchical visualization**: Parent-child orchestration hierarchy visible in the DTS dashboard
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- **Event propagation**: Custom workflow events (`FraudRiskAssessedEvent`) bubble up from nested sub-workflows to the streaming client
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- **Message passing**: Using `Executor<TInput>` (void return) with `SendMessageAsync` to forward typed messages to connected executors (`SelectCarrier`)
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- **Shared state within sub-workflows**: Using `QueueStateUpdateAsync`/`ReadStateAsync` to share data between executors within a sub-workflow (`AnalyzePatterns` → `CalculateRiskScore`)
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## Overview
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||||
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The sample implements an order processing workflow composed of two sub-workflows, one of which contains its own nested sub-workflow:
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```
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OrderProcessing (main workflow)
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├── OrderReceived
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├── Payment (sub-workflow)
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│ ├── ValidatePayment
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│ ├── FraudCheck (sub-sub-workflow) ← Level 2 nesting!
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||||
│ │ ├── AnalyzePatterns
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||||
│ │ └── CalculateRiskScore
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||||
│ └── ChargePayment
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├── Shipping (sub-workflow)
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│ ├── SelectCarrier ← Uses SendMessageAsync (void-return executor)
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│ └── CreateShipment
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└── OrderCompleted
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||||
```
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||||
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| Executor | Sub-Workflow | Description |
|
||||
|----------|-------------|-------------|
|
||||
| OrderReceived | Main | Receives order ID and creates order info |
|
||||
| ValidatePayment | Payment | Validates payment information |
|
||||
| AnalyzePatterns | FraudCheck (nested in Payment) | Analyzes transaction patterns, stores results in shared state |
|
||||
| CalculateRiskScore | FraudCheck (nested in Payment) | Reads shared state, calculates risk score, emits `FraudRiskAssessedEvent` |
|
||||
| ChargePayment | Payment | Charges payment amount |
|
||||
| SelectCarrier | Shipping | Selects carrier using `SendMessageAsync` (void-return executor) |
|
||||
| CreateShipment | Shipping | Creates shipment with tracking |
|
||||
| OrderCompleted | Main | Outputs completed order summary |
|
||||
|
||||
## How Sub-Workflows Work
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Build** each sub-workflow as a standalone `Workflow` using `WorkflowBuilder`
|
||||
2. **Bind** a workflow as an executor using `workflow.BindAsExecutor("name")`
|
||||
3. **Add** the bound executor as a node in the parent workflow's graph
|
||||
4. **Register** only the top-level workflow — sub-workflows are discovered and registered automatically
|
||||
|
||||
```csharp
|
||||
// Build a sub-workflow
|
||||
Workflow fraudCheckWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(analyzePatterns)
|
||||
.WithName("SubFraudCheck")
|
||||
.AddEdge(analyzePatterns, calculateRiskScore)
|
||||
.Build();
|
||||
|
||||
// Nest it inside another sub-workflow using BindAsExecutor
|
||||
ExecutorBinding fraudCheckExecutor = fraudCheckWorkflow.BindAsExecutor("FraudCheck");
|
||||
|
||||
Workflow paymentWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(validatePayment)
|
||||
.WithName("SubPaymentProcessing")
|
||||
.AddEdge(validatePayment, fraudCheckExecutor)
|
||||
.AddEdge(fraudCheckExecutor, chargePayment)
|
||||
.Build();
|
||||
|
||||
// Use the Payment sub-workflow in the main workflow
|
||||
ExecutorBinding paymentExecutor = paymentWorkflow.BindAsExecutor("Payment");
|
||||
|
||||
Workflow mainWorkflow = new WorkflowBuilder(orderReceived)
|
||||
.AddEdge(orderReceived, paymentExecutor)
|
||||
.AddEdge(paymentExecutor, orderCompleted)
|
||||
.Build();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Environment Setup
|
||||
|
||||
See the [README.md](../README.md) file in the parent directory for information on configuring the environment, including how to install and run the Durable Task Scheduler.
|
||||
|
||||
## Running the Sample
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
cd dotnet/samples/Durable/Workflow/ConsoleApps/07_SubWorkflows
|
||||
dotnet run --framework net10.0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Sample Output
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
Durable Sub-Workflows Sample
|
||||
Workflow: OrderReceived -> Payment(sub) -> Shipping(sub) -> OrderCompleted
|
||||
Payment contains nested FraudCheck sub-workflow (Level 2 nesting)
|
||||
|
||||
Enter an order ID (or 'exit'):
|
||||
> ORD-001
|
||||
Starting order processing for 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
Run ID: abc123...
|
||||
|
||||
[OrderReceived] Processing order 'ORD-001'
|
||||
[Payment/ValidatePayment] Validating payment for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Payment/ValidatePayment] Payment validated for $99.99
|
||||
[Payment/FraudCheck/AnalyzePatterns] Analyzing patterns for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Payment/FraudCheck/AnalyzePatterns] ✓ Pattern analysis complete (2 suspicious patterns)
|
||||
[Payment/FraudCheck/CalculateRiskScore] Calculating risk score for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Payment/FraudCheck/CalculateRiskScore] ✓ Risk score: 53/100 (based on 2 patterns)
|
||||
[Event from sub-workflow] FraudRiskAssessedEvent: Risk score 53/100
|
||||
[Payment/ChargePayment] Charging $99.99 for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Payment/ChargePayment] ✓ Payment processed: TXN-A1B2C3D4
|
||||
[Shipping/SelectCarrier] Selecting carrier for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Shipping/SelectCarrier] ✓ Selected carrier: Express
|
||||
[Shipping/CreateShipment] Creating shipment for order 'ORD-001'...
|
||||
[Shipping/CreateShipment] ✓ Shipment created: TRACK-I9J0K1L2M3
|
||||
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ [OrderCompleted] Order 'ORD-001' successfully processed!
|
||||
│ Payment: TXN-A1B2C3D4
|
||||
│ Shipping: Express - TRACK-I9J0K1L2M3
|
||||
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
✓ Order completed: Order ORD-001 completed. Tracking: TRACK-I9J0K1L2M3
|
||||
|
||||
> exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user