diff --git a/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/__tests__/ruby-extractor.test.ts b/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/__tests__/ruby-extractor.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0172e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/__tests__/ruby-extractor.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll } from "vitest";
+import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+import { RubyExtractor } from "../ruby-extractor.js";
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+
+// Load tree-sitter + Ruby grammar once
+let Parser: any;
+let Language: any;
+let rubyLang: any;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  const mod = await import("web-tree-sitter");
+  Parser = mod.Parser;
+  Language = mod.Language;
+  await Parser.init();
+  const wasmPath = require.resolve(
+    "tree-sitter-ruby/tree-sitter-ruby.wasm",
+  );
+  rubyLang = await Language.load(wasmPath);
+});
+
+function parse(code: string) {
+  const parser = new Parser();
+  parser.setLanguage(rubyLang);
+  const tree = parser.parse(code);
+  const root = tree.rootNode;
+  return { tree, parser, root };
+}
+
+describe("RubyExtractor", () => {
+  const extractor = new RubyExtractor();
+
+  it("has correct languageIds", () => {
+    expect(extractor.languageIds).toEqual(["ruby"]);
+  });
+
+  // ---- Functions / Methods ----
+
+  describe("extractStructure - functions", () => {
+    it("extracts simple methods", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def hello(name)
+  puts name
+end
+
+def add(a, b)
+  a + b
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(2);
+
+      expect(result.functions[0].name).toBe("hello");
+      expect(result.functions[0].params).toEqual(["name"]);
+      expect(result.functions[0].lineRange[0]).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+      expect(result.functions[1].name).toBe("add");
+      expect(result.functions[1].params).toEqual(["a", "b"]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts methods with optional parameters", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def connect(host, port = 8080, timeout = 30.0)
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.functions[0].name).toBe("connect");
+      expect(result.functions[0].params).toEqual(["host", "port", "timeout"]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts methods with splat, hash splat, and block parameters", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def flexible(*args, **kwargs, &block)
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.functions[0].params).toEqual(["*args", "**kwargs", "&block"]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts methods with no parameters", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def noop
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.functions[0].name).toBe("noop");
+      expect(result.functions[0].params).toEqual([]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("does not assign return types (Ruby has none)", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def compute(x)
+  x * 2
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.functions[0].returnType).toBeUndefined();
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("reports correct line ranges", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def multiline(
+    a,
+    b
+)
+  result = a + b
+  result
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.functions[0].lineRange[0]).toBe(2);
+      expect(result.functions[0].lineRange[1]).toBe(8);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Classes ----
+
+  describe("extractStructure - classes", () => {
+    it("extracts classes with methods", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class UserService
+  def initialize(name)
+    @name = name
+  end
+
+  def find_user(id)
+    db_query(id)
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].name).toBe("UserService");
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toContain("initialize");
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toContain("find_user");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts attr_accessor, attr_reader, attr_writer as properties", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Model
+  attr_accessor :name, :email
+  attr_reader :id
+  attr_writer :status
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].properties).toEqual(["name", "email", "id", "status"]);
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toEqual([]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts singleton methods (def self.foo) within classes", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Factory
+  def self.create(attrs)
+    new(attrs)
+  end
+
+  def instance_method
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toContain("self.create");
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toContain("instance_method");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("also adds class methods to the functions array", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Svc
+  def run(x)
+    x
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      // Class methods appear in the top-level functions array
+      expect(result.functions.some((f) => f.name === "run")).toBe(true);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts namespaced class names", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Foo::Bar
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].name).toBe("Foo::Bar");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("reports correct class line ranges", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class MyClass
+  def method_a
+  end
+
+  def method_b
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].lineRange[0]).toBe(2);
+      expect(result.classes[0].lineRange[1]).toBe(8);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Modules ----
+
+  describe("extractStructure - modules", () => {
+    it("treats modules as classes", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+module Helpers
+  def format_date(date)
+    date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].name).toBe("Helpers");
+      expect(result.classes[0].methods).toContain("format_date");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts module properties from attr_* calls", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+module Config
+  attr_accessor :debug
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.classes[0].properties).toContain("debug");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Imports ----
+
+  describe("extractStructure - imports", () => {
+    it("extracts require statements", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require "json"
+require "net/http"
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.imports).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(result.imports[0].source).toBe("json");
+      expect(result.imports[0].specifiers).toEqual(["json"]);
+      expect(result.imports[1].source).toBe("net/http");
+      expect(result.imports[1].specifiers).toEqual(["net/http"]);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts require_relative statements", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require_relative "./helper"
+require_relative "../lib/utils"
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.imports).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(result.imports[0].source).toBe("./helper");
+      expect(result.imports[1].source).toBe("../lib/utils");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("reports correct import line numbers", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require "json"
+require_relative "./helper"
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.imports[0].lineNumber).toBe(2);
+      expect(result.imports[1].lineNumber).toBe(3);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("handles mixed require and require_relative", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require "json"
+require_relative "./helper"
+require "yaml"
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.imports).toHaveLength(3);
+      expect(result.imports[0].source).toBe("json");
+      expect(result.imports[1].source).toBe("./helper");
+      expect(result.imports[2].source).toBe("yaml");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Exports ----
+
+  describe("extractStructure - exports", () => {
+    it("treats top-level methods as exports", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def public_func
+end
+
+def another_func(x)
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      const exportNames = result.exports.map((e) => e.name);
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("public_func");
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("another_func");
+      expect(result.exports).toHaveLength(2);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("treats top-level classes as exports", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class MyService
+end
+
+class MyModel
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      const exportNames = result.exports.map((e) => e.name);
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("MyService");
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("MyModel");
+      expect(result.exports).toHaveLength(2);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("treats top-level modules as exports", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+module Helpers
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      const exportNames = result.exports.map((e) => e.name);
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("Helpers");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("does not treat imports as exports", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require "json"
+require_relative "./helper"
+
+def my_func
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      expect(result.exports).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(result.exports[0].name).toBe("my_func");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Call Graph ----
+
+  describe("extractCallGraph", () => {
+    it("extracts simple method calls", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def process(data)
+  result = transform(data)
+  format_output(result)
+end
+
+def main
+  process([1, 2, 3])
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const processCallers = result.filter((e) => e.caller === "process");
+      expect(processCallers.some((e) => e.callee === "transform")).toBe(true);
+      expect(processCallers.some((e) => e.callee === "format_output")).toBe(true);
+
+      const mainCallers = result.filter((e) => e.caller === "main");
+      expect(mainCallers.some((e) => e.callee === "process")).toBe(true);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("extracts receiver-based calls (method calls on objects)", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def process
+  result.save
+  date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const callees = result.map((e) => e.callee);
+      expect(callees).toContain("result.save");
+      expect(callees).toContain("date.strftime");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("tracks correct caller context for calls inside class methods", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Service
+  def start
+    setup
+    run_server
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const startCalls = result.filter((e) => e.caller === "start");
+      expect(startCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "setup")).toBe(true);
+      expect(startCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "run_server")).toBe(true);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("does not include require/require_relative in call graph", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def setup
+  require "json"
+  do_work
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const callees = result.map((e) => e.callee);
+      expect(callees).not.toContain("require");
+      expect(callees).toContain("do_work");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("does not include attr_* macros in call graph", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Foo
+  attr_accessor :bar
+
+  def init
+    setup
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const callees = result.map((e) => e.callee);
+      expect(callees).not.toContain("attr_accessor");
+      expect(callees).toContain("setup");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("reports correct line numbers for calls", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+def main
+  foo
+  bar
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      expect(result).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(result[0].lineNumber).toBe(3);
+      expect(result[1].lineNumber).toBe(4);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("ignores top-level calls (no caller)", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+puts "hello"
+main
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      // Top-level calls have no enclosing method, so they are skipped
+      expect(result).toHaveLength(0);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+
+    it("tracks singleton method callers with self. prefix", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+class Foo
+  def self.create(attrs)
+    new(attrs)
+  end
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      const createCalls = result.filter((e) => e.caller === "self.create");
+      expect(createCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "new")).toBe(true);
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---- Comprehensive ----
+
+  describe("comprehensive Ruby file", () => {
+    it("handles the full test fixture", () => {
+      const { tree, parser, root } = parse(`
+require "json"
+require_relative "./helper"
+
+class UserService
+  attr_accessor :name, :email
+  attr_reader :id
+
+  def initialize(name, email)
+    @name = name
+    @email = email
+  end
+
+  def find_user(id)
+    result = db_query(id)
+    format_user(result)
+  end
+
+  def self.create(attrs)
+    new(attrs[:name], attrs[:email])
+  end
+end
+
+module Helpers
+  def format_date(date)
+    date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+  end
+end
+
+def standalone_helper(x)
+  puts x.to_s
+end
+`);
+      const result = extractor.extractStructure(root);
+
+      // Functions: initialize, find_user, self.create, format_date, standalone_helper
+      const funcNames = result.functions.map((f) => f.name);
+      expect(funcNames).toContain("initialize");
+      expect(funcNames).toContain("find_user");
+      expect(funcNames).toContain("self.create");
+      expect(funcNames).toContain("format_date");
+      expect(funcNames).toContain("standalone_helper");
+      expect(result.functions).toHaveLength(5);
+
+      // Classes: UserService (methods: initialize, find_user, self.create; properties: name, email, id)
+      expect(result.classes).toHaveLength(2);
+
+      const userService = result.classes.find((c) => c.name === "UserService");
+      expect(userService).toBeDefined();
+      expect(userService!.methods).toContain("initialize");
+      expect(userService!.methods).toContain("find_user");
+      expect(userService!.methods).toContain("self.create");
+      expect(userService!.properties).toEqual(
+        expect.arrayContaining(["name", "email", "id"]),
+      );
+
+      // Helpers module (methods: format_date)
+      const helpers = result.classes.find((c) => c.name === "Helpers");
+      expect(helpers).toBeDefined();
+      expect(helpers!.methods).toContain("format_date");
+
+      // Imports: 2 (json, ./helper)
+      expect(result.imports).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(result.imports[0].source).toBe("json");
+      expect(result.imports[1].source).toBe("./helper");
+
+      // Exports: UserService, Helpers, standalone_helper (all top-level)
+      const exportNames = result.exports.map((e) => e.name);
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("UserService");
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("Helpers");
+      expect(exportNames).toContain("standalone_helper");
+
+      // Call graph
+      const calls = extractor.extractCallGraph(root);
+
+      // find_user -> db_query, find_user -> format_user
+      const findUserCalls = calls.filter((e) => e.caller === "find_user");
+      expect(findUserCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "db_query")).toBe(true);
+      expect(findUserCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "format_user")).toBe(true);
+
+      // standalone_helper -> puts
+      const standaloneHelperCalls = calls.filter(
+        (e) => e.caller === "standalone_helper",
+      );
+      expect(standaloneHelperCalls.some((e) => e.callee === "puts")).toBe(true);
+
+      // Verify require/require_relative not in call graph
+      const allCallees = calls.map((e) => e.callee);
+      expect(allCallees).not.toContain("require");
+      expect(allCallees).not.toContain("require_relative");
+
+      tree.delete();
+      parser.delete();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/ruby-extractor.ts b/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/ruby-extractor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4f115c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/understand-anything-plugin/packages/core/src/plugins/extractors/ruby-extractor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+import type { StructuralAnalysis, CallGraphEntry } from "../../types.js";
+import type { LanguageExtractor, TreeSitterNode } from "./types.js";
+import { findChild, findChildren } from "./base-extractor.js";
+
+/**
+ * Set of method names that Ruby uses for imports.
+ * These are handled separately from regular call graph entries.
+ */
+const IMPORT_METHODS = new Set(["require", "require_relative"]);
+
+/**
+ * Set of method names that define class properties (attr_* macros).
+ * Their arguments are symbols that become accessor methods / properties.
+ */
+const ATTR_METHODS = new Set(["attr_accessor", "attr_reader", "attr_writer"]);
+
+/**
+ * Extract parameter names from a Ruby `method_parameters` node.
+ *
+ * Handles: identifier (plain), optional_parameter (with default),
+ * splat_parameter (*args), hash_splat_parameter (**kwargs),
+ * block_parameter (&block).
+ */
+function extractParams(paramsNode: TreeSitterNode | null): string[] {
+  if (!paramsNode) return [];
+  const params: string[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < paramsNode.childCount; i++) {
+    const child = paramsNode.child(i);
+    if (!child) continue;
+
+    switch (child.type) {
+      case "identifier":
+        params.push(child.text);
+        break;
+
+      case "optional_parameter": {
+        const ident = child.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (ident) params.push(ident.text);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case "splat_parameter": {
+        const ident = child.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (ident) params.push("*" + ident.text);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case "hash_splat_parameter": {
+        const ident = child.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (ident) params.push("**" + ident.text);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case "block_parameter": {
+        const ident = child.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (ident) params.push("&" + ident.text);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return params;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract property names from attr_accessor/attr_reader/attr_writer calls.
+ * These calls take symbol arguments like `:name, :email`.
+ */
+function extractAttrProperties(callNode: TreeSitterNode): string[] {
+  const properties: string[] = [];
+  const args = callNode.childForFieldName("arguments");
+  if (!args) return properties;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < args.childCount; i++) {
+    const child = args.child(i);
+    if (child && child.type === "simple_symbol") {
+      // Strip leading colon from `:name` -> `name`
+      properties.push(child.text.slice(1));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return properties;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract the string value from a Ruby string node.
+ * Ruby strings have a `string_content` child containing the unquoted value.
+ */
+function getStringContent(node: TreeSitterNode): string {
+  const content = findChild(node, "string_content");
+  if (content) return content.text;
+  // Fallback: strip surrounding quotes
+  return node.text.replace(/^['"`]|['"`]$/g, "");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ruby extractor for tree-sitter structural analysis and call graph extraction.
+ *
+ * Handles methods, classes, modules, require imports, and call graphs
+ * for Ruby source code.
+ *
+ * Ruby-specific mapping decisions:
+ * - Both `class` and `module` nodes are mapped to the `classes` array.
+ * - `singleton_method` (def self.foo) is prefixed with "self." in the name.
+ * - `attr_accessor`/`attr_reader`/`attr_writer` define properties on classes.
+ * - `require` and `require_relative` calls are mapped to imports.
+ * - All top-level definitions (classes, modules, methods) are treated as exports,
+ *   since Ruby has no formal export syntax.
+ */
+export class RubyExtractor implements LanguageExtractor {
+  readonly languageIds = ["ruby"];
+
+  extractStructure(rootNode: TreeSitterNode): StructuralAnalysis {
+    const functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"] = [];
+    const classes: StructuralAnalysis["classes"] = [];
+    const imports: StructuralAnalysis["imports"] = [];
+    const exports: StructuralAnalysis["exports"] = [];
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < rootNode.childCount; i++) {
+      const node = rootNode.child(i);
+      if (!node) continue;
+
+      switch (node.type) {
+        case "method":
+          this.extractMethod(node, functions);
+          exports.push({
+            name: this.getMethodName(node),
+            lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+          });
+          break;
+
+        case "singleton_method":
+          this.extractSingletonMethod(node, functions);
+          exports.push({
+            name: "self." + this.getSingletonMethodName(node),
+            lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+          });
+          break;
+
+        case "class":
+          this.extractClass(node, classes, functions);
+          exports.push({
+            name: this.getClassName(node),
+            lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+          });
+          break;
+
+        case "module":
+          this.extractModule(node, classes, functions);
+          exports.push({
+            name: this.getModuleName(node),
+            lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+          });
+          break;
+
+        case "call":
+          this.extractTopLevelCall(node, imports);
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { functions, classes, imports, exports };
+  }
+
+  extractCallGraph(rootNode: TreeSitterNode): CallGraphEntry[] {
+    const entries: CallGraphEntry[] = [];
+    const functionStack: string[] = [];
+
+    const walkForCalls = (node: TreeSitterNode) => {
+      let pushedName = false;
+
+      // Track entering method definitions
+      if (node.type === "method") {
+        const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (nameNode) {
+          functionStack.push(nameNode.text);
+          pushedName = true;
+        }
+      } else if (node.type === "singleton_method") {
+        const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (nameNode) {
+          functionStack.push("self." + nameNode.text);
+          pushedName = true;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Extract call expressions (but not imports or attr_* macros)
+      if (node.type === "call") {
+        const methodNode = node.childForFieldName("method");
+        if (methodNode && functionStack.length > 0) {
+          const methodName = methodNode.text;
+
+          // Skip require/require_relative (imports) and attr_* macros
+          if (!IMPORT_METHODS.has(methodName) && !ATTR_METHODS.has(methodName)) {
+            const receiverNode = node.childForFieldName("receiver");
+            const callee = receiverNode
+              ? receiverNode.text + "." + methodName
+              : methodName;
+
+            entries.push({
+              caller: functionStack[functionStack.length - 1],
+              callee,
+              lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+            });
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Ruby bare method calls without arguments (e.g., `setup`) are parsed as
+      // `identifier` nodes inside `body_statement`, not as `call` nodes.
+      // Treat them as calls when inside a function context.
+      if (
+        node.type === "identifier" &&
+        node.parent?.type === "body_statement" &&
+        functionStack.length > 0
+      ) {
+        entries.push({
+          caller: functionStack[functionStack.length - 1],
+          callee: node.text,
+          lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        });
+      }
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < node.childCount; i++) {
+        const child = node.child(i);
+        if (child) walkForCalls(child);
+      }
+
+      if (pushedName) {
+        functionStack.pop();
+      }
+    };
+
+    walkForCalls(rootNode);
+
+    return entries;
+  }
+
+  // ---- Private helpers ----
+
+  private getMethodName(node: TreeSitterNode): string {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    return nameNode ? nameNode.text : "";
+  }
+
+  private getSingletonMethodName(node: TreeSitterNode): string {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    return nameNode ? nameNode.text : "";
+  }
+
+  private getClassName(node: TreeSitterNode): string {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    if (!nameNode) return "";
+    // Can be `constant` ("Foo") or `scope_resolution` ("Foo::Bar")
+    return nameNode.text;
+  }
+
+  private getModuleName(node: TreeSitterNode): string {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    return nameNode ? nameNode.text : "";
+  }
+
+  private extractMethod(
+    node: TreeSitterNode,
+    functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"],
+  ): void {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    if (!nameNode) return;
+
+    const paramsNode = node.childForFieldName("parameters");
+    const params = extractParams(paramsNode ?? null);
+
+    functions.push({
+      name: nameNode.text,
+      lineRange: [
+        node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        node.endPosition.row + 1,
+      ],
+      params,
+    });
+  }
+
+  private extractSingletonMethod(
+    node: TreeSitterNode,
+    functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"],
+  ): void {
+    const nameNode = node.childForFieldName("name");
+    if (!nameNode) return;
+
+    const paramsNode = node.childForFieldName("parameters");
+    const params = extractParams(paramsNode ?? null);
+
+    functions.push({
+      name: "self." + nameNode.text,
+      lineRange: [
+        node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        node.endPosition.row + 1,
+      ],
+      params,
+    });
+  }
+
+  private extractClass(
+    node: TreeSitterNode,
+    classes: StructuralAnalysis["classes"],
+    functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"],
+  ): void {
+    const name = this.getClassName(node);
+    if (!name) return;
+
+    const methods: string[] = [];
+    const properties: string[] = [];
+
+    const body = node.childForFieldName("body");
+    if (body) {
+      this.extractClassBody(body, methods, properties, functions);
+    }
+
+    classes.push({
+      name,
+      lineRange: [
+        node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        node.endPosition.row + 1,
+      ],
+      methods,
+      properties,
+    });
+  }
+
+  private extractModule(
+    node: TreeSitterNode,
+    classes: StructuralAnalysis["classes"],
+    functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"],
+  ): void {
+    const name = this.getModuleName(node);
+    if (!name) return;
+
+    const methods: string[] = [];
+    const properties: string[] = [];
+
+    const body = node.childForFieldName("body");
+    if (body) {
+      this.extractClassBody(body, methods, properties, functions);
+    }
+
+    classes.push({
+      name,
+      lineRange: [
+        node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        node.endPosition.row + 1,
+      ],
+      methods,
+      properties,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extract methods and properties from a class/module body_statement.
+   * Also pushes each method into the top-level functions array.
+   */
+  private extractClassBody(
+    body: TreeSitterNode,
+    methods: string[],
+    properties: string[],
+    functions: StructuralAnalysis["functions"],
+  ): void {
+    for (let i = 0; i < body.childCount; i++) {
+      const member = body.child(i);
+      if (!member) continue;
+
+      if (member.type === "method") {
+        const nameNode = member.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (nameNode) {
+          methods.push(nameNode.text);
+          this.extractMethod(member, functions);
+        }
+      } else if (member.type === "singleton_method") {
+        const nameNode = member.childForFieldName("name");
+        if (nameNode) {
+          methods.push("self." + nameNode.text);
+          this.extractSingletonMethod(member, functions);
+        }
+      } else if (member.type === "call") {
+        // Check for attr_accessor/attr_reader/attr_writer
+        const methodNode = member.childForFieldName("method");
+        if (methodNode && ATTR_METHODS.has(methodNode.text)) {
+          properties.push(...extractAttrProperties(member));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle top-level call nodes: extract require/require_relative as imports.
+   */
+  private extractTopLevelCall(
+    node: TreeSitterNode,
+    imports: StructuralAnalysis["imports"],
+  ): void {
+    const methodNode = node.childForFieldName("method");
+    if (!methodNode) return;
+
+    if (IMPORT_METHODS.has(methodNode.text)) {
+      const args = node.childForFieldName("arguments");
+      if (!args) return;
+
+      // The first argument is typically the string source
+      const firstArg = findChild(args, "string");
+      if (firstArg) {
+        const source = getStringContent(firstArg);
+        imports.push({
+          source,
+          specifiers: [source],
+          lineNumber: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}